Plymouth was the capital of the island of Montserrat, an overseas territory of the United Kingdom located in the Leeward Island chain of the Lesser Antilles, West Indies. The town was overwhelmed by volcanic eruptions starting in 1995 and was abandoned. For centuries it had been the only port of entry to the island.
Plymouth is still de jure the capital of Montserrat, giving it the unusual distinction of being the only ghost town which is the capital of a political territory.
History
Volcano and abandonment
Beginning in July 1995, a series of huge eruptions at the Soufrière Hills volcano sent pyroclastic flows and ash falls across a wide area of southern Montserrat including the capital, Plymouth. It was immediately clear that the city was in grave danger; on 21 August 1995, tephra fell on Plymouth, and in December residents were evacuated as a precaution.
Residents were allowed back a few months later but on 25 June 1997, a massive eruption produced pyroclastic surges that killed 19 people and reached nearly to the island's airport on the eastern side of the island. Plymouth was again evacuated.
Besides eye-candy, Plymouth also handles user interaction during boot.
It was first included in Fedora 10 "Cambridge" shipped on November 25, 2008 where it replaced Red Hat Graphical Boot (RHGB). Ubuntu includes it in the 10.04 LTS "Lucid Lynx" release shipped on April 29, 2010. Mandriva switched from splashy to Plymouth with version Adélie (2010.0).
Plymouth /ˈplɪməθ/ (historically known as Plimouth and Plimoth) is a town in Plymouth County, Massachusetts, United States. Plymouth holds a place of great prominence in American history, folklore and culture, and is known as "America's Hometown." Plymouth was the site of the colony founded in 1620 by the Pilgrims, passengers of the famous ship the Mayflower. Plymouth is where New England was first established. It is the oldest municipality in New England and one of the oldest in the United States. The town has served as the location of several prominent events, the most notable being the First Thanksgiving feast. Plymouth served as the capital of Plymouth Colony from its founding in 1620 until the colony's merger with the Massachusetts Bay colony in 1691. Plymouth is named after the English city of the same name.
Plymouth is the largest municipality in Massachusetts by area. The population is 56,468 according to the 2010 U.S. Census. Plymouth is one of two county seats of Plymouth County, the other being Brockton.
Montserrat (/mɒntsəˈræt/) is a Caribbean island—specifically in the Leeward Islands, which is part of the chain known as the Lesser Antilles, in the British West Indies. It is a British Overseas Territory. Montserrat measures approximately 16km (10mi) long and 11km (7mi) wide, with approximately 40km (25mi) of coastline. Montserrat is nicknamed The Emerald Isle of the Caribbean both for its resemblance to coastal Ireland and for the Irish ancestry of many of its inhabitants.
On 18 July 1995, the previously dormantSoufrière Hillsvolcano, in the southern part of the island, became active. Eruptions destroyed Montserrat's Georgian era capital city of Plymouth. Between 1995 and 2000, two-thirds of the island's population was forced to flee, primarily to the United Kingdom. The volcanic activity continues, mostly affecting the vicinity of Plymouth, including its docking facilities, and the eastern side of the island around the former W. H. Bramble Airport, the remnants of which were buried by flows from volcanic activity on 11 February 2010.
Montserrat is a British overseas territory in the Caribbean, originally named after the Virgin of Montserrat, itself named after the Montserrat mountain in Catalonia. In Catalan, the name means "serrated mountain".
Hello, and welcome back to Places - Lost in Time, a series that looks back on the tale of places and locations that have existing within living memory or photographic record, but are now lost to the pages of history.
In Episode 3, we turn our attention on the small island of Montserrat in the Caribbean, looking back on the history of this tiny nation and the rise of its capital city Plymouth in the years before its sudden and untimely demise during the 1995 to 1997 Soufrière Hills volcanic eruption.
This video was great fun to make as I've always had a love for geology and plate tectonics, as well as earning an undergrad degree in Geography. :)
All video content and images in this production have been provided with permission wherever possible. While I endeavour to ensure that all accre...
published: 01 Jun 2020
Montserrat Volcano exclusion zone. Drone footage 2016 Sy Skye
Plymouth-Montserrat Volcano exclusion zone. Drone footage 2016
The Soufriere Hills and the volcano.
Music: www.audionautix.com
published: 17 May 2016
Inside the volcanic ghost city Plymouth - Montserrat
Inside Plymouth: the buried city on the island of Montserrat, destroyed by a volcanic eruption just like Pompeii was destroyed by Vesuvius.
published: 31 Jul 2018
Why This Capital City Has a Population of Zero
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Check out my other channel: http://youtube.com/wendoverproductions
Episode written by Adam Chase
Music by Epidemic Sound
published: 16 May 2019
Apocalypse Montserrat - Plymouth city destroyed by volcano
The city of Plymouth on the tiny island of Montserrat in the West Indies was totalled by a huge eruption of the Soufriere Hills Volcano in August 1997
http://www.emergency.co.nz/archive/mont.html
published: 10 Sep 2009
Island Volcano Menace | National Geographic
The island of Montserrat is threatened by a volcanic eruption.
➡ Subscribe: http://bit.ly/NatGeoSubscribe
About National Geographic:
National Geographic is the world's premium destination for science, exploration, and adventure. Through their world-class scientists, photographers, journalists, and filmmakers, Nat Geo gets you closer to the stories that matter and past the edge of what's possible.
Get More National Geographic:
Official Site: http://bit.ly/NatGeoOfficialSite
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Island Volcano Menace | National Geographic
https://youtu.be/cvFTXunY6mY
National Geographic
https://www.youtube.com/natgeo
published: 24 May 2007
What happened to the capital of Montserrat? 🇲🇸 #shorts
Montserrat is an overseas territory in the Caribbean. But did you know that they have a capital with a population of 0? I explain why the capital of Plymouth has no people living and what happened to it.
#montserrat #educational #shorts
published: 29 Jun 2023
Inside Plymouth, Montserrat
Take a step inside the forbidden zone of Plymouth, Montserrat, a modern Pompeij, destroyed by several volcano eruptions in the past 20 years. We went inside...
published: 22 Dec 2015
Sob a Sombra do Vulcão: As Cidades que Desapareceram em Erupções Históricas
Sob a Sombra do Vulcão: As Cidades que Desapareceram em Erupções Históricas
O vídeo discute a destruição de 10 cidades por erupções vulcânicas. Pompeia e Herculano, na Itália, foram devastadas pelo Vesúvio em 79 d.C. Plymouth, no Caribe, foi quase totalmente destruída em 1995 pelo vulcão Soufrière Hills. San Juan Parangaricutiro, no México, foi engolida pela lava do Paricutín em 1943. Heimaey, na Islândia, sofreu com a erupção do Eldfell em 1973. Kabati em Papua Nova Guiné, Chaitén no Chile em 2008, Tristão da Cunha no Atlântico Sul em 1961, Akrotiri em Santorini, Grécia, por volta de 1627 a.C., e Goma na República Democrática do Congo em 2002, também enfrentaram destruições significativas devido a erupções vulcânicas.
Introdução: 00:00
Pompéia na Itália: 00:19
Herculano na Itália: 01:28...
published: 21 Jan 2024
MONTSERRAT: VOLCANO ERUPTION
(3 Aug 1996) Natural Sound
In its most spectacular eruption ever recorded - Montserrat's volcano has sent a river of super hot gas down its sides and clouds of ash thousands of metres into the sky.
The volcano erupted for the first time in centuries in July, 1995.
Since then it has forced more than five thousand people to abandon their homes and devastated the island's tourist-based economy.
The latest eruption of Montserrat's volcano began last Sunday - its most dramatic in recorded history.
Clouds of incandescent gas as hot as five hundred degrees Celsius - known as pyroclastic flow - have been pouring out of the mountain.
Flowing down valleys, the gas reached speeds of up to a hundred kilometres an hour.
This gas travelled all the way to the sea where it made the water boil....
Hello, and welcome back to Places - Lost in Time, a series that looks back on the tale of places and locations that have existing within living memory or photog...
Hello, and welcome back to Places - Lost in Time, a series that looks back on the tale of places and locations that have existing within living memory or photographic record, but are now lost to the pages of history.
In Episode 3, we turn our attention on the small island of Montserrat in the Caribbean, looking back on the history of this tiny nation and the rise of its capital city Plymouth in the years before its sudden and untimely demise during the 1995 to 1997 Soufrière Hills volcanic eruption.
This video was great fun to make as I've always had a love for geology and plate tectonics, as well as earning an undergrad degree in Geography. :)
All video content and images in this production have been provided with permission wherever possible. While I endeavour to ensure that all accreditations properly name the original creator, some of my sources do not list them as they are usually provided by other, unrelated YouTubers. Therefore, if I have mistakenly put the accreditation of 'Unknown', and you are aware of the original creator, please send me a personal message at my Gmail (this is more effective than comments as I am often unable to read all of them): [email protected]
The views and opinions expressed in this video are my personal appraisal and are not the views and opinions of any of these individuals or bodies who have kindly supplied me with footage and images.
Special thanks to Ross Barclay for allowing me permission to use several of his amazing photos from Plymouth taken in 1991, you can check out his photostream at Flickr to see both these and more great insights into how life was before the eruption:
https://www.flickr.com/photos/rosco-photo
If you enjoyed this video, why not leave a like, and consider subscribing for more great content coming soon.
Thanks again, everyone, and enjoy! :D
References:
- The Eruption of Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat, from 1995 to 1999
edited by Timothy H. Druitt, B. Peter Kokelaar (I thoroughly recommend reading this, it's a fascinating insight into the chain of events surrounding this eruption)
- British Library (and their respective references)
- Wikipedia (and its respective references)
Music - YouTube Audio Library
Also, I appreciate that many people may not be fully accustomed to certain geological terms, so I have prepared a short glossary in order to help give a little further information:
- Lahar: A violent and sudden mudflow comprised of water (usually from melted glaciers but can also be formed through groundwater), mud and thick ash. Lahars have a viscosity similar to that of cement, making them extremely destructive as they travel at high speed down the flanks of the volcano, especially in river valleys.
- Phreatic Eruption: An eruption caused by high pressure steam bursting from beneath the ground as rising magma causes high quantities of groundwater to evaporate in a matter of seconds. Phreatic eruptions are often the first signs of a volcano entering an eruptive stage as magma rising within the mountain has become shallow enough to evaporate groundwater.
- Lava Dome: The cap of the main magma outlet, a lava dome is comprised of tightly compacted molten rock that forms a jagged but highly unstable mound. Collapses of the dome release volcanic rock mixed with high temperature gases to form pyroclastic flows.
- Pyroclastic Flow: A cloud of super-heated ash and pumice that travels down the mountainside, accompanied by volcanic gases reaching temperatures of about 1,000 °C (1,830 °F). Unlike conventional landslides, pyroclastic flows travel on a thin layer of volcanic gas that acts as a lubricant, allowing these flows to cover considerable distances across open country and down adjacent valleys. Pyroclastic flows can be caused through the violent ejection of material from the main vent, or collapses of the lava dome.
- Vulcanian Eruption: a type of volcanic eruption characterised by a dense cloud of ash-laden gas exploding from the crater and rising high above the peak. The name is taken from the small volcanic island of Vulcano near Italy, where it was first used by Giuseppe Mercalli, an early Italian volcanologist.
Hello, and welcome back to Places - Lost in Time, a series that looks back on the tale of places and locations that have existing within living memory or photographic record, but are now lost to the pages of history.
In Episode 3, we turn our attention on the small island of Montserrat in the Caribbean, looking back on the history of this tiny nation and the rise of its capital city Plymouth in the years before its sudden and untimely demise during the 1995 to 1997 Soufrière Hills volcanic eruption.
This video was great fun to make as I've always had a love for geology and plate tectonics, as well as earning an undergrad degree in Geography. :)
All video content and images in this production have been provided with permission wherever possible. While I endeavour to ensure that all accreditations properly name the original creator, some of my sources do not list them as they are usually provided by other, unrelated YouTubers. Therefore, if I have mistakenly put the accreditation of 'Unknown', and you are aware of the original creator, please send me a personal message at my Gmail (this is more effective than comments as I am often unable to read all of them): [email protected]
The views and opinions expressed in this video are my personal appraisal and are not the views and opinions of any of these individuals or bodies who have kindly supplied me with footage and images.
Special thanks to Ross Barclay for allowing me permission to use several of his amazing photos from Plymouth taken in 1991, you can check out his photostream at Flickr to see both these and more great insights into how life was before the eruption:
https://www.flickr.com/photos/rosco-photo
If you enjoyed this video, why not leave a like, and consider subscribing for more great content coming soon.
Thanks again, everyone, and enjoy! :D
References:
- The Eruption of Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat, from 1995 to 1999
edited by Timothy H. Druitt, B. Peter Kokelaar (I thoroughly recommend reading this, it's a fascinating insight into the chain of events surrounding this eruption)
- British Library (and their respective references)
- Wikipedia (and its respective references)
Music - YouTube Audio Library
Also, I appreciate that many people may not be fully accustomed to certain geological terms, so I have prepared a short glossary in order to help give a little further information:
- Lahar: A violent and sudden mudflow comprised of water (usually from melted glaciers but can also be formed through groundwater), mud and thick ash. Lahars have a viscosity similar to that of cement, making them extremely destructive as they travel at high speed down the flanks of the volcano, especially in river valleys.
- Phreatic Eruption: An eruption caused by high pressure steam bursting from beneath the ground as rising magma causes high quantities of groundwater to evaporate in a matter of seconds. Phreatic eruptions are often the first signs of a volcano entering an eruptive stage as magma rising within the mountain has become shallow enough to evaporate groundwater.
- Lava Dome: The cap of the main magma outlet, a lava dome is comprised of tightly compacted molten rock that forms a jagged but highly unstable mound. Collapses of the dome release volcanic rock mixed with high temperature gases to form pyroclastic flows.
- Pyroclastic Flow: A cloud of super-heated ash and pumice that travels down the mountainside, accompanied by volcanic gases reaching temperatures of about 1,000 °C (1,830 °F). Unlike conventional landslides, pyroclastic flows travel on a thin layer of volcanic gas that acts as a lubricant, allowing these flows to cover considerable distances across open country and down adjacent valleys. Pyroclastic flows can be caused through the violent ejection of material from the main vent, or collapses of the lava dome.
- Vulcanian Eruption: a type of volcanic eruption characterised by a dense cloud of ash-laden gas exploding from the crater and rising high above the peak. The name is taken from the small volcanic island of Vulcano near Italy, where it was first used by Giuseppe Mercalli, an early Italian volcanologist.
Learn with Brilliant for 20% off by being one of the first 200 to sign up at Brilliant.org/HAI
Get a Half as Interesting t-shirt: https://standard.tv/collectio...
Learn with Brilliant for 20% off by being one of the first 200 to sign up at Brilliant.org/HAI
Get a Half as Interesting t-shirt: https://standard.tv/collections/half-as-interesting
Suggest a video and get a free t-shirt if we use it: http://halfasinteresting.com/suggest
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Follow Half as Interesting on Twitter: http://twitter.com/halfinteresting
Discuss this video on Reddit: http://www.Reddit.com/r/halfasinteresting
Check out my other channel: http://youtube.com/wendoverproductions
Episode written by Adam Chase
Music by Epidemic Sound
Learn with Brilliant for 20% off by being one of the first 200 to sign up at Brilliant.org/HAI
Get a Half as Interesting t-shirt: https://standard.tv/collections/half-as-interesting
Suggest a video and get a free t-shirt if we use it: http://halfasinteresting.com/suggest
Follow Sam from Half as Interesting on Instagram: http://Instagram.com/Sam.From.Wendover
Follow Half as Interesting on Twitter: http://twitter.com/halfinteresting
Discuss this video on Reddit: http://www.Reddit.com/r/halfasinteresting
Check out my other channel: http://youtube.com/wendoverproductions
Episode written by Adam Chase
Music by Epidemic Sound
The city of Plymouth on the tiny island of Montserrat in the West Indies was totalled by a huge eruption of the Soufriere Hills Volcano in August 1997
http:...
The city of Plymouth on the tiny island of Montserrat in the West Indies was totalled by a huge eruption of the Soufriere Hills Volcano in August 1997
http://www.emergency.co.nz/archive/mont.html
The city of Plymouth on the tiny island of Montserrat in the West Indies was totalled by a huge eruption of the Soufriere Hills Volcano in August 1997
http://www.emergency.co.nz/archive/mont.html
The island of Montserrat is threatened by a volcanic eruption.
➡ Subscribe: http://bit.ly/NatGeoSubscribe
About National Geographic:
National Geographic is the...
The island of Montserrat is threatened by a volcanic eruption.
➡ Subscribe: http://bit.ly/NatGeoSubscribe
About National Geographic:
National Geographic is the world's premium destination for science, exploration, and adventure. Through their world-class scientists, photographers, journalists, and filmmakers, Nat Geo gets you closer to the stories that matter and past the edge of what's possible.
Get More National Geographic:
Official Site: http://bit.ly/NatGeoOfficialSite
Facebook: http://bit.ly/FBNatGeo
Twitter: http://bit.ly/NatGeoTwitter
Instagram: http://bit.ly/NatGeoInsta
Island Volcano Menace | National Geographic
https://youtu.be/cvFTXunY6mY
National Geographic
https://www.youtube.com/natgeo
The island of Montserrat is threatened by a volcanic eruption.
➡ Subscribe: http://bit.ly/NatGeoSubscribe
About National Geographic:
National Geographic is the world's premium destination for science, exploration, and adventure. Through their world-class scientists, photographers, journalists, and filmmakers, Nat Geo gets you closer to the stories that matter and past the edge of what's possible.
Get More National Geographic:
Official Site: http://bit.ly/NatGeoOfficialSite
Facebook: http://bit.ly/FBNatGeo
Twitter: http://bit.ly/NatGeoTwitter
Instagram: http://bit.ly/NatGeoInsta
Island Volcano Menace | National Geographic
https://youtu.be/cvFTXunY6mY
National Geographic
https://www.youtube.com/natgeo
Montserrat is an overseas territory in the Caribbean. But did you know that they have a capital with a population of 0? I explain why the capital of Plymouth ha...
Montserrat is an overseas territory in the Caribbean. But did you know that they have a capital with a population of 0? I explain why the capital of Plymouth has no people living and what happened to it.
#montserrat #educational #shorts
Montserrat is an overseas territory in the Caribbean. But did you know that they have a capital with a population of 0? I explain why the capital of Plymouth has no people living and what happened to it.
#montserrat #educational #shorts
Take a step inside the forbidden zone of Plymouth, Montserrat, a modern Pompeij, destroyed by several volcano eruptions in the past 20 years. We went inside...
Take a step inside the forbidden zone of Plymouth, Montserrat, a modern Pompeij, destroyed by several volcano eruptions in the past 20 years. We went inside...
Take a step inside the forbidden zone of Plymouth, Montserrat, a modern Pompeij, destroyed by several volcano eruptions in the past 20 years. We went inside...
Sob a Sombra do Vulcão: As Cidades que Desapareceram em Erupções Históricas
O vídeo discute a destruição de 10 cidades por erupções vulcânicas. Pompeia e Hercu...
Sob a Sombra do Vulcão: As Cidades que Desapareceram em Erupções Históricas
O vídeo discute a destruição de 10 cidades por erupções vulcânicas. Pompeia e Herculano, na Itália, foram devastadas pelo Vesúvio em 79 d.C. Plymouth, no Caribe, foi quase totalmente destruída em 1995 pelo vulcão Soufrière Hills. San Juan Parangaricutiro, no México, foi engolida pela lava do Paricutín em 1943. Heimaey, na Islândia, sofreu com a erupção do Eldfell em 1973. Kabati em Papua Nova Guiné, Chaitén no Chile em 2008, Tristão da Cunha no Atlântico Sul em 1961, Akrotiri em Santorini, Grécia, por volta de 1627 a.C., e Goma na República Democrática do Congo em 2002, também enfrentaram destruições significativas devido a erupções vulcânicas.
Introdução: 00:00
Pompéia na Itália: 00:19
Herculano na Itália: 01:28
Plymouth, a capital da pequena ilha de Montserrat no Caribe: 02:46
San Juan Parangaricutiro: 03:58
Heimaey na Islândia: 05:00
Kabati em Papua Nova Guiné: 06:16
Chaitén no Chile: 07:22
Tristão da Cunha no Atlântico Sul: 08:32
Akrotiri, ilha de Santorini na Grécia: 09:42
Participem do nosso canal no Whatsapp
https://whatsapp.com/channel/0029VaEFIeTChq6QzB81Tr3x
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Vídeos recentes:
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?ist=PLRLfb1m8r41n75ETR2EhYXw6VahcJATMt
#vulcão #erupçãovulcanica #vulcaoativo #lavadevulcão
Sob a Sombra do Vulcão: As Cidades que Desapareceram em Erupções Históricas
O vídeo discute a destruição de 10 cidades por erupções vulcânicas. Pompeia e Herculano, na Itália, foram devastadas pelo Vesúvio em 79 d.C. Plymouth, no Caribe, foi quase totalmente destruída em 1995 pelo vulcão Soufrière Hills. San Juan Parangaricutiro, no México, foi engolida pela lava do Paricutín em 1943. Heimaey, na Islândia, sofreu com a erupção do Eldfell em 1973. Kabati em Papua Nova Guiné, Chaitén no Chile em 2008, Tristão da Cunha no Atlântico Sul em 1961, Akrotiri em Santorini, Grécia, por volta de 1627 a.C., e Goma na República Democrática do Congo em 2002, também enfrentaram destruições significativas devido a erupções vulcânicas.
Introdução: 00:00
Pompéia na Itália: 00:19
Herculano na Itália: 01:28
Plymouth, a capital da pequena ilha de Montserrat no Caribe: 02:46
San Juan Parangaricutiro: 03:58
Heimaey na Islândia: 05:00
Kabati em Papua Nova Guiné: 06:16
Chaitén no Chile: 07:22
Tristão da Cunha no Atlântico Sul: 08:32
Akrotiri, ilha de Santorini na Grécia: 09:42
Participem do nosso canal no Whatsapp
https://whatsapp.com/channel/0029VaEFIeTChq6QzB81Tr3x
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Vídeos recentes:
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?ist=PLRLfb1m8r41n75ETR2EhYXw6VahcJATMt
#vulcão #erupçãovulcanica #vulcaoativo #lavadevulcão
(3 Aug 1996) Natural Sound
In its most spectacular eruption ever recorded - Montserrat's volcano has sent a river of super hot gas down its sides and clouds ...
(3 Aug 1996) Natural Sound
In its most spectacular eruption ever recorded - Montserrat's volcano has sent a river of super hot gas down its sides and clouds of ash thousands of metres into the sky.
The volcano erupted for the first time in centuries in July, 1995.
Since then it has forced more than five thousand people to abandon their homes and devastated the island's tourist-based economy.
The latest eruption of Montserrat's volcano began last Sunday - its most dramatic in recorded history.
Clouds of incandescent gas as hot as five hundred degrees Celsius - known as pyroclastic flow - have been pouring out of the mountain.
Flowing down valleys, the gas reached speeds of up to a hundred kilometres an hour.
This gas travelled all the way to the sea where it made the water boil.
20 cows were burnt to death as the cloud engulfed them.
So far no people have been injured - because thousands of them have been evacuated away from the danger zone to safety on the northern part of the island.
The capital town of Plymouth was emptied of people four months ago and remains quiet today - the streets are covered in a layer of ash.
The former inhabitants don't yet know when they will be allowed to go back home.
The eruption has devastated the island's economy - ruining the tourist trade and closing businesses and public services.
This series of eruptions began over a year ago - the one before that was four hundred years ago.
Prior to that, geologist say the volcano was dormant for twenty thousand years.
The remaining people are hoping the next one will be just as far away - but at the moment it looks as if the volcano has other ideas.
Find out more about AP Archive: http://www.aparchive.com/HowWeWork
Twitter: https://twitter.com/AP_Archive
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/APArchives
Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/APNews/
You can license this story through AP Archive: http://www.aparchive.com/metadata/youtube/25802192a5642ff14822d593f7c219bd
(3 Aug 1996) Natural Sound
In its most spectacular eruption ever recorded - Montserrat's volcano has sent a river of super hot gas down its sides and clouds of ash thousands of metres into the sky.
The volcano erupted for the first time in centuries in July, 1995.
Since then it has forced more than five thousand people to abandon their homes and devastated the island's tourist-based economy.
The latest eruption of Montserrat's volcano began last Sunday - its most dramatic in recorded history.
Clouds of incandescent gas as hot as five hundred degrees Celsius - known as pyroclastic flow - have been pouring out of the mountain.
Flowing down valleys, the gas reached speeds of up to a hundred kilometres an hour.
This gas travelled all the way to the sea where it made the water boil.
20 cows were burnt to death as the cloud engulfed them.
So far no people have been injured - because thousands of them have been evacuated away from the danger zone to safety on the northern part of the island.
The capital town of Plymouth was emptied of people four months ago and remains quiet today - the streets are covered in a layer of ash.
The former inhabitants don't yet know when they will be allowed to go back home.
The eruption has devastated the island's economy - ruining the tourist trade and closing businesses and public services.
This series of eruptions began over a year ago - the one before that was four hundred years ago.
Prior to that, geologist say the volcano was dormant for twenty thousand years.
The remaining people are hoping the next one will be just as far away - but at the moment it looks as if the volcano has other ideas.
Find out more about AP Archive: http://www.aparchive.com/HowWeWork
Twitter: https://twitter.com/AP_Archive
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/APArchives
Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/APNews/
You can license this story through AP Archive: http://www.aparchive.com/metadata/youtube/25802192a5642ff14822d593f7c219bd
Hello, and welcome back to Places - Lost in Time, a series that looks back on the tale of places and locations that have existing within living memory or photographic record, but are now lost to the pages of history.
In Episode 3, we turn our attention on the small island of Montserrat in the Caribbean, looking back on the history of this tiny nation and the rise of its capital city Plymouth in the years before its sudden and untimely demise during the 1995 to 1997 Soufrière Hills volcanic eruption.
This video was great fun to make as I've always had a love for geology and plate tectonics, as well as earning an undergrad degree in Geography. :)
All video content and images in this production have been provided with permission wherever possible. While I endeavour to ensure that all accreditations properly name the original creator, some of my sources do not list them as they are usually provided by other, unrelated YouTubers. Therefore, if I have mistakenly put the accreditation of 'Unknown', and you are aware of the original creator, please send me a personal message at my Gmail (this is more effective than comments as I am often unable to read all of them): [email protected]
The views and opinions expressed in this video are my personal appraisal and are not the views and opinions of any of these individuals or bodies who have kindly supplied me with footage and images.
Special thanks to Ross Barclay for allowing me permission to use several of his amazing photos from Plymouth taken in 1991, you can check out his photostream at Flickr to see both these and more great insights into how life was before the eruption:
https://www.flickr.com/photos/rosco-photo
If you enjoyed this video, why not leave a like, and consider subscribing for more great content coming soon.
Thanks again, everyone, and enjoy! :D
References:
- The Eruption of Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat, from 1995 to 1999
edited by Timothy H. Druitt, B. Peter Kokelaar (I thoroughly recommend reading this, it's a fascinating insight into the chain of events surrounding this eruption)
- British Library (and their respective references)
- Wikipedia (and its respective references)
Music - YouTube Audio Library
Also, I appreciate that many people may not be fully accustomed to certain geological terms, so I have prepared a short glossary in order to help give a little further information:
- Lahar: A violent and sudden mudflow comprised of water (usually from melted glaciers but can also be formed through groundwater), mud and thick ash. Lahars have a viscosity similar to that of cement, making them extremely destructive as they travel at high speed down the flanks of the volcano, especially in river valleys.
- Phreatic Eruption: An eruption caused by high pressure steam bursting from beneath the ground as rising magma causes high quantities of groundwater to evaporate in a matter of seconds. Phreatic eruptions are often the first signs of a volcano entering an eruptive stage as magma rising within the mountain has become shallow enough to evaporate groundwater.
- Lava Dome: The cap of the main magma outlet, a lava dome is comprised of tightly compacted molten rock that forms a jagged but highly unstable mound. Collapses of the dome release volcanic rock mixed with high temperature gases to form pyroclastic flows.
- Pyroclastic Flow: A cloud of super-heated ash and pumice that travels down the mountainside, accompanied by volcanic gases reaching temperatures of about 1,000 °C (1,830 °F). Unlike conventional landslides, pyroclastic flows travel on a thin layer of volcanic gas that acts as a lubricant, allowing these flows to cover considerable distances across open country and down adjacent valleys. Pyroclastic flows can be caused through the violent ejection of material from the main vent, or collapses of the lava dome.
- Vulcanian Eruption: a type of volcanic eruption characterised by a dense cloud of ash-laden gas exploding from the crater and rising high above the peak. The name is taken from the small volcanic island of Vulcano near Italy, where it was first used by Giuseppe Mercalli, an early Italian volcanologist.
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Episode written by Adam Chase
Music by Epidemic Sound
The city of Plymouth on the tiny island of Montserrat in the West Indies was totalled by a huge eruption of the Soufriere Hills Volcano in August 1997
http://www.emergency.co.nz/archive/mont.html
The island of Montserrat is threatened by a volcanic eruption.
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Island Volcano Menace | National Geographic
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Montserrat is an overseas territory in the Caribbean. But did you know that they have a capital with a population of 0? I explain why the capital of Plymouth has no people living and what happened to it.
#montserrat #educational #shorts
Take a step inside the forbidden zone of Plymouth, Montserrat, a modern Pompeij, destroyed by several volcano eruptions in the past 20 years. We went inside...
Sob a Sombra do Vulcão: As Cidades que Desapareceram em Erupções Históricas
O vídeo discute a destruição de 10 cidades por erupções vulcânicas. Pompeia e Herculano, na Itália, foram devastadas pelo Vesúvio em 79 d.C. Plymouth, no Caribe, foi quase totalmente destruída em 1995 pelo vulcão Soufrière Hills. San Juan Parangaricutiro, no México, foi engolida pela lava do Paricutín em 1943. Heimaey, na Islândia, sofreu com a erupção do Eldfell em 1973. Kabati em Papua Nova Guiné, Chaitén no Chile em 2008, Tristão da Cunha no Atlântico Sul em 1961, Akrotiri em Santorini, Grécia, por volta de 1627 a.C., e Goma na República Democrática do Congo em 2002, também enfrentaram destruições significativas devido a erupções vulcânicas.
Introdução: 00:00
Pompéia na Itália: 00:19
Herculano na Itália: 01:28
Plymouth, a capital da pequena ilha de Montserrat no Caribe: 02:46
San Juan Parangaricutiro: 03:58
Heimaey na Islândia: 05:00
Kabati em Papua Nova Guiné: 06:16
Chaitén no Chile: 07:22
Tristão da Cunha no Atlântico Sul: 08:32
Akrotiri, ilha de Santorini na Grécia: 09:42
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#vulcão #erupçãovulcanica #vulcaoativo #lavadevulcão
(3 Aug 1996) Natural Sound
In its most spectacular eruption ever recorded - Montserrat's volcano has sent a river of super hot gas down its sides and clouds of ash thousands of metres into the sky.
The volcano erupted for the first time in centuries in July, 1995.
Since then it has forced more than five thousand people to abandon their homes and devastated the island's tourist-based economy.
The latest eruption of Montserrat's volcano began last Sunday - its most dramatic in recorded history.
Clouds of incandescent gas as hot as five hundred degrees Celsius - known as pyroclastic flow - have been pouring out of the mountain.
Flowing down valleys, the gas reached speeds of up to a hundred kilometres an hour.
This gas travelled all the way to the sea where it made the water boil.
20 cows were burnt to death as the cloud engulfed them.
So far no people have been injured - because thousands of them have been evacuated away from the danger zone to safety on the northern part of the island.
The capital town of Plymouth was emptied of people four months ago and remains quiet today - the streets are covered in a layer of ash.
The former inhabitants don't yet know when they will be allowed to go back home.
The eruption has devastated the island's economy - ruining the tourist trade and closing businesses and public services.
This series of eruptions began over a year ago - the one before that was four hundred years ago.
Prior to that, geologist say the volcano was dormant for twenty thousand years.
The remaining people are hoping the next one will be just as far away - but at the moment it looks as if the volcano has other ideas.
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Plymouth was the capital of the island of Montserrat, an overseas territory of the United Kingdom located in the Leeward Island chain of the Lesser Antilles, West Indies. The town was overwhelmed by volcanic eruptions starting in 1995 and was abandoned. For centuries it had been the only port of entry to the island.
Plymouth is still de jure the capital of Montserrat, giving it the unusual distinction of being the only ghost town which is the capital of a political territory.
History
Volcano and abandonment
Beginning in July 1995, a series of huge eruptions at the Soufrière Hills volcano sent pyroclastic flows and ash falls across a wide area of southern Montserrat including the capital, Plymouth. It was immediately clear that the city was in grave danger; on 21 August 1995, tephra fell on Plymouth, and in December residents were evacuated as a precaution.
Residents were allowed back a few months later but on 25 June 1997, a massive eruption produced pyroclastic surges that killed 19 people and reached nearly to the island's airport on the eastern side of the island. Plymouth was again evacuated.
OrtegaAyala has repeatedly visited Pripyat - along with Plymouth on the Caribbean island of Montserrat, which was decimated by a volcano in 1995 - to gather visual and aural memories from what remains in the rubble and people's thoughts.
Houses and and a wrecked car are seen on the ash-covered streets of Plymouth, the capital of Montserrat... Gutted, ash-covered buildings are seen in Plymouth, Montserrat's abandoned capital, in 1997.
in the 1990s, a volcano eruption in Montserrat completely destroyed Plymouth, the town where she was born ... own history as someone who was brought to live in Britain from Montserrat as a young child.
The Montserrat-born British artist, 66, was awarded the annual ...Born in Plymouth, Montserrat in 1956, Ryan has exhibited across the world and was made an OBE for services to art earlier this year.