Osroene, also spelled Osrohene and Osrhoene (Ancient Greek: Ὀσροηνή; Syriac:ܡܠܟܘܬܐ ܕܒܝܬ ܐܘܪܗܝMalkūṯā d-Bayt ʿŌrhai) and sometimes known by the name of its capital city, Edessa (modern Şanlıurfa, Turkey), was a historical kingdom located in Upper Mesopotamia, which enjoyed semi-autonomy to complete independence from the years of 132 BC to AD 244.
It was a Syriac-speaking kingdom.
Osroene, or Edessa, acquired independence from the collapsing Seleucid Empire through a dynasty of the nomadic Nabatean tribe called Orrhoei from 136 BC. The name Osroene derives from Osroes of Orhai, a Nabateanmalka who in 120 BC wrested control of this region from the Seleucids in Syria. Most of the kings of Osroene are called Abgar or Manu who settled in urban centers. Under its Nabatean dynasties, Osroëne became increasingly influenced by Syriac-Assyrian culture and was a centre of national reaction against Hellenism. By the 5th century Edessa had become the headquarters of Syriac literature and learning. In 608 the SāsānidKhosrow II took Osroëne, and in 638 it fell to the Muslims through the Muslim conquest of Persia.
Osroene, also spelled Osrohene and Osrhoene (Ancient Greek: Ὀσροηνή; was a Roman province which existed for nearly 400 years after it was formed after the absorption of the Kingdom of Osroene in 244 CE and served as a frontier province a against the Sassanid empires, until the Muslim conquests of the 7th Century.
Warzone
For the whole of its existence, the province would remain a bone of contention between the Romans and their eastern neighbors, the Sassanid Persians, suffering heavily in the recurrent Roman–Persian Wars. war broke out after the death of the Roman emperor Decius in 251 and the province was invaded by the Persian. In the second half of the 250s, the Persian shah Shapur I (r. ca. 240–270) attacked the Roman east, which was defended by the Roman emperor Valerianus (r. 253–260), whom he captured at Edessa in 260. In the next year however, Shapur was heavily defeated by Odaenathus of Palmyra and driven out of Osroene and Mesopotamia.
It was taken and retaken several times. Being a province on the frontier it had a Roman legion stationed there, Legio III Parthica and its Castrum (homebase) was Resaena though there are some doubts on that fact.
Roman Edessa: The Politics Of Osrhoene And Its Christianization - Dr. Steven K. Ross
Roman Edessa offers a comprehensive and erudite analysis of the ancient city of Edessa (modern day Urfa, Turkey), which constituted a remarkable amalgam of the East and the West. Among the areas explored are:
* the cultural life and antecedents of Edessa
* Edessene religion
* the extent of the Hellenization at Edessa before the advent of Christianity
* the myth of an exchange of letters between a King Abgar and Jesus.
https://www.amazon.com/Roman-Edessa-Routledge-Classical-Monographs/dp/0415187877
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published: 21 Aug 2022
Osroene
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published: 02 Jan 2016
The Kingdom of Commagene
The Kingdom of Commagene (163 BCE - 72 CE) was a Hellenistic political entity, heavily influenced by Armenian and ancient Persian culture and traditions, established in southwestern Anatolia (modern-day Turkey) by Ptolemaeus of Commagene (r. 163-130 BCE) of the Orontid Dynasty who had formerly been satrap (governor) of the region under the Seleucid Empire (312-63 BCE). The Seleucid Empire had been in steady decline since it came into conflict with Rome in 190 BCE and, by 163 BCE, no longer had the strength to maintain its earlier cohesion. Ptolemaeus seized on the weakness, declared Commagene an independent state, and became its first king.
The name derives from Kummuh, a Neo-Hittite kingdom of the Iron Age located in the same area, and Commagene would retain indigenous Luwian and Hittite...
published: 22 Oct 2020
Feast-day of King Abgar the Osroene
On 04 December 2012, the Armenian Apostolic Church celebrated the
feast-day of King Abgar the Osroene who is the first king converted to
Christianity. He is a saint in the Armenian Church.
Դեկտեմբերի 4-ին Հայ Եկեղեցին նշեց Աբգար Թագավորի հիշատակության օրը, որը, իբրեւ առաջին քրիստոնյա թագավոր, Հայ Եկեղեցու տոնելի սրբերից է:
published: 04 Dec 2012
Part 2: Edessa
The Aramean kingdom of Edessa/Osroene.
published: 05 Dec 2009
Osroene | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Osroene
00:00:50 1 Kingdom
00:02:09 2 Roman province
00:04:49 3 In Roman sources
00:10:05 4 Rulers
00:13:06 5 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
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published: 03 Dec 2018
How to Pronounce Osroene
This video shows you how to pronounce Osroene
published: 26 Feb 2015
How To Pronounce Osroene
published: 10 May 2022
History of the ancient Levant
The Levant is the large area in Southwest Asia, south of the Taurus Mountains, bounded by the Mediterranean Sea in the west, the Arabian Desert in the south, and Mesopotamia in the east. It stretches 400 miles north to south from the Taurus Mountains to the Sinai desert, and 70 to 100 miles east to west between the sea and the Arabian desert. The term is also sometimes used to refer to modern events or states in the region immediately bordering the eastern Mediterranean Sea: Cyprus, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine, Syria and Hatay Province of Turkey.
The term normally does not include Anatolia , the Caucasus Mountains, Mesopotamia or any part of the Arabian Peninsula proper. The Sinai Peninsula is sometimes included, though it is more considered an intermediate, peripheral or marginal ...
Roman Edessa offers a comprehensive and erudite analysis of the ancient city of Edessa (modern day Urfa, Turkey), which constituted a remarkable amalgam of the ...
Roman Edessa offers a comprehensive and erudite analysis of the ancient city of Edessa (modern day Urfa, Turkey), which constituted a remarkable amalgam of the East and the West. Among the areas explored are:
* the cultural life and antecedents of Edessa
* Edessene religion
* the extent of the Hellenization at Edessa before the advent of Christianity
* the myth of an exchange of letters between a King Abgar and Jesus.
https://www.amazon.com/Roman-Edessa-Routledge-Classical-Monographs/dp/0415187877
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Roman Edessa offers a comprehensive and erudite analysis of the ancient city of Edessa (modern day Urfa, Turkey), which constituted a remarkable amalgam of the East and the West. Among the areas explored are:
* the cultural life and antecedents of Edessa
* Edessene religion
* the extent of the Hellenization at Edessa before the advent of Christianity
* the myth of an exchange of letters between a King Abgar and Jesus.
https://www.amazon.com/Roman-Edessa-Routledge-Classical-Monographs/dp/0415187877
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Osroene
☆Video is targeted to bl...
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Osroene
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The Kingdom of Commagene (163 BCE - 72 CE) was a Hellenistic political entity, heavily influenced by Armenian and ancient Persian culture and traditions, establ...
The Kingdom of Commagene (163 BCE - 72 CE) was a Hellenistic political entity, heavily influenced by Armenian and ancient Persian culture and traditions, established in southwestern Anatolia (modern-day Turkey) by Ptolemaeus of Commagene (r. 163-130 BCE) of the Orontid Dynasty who had formerly been satrap (governor) of the region under the Seleucid Empire (312-63 BCE). The Seleucid Empire had been in steady decline since it came into conflict with Rome in 190 BCE and, by 163 BCE, no longer had the strength to maintain its earlier cohesion. Ptolemaeus seized on the weakness, declared Commagene an independent state, and became its first king.
The name derives from Kummuh, a Neo-Hittite kingdom of the Iron Age located in the same area, and Commagene would retain indigenous Luwian and Hittite traditions and motifs in its architecture. The region had been part of Urartu, the proto-Armenian kingdom, under the name Sophene, which became part of the Achaemenid Empire (c. 550-330 BCE). The Achaemenid Empire fell to Alexander the Great in 330 BCE and, after Alexander’s death, the region became part of the Seleucid Empire at which point Sophene became its own kingdom.
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The Original Article titled Commagene by Joshua J Mark
https://www.ancient.eu/Commagene/
More articles by Joshua J. Mark : https://www.ancient.eu/user/JPryst/
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The Kingdom of Commagene (163 BCE - 72 CE) was a Hellenistic political entity, heavily influenced by Armenian and ancient Persian culture and traditions, established in southwestern Anatolia (modern-day Turkey) by Ptolemaeus of Commagene (r. 163-130 BCE) of the Orontid Dynasty who had formerly been satrap (governor) of the region under the Seleucid Empire (312-63 BCE). The Seleucid Empire had been in steady decline since it came into conflict with Rome in 190 BCE and, by 163 BCE, no longer had the strength to maintain its earlier cohesion. Ptolemaeus seized on the weakness, declared Commagene an independent state, and became its first king.
The name derives from Kummuh, a Neo-Hittite kingdom of the Iron Age located in the same area, and Commagene would retain indigenous Luwian and Hittite traditions and motifs in its architecture. The region had been part of Urartu, the proto-Armenian kingdom, under the name Sophene, which became part of the Achaemenid Empire (c. 550-330 BCE). The Achaemenid Empire fell to Alexander the Great in 330 BCE and, after Alexander’s death, the region became part of the Seleucid Empire at which point Sophene became its own kingdom.
Check out our new store! https://teespring.com/stores/the-history-shop
Get your SEA PEOPLES Mediterranean Tour Shirt Today!
https://teespring.com/sea-peoples-mediterranean-tour
Hittite Coffee Mug: https://teespring.com/HittiteEmpireMug
The Original Article titled Commagene by Joshua J Mark
https://www.ancient.eu/Commagene/
More articles by Joshua J. Mark : https://www.ancient.eu/user/JPryst/
Check out the Ancient History Encyclopedia and all of their awesome work at these sites below!
Website : https://www.ancient.eu/
YouTube Channel : https://www.youtube.com/c/AncientEU
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To support the channel, become a Patron and make history matter!
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Check out the awesome work of our narrator and contributor DW Draffin!
AUDIOBOOK NARRATOR
https://www.audible.com/search?searchNarrator=DW+Draffin
STAGE ACTOR
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INDEPENDENT AUTHOR
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If you need a professional then contact him!
Attribution for video footage:
cf-apps7865
Nemrut Dağ ~ Mountain Of The Gods
Hi ! :) Jj Ainsworth Megalithic Maiden 2018 Ancient Mount Nemrut (Nemrud) Turkey
megalithic maiden
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=90HZIsjhBuE
On 04 December 2012, the Armenian Apostolic Church celebrated the
feast-day of King Abgar the Osroene who is the first king converted to
Christianity. He is a ...
On 04 December 2012, the Armenian Apostolic Church celebrated the
feast-day of King Abgar the Osroene who is the first king converted to
Christianity. He is a saint in the Armenian Church.
Դեկտեմբերի 4-ին Հայ Եկեղեցին նշեց Աբգար Թագավորի հիշատակության օրը, որը, իբրեւ առաջին քրիստոնյա թագավոր, Հայ Եկեղեցու տոնելի սրբերից է:
On 04 December 2012, the Armenian Apostolic Church celebrated the
feast-day of King Abgar the Osroene who is the first king converted to
Christianity. He is a saint in the Armenian Church.
Դեկտեմբերի 4-ին Հայ Եկեղեցին նշեց Աբգար Թագավորի հիշատակության օրը, որը, իբրեւ առաջին քրիստոնյա թագավոր, Հայ Եկեղեցու տոնելի սրբերից է:
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Osroene
00:00:50 1 Kingdom
00:02:09 2 Roman province
00:04:49 3 In Roman sources
00:10:05 4 Rulers
00:1...
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Osroene
00:00:50 1 Kingdom
00:02:09 2 Roman province
00:04:49 3 In Roman sources
00:10:05 4 Rulers
00:13:06 5 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCuKfABj2eGyjH3ntPxp4YeQ
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
https://github.com/nodef/wikipedia-tts
"The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing."
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Osroene, also spelled Osroëne and Osrhoene (Arabic: مملكة الرها; Classical Syriac: ܡܠܟܘܬܐ ܕܒܝܬ ܐܘܪܗܝ "Kingdom of Urhay"; Ancient Greek: Ὀσροηνή) and sometimes known by the name of its capital city, Edessa (now Şanlıurfa, Turkey), was a historical kingdom in Upper Mesopotamia, which was ruled by a dynasty of Arab origin. It enjoyed semi-autonomy to complete independence from the years of 132 BC to AD 216, and a Roman province from 216 to 608, from 318 a part of the Diocese of the East.
By the 5th century, Edessa had become a center of Syriac literature and learning. In 608, the Sasanian emperor, Khosrow II, took Osroëne. In 638, it fell to the Muslims as part of the Muslim conquests.
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Osroene
00:00:50 1 Kingdom
00:02:09 2 Roman province
00:04:49 3 In Roman sources
00:10:05 4 Rulers
00:13:06 5 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCuKfABj2eGyjH3ntPxp4YeQ
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
https://github.com/nodef/wikipedia-tts
"The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing."
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Osroene, also spelled Osroëne and Osrhoene (Arabic: مملكة الرها; Classical Syriac: ܡܠܟܘܬܐ ܕܒܝܬ ܐܘܪܗܝ "Kingdom of Urhay"; Ancient Greek: Ὀσροηνή) and sometimes known by the name of its capital city, Edessa (now Şanlıurfa, Turkey), was a historical kingdom in Upper Mesopotamia, which was ruled by a dynasty of Arab origin. It enjoyed semi-autonomy to complete independence from the years of 132 BC to AD 216, and a Roman province from 216 to 608, from 318 a part of the Diocese of the East.
By the 5th century, Edessa had become a center of Syriac literature and learning. In 608, the Sasanian emperor, Khosrow II, took Osroëne. In 638, it fell to the Muslims as part of the Muslim conquests.
The Levant is the large area in Southwest Asia, south of the Taurus Mountains, bounded by the Mediterranean Sea in the west, the Arabian Desert in the south, an...
The Levant is the large area in Southwest Asia, south of the Taurus Mountains, bounded by the Mediterranean Sea in the west, the Arabian Desert in the south, and Mesopotamia in the east. It stretches 400 miles north to south from the Taurus Mountains to the Sinai desert, and 70 to 100 miles east to west between the sea and the Arabian desert. The term is also sometimes used to refer to modern events or states in the region immediately bordering the eastern Mediterranean Sea: Cyprus, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine, Syria and Hatay Province of Turkey.
The term normally does not include Anatolia , the Caucasus Mountains, Mesopotamia or any part of the Arabian Peninsula proper. The Sinai Peninsula is sometimes included, though it is more considered an intermediate, peripheral or marginal area forming a land bridge between the Levant and northern Egypt.
Stone Age
Anatomically modern Homo sapiens are demonstrated at the area of Mount Carmel in modern-day Israel during the Middle Paleolithic dating from c. 90,000 BC. These migrants out of Africa seem to have been unsuccessful, and by c. 60,000 BC in the Levant, Neanderthal groups seem to have benefited from the worsening climate and replaced Homo sapiens, who were possibly confined once more to Africa.
A second move out of Africa is demonstrated by the Boker Tachtit Upper Paleolithic culture, from 52,000–50,000 BC, with humans at Ksar Akil XXV level being modern humans. This culture bears close resemblance to the Badoshan Aurignacian culture of Iran, and the later Sebilian I Egyptian culture of c. 50,000 BC. Stephen Oppenheimer suggests that this reflects a movement of modern human groups back into North Africa, at this time.
It would appear this sets the date by which Homo sapiens Upper Paleolithic cultures begin replacing Neanderthal Levalo-Mousterian, and by c. 40,000 BC Palestine was occupied by the Levanto-Aurignacian Ahmarian culture, lasting from 39,000–24,000 BC. This culture was quite successful spreading as the Antelian culture , as far as Southern Anatolia, with the Atlitan culture.
The Levant is the large area in Southwest Asia, south of the Taurus Mountains, bounded by the Mediterranean Sea in the west, the Arabian Desert in the south, and Mesopotamia in the east. It stretches 400 miles north to south from the Taurus Mountains to the Sinai desert, and 70 to 100 miles east to west between the sea and the Arabian desert. The term is also sometimes used to refer to modern events or states in the region immediately bordering the eastern Mediterranean Sea: Cyprus, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine, Syria and Hatay Province of Turkey.
The term normally does not include Anatolia , the Caucasus Mountains, Mesopotamia or any part of the Arabian Peninsula proper. The Sinai Peninsula is sometimes included, though it is more considered an intermediate, peripheral or marginal area forming a land bridge between the Levant and northern Egypt.
Stone Age
Anatomically modern Homo sapiens are demonstrated at the area of Mount Carmel in modern-day Israel during the Middle Paleolithic dating from c. 90,000 BC. These migrants out of Africa seem to have been unsuccessful, and by c. 60,000 BC in the Levant, Neanderthal groups seem to have benefited from the worsening climate and replaced Homo sapiens, who were possibly confined once more to Africa.
A second move out of Africa is demonstrated by the Boker Tachtit Upper Paleolithic culture, from 52,000–50,000 BC, with humans at Ksar Akil XXV level being modern humans. This culture bears close resemblance to the Badoshan Aurignacian culture of Iran, and the later Sebilian I Egyptian culture of c. 50,000 BC. Stephen Oppenheimer suggests that this reflects a movement of modern human groups back into North Africa, at this time.
It would appear this sets the date by which Homo sapiens Upper Paleolithic cultures begin replacing Neanderthal Levalo-Mousterian, and by c. 40,000 BC Palestine was occupied by the Levanto-Aurignacian Ahmarian culture, lasting from 39,000–24,000 BC. This culture was quite successful spreading as the Antelian culture , as far as Southern Anatolia, with the Atlitan culture.
Roman Edessa offers a comprehensive and erudite analysis of the ancient city of Edessa (modern day Urfa, Turkey), which constituted a remarkable amalgam of the East and the West. Among the areas explored are:
* the cultural life and antecedents of Edessa
* Edessene religion
* the extent of the Hellenization at Edessa before the advent of Christianity
* the myth of an exchange of letters between a King Abgar and Jesus.
https://www.amazon.com/Roman-Edessa-Routledge-Classical-Monographs/dp/0415187877
Join this channel to get access to perks:
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC4yzcsaYuPJfPymf2arGCng/join
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https://www.amazon.com/?tag=wiki-audio-20
Osroene
☆Video is targeted to blind users
Attribution:
Article text available under CC-BY-SA
image source in video
The Kingdom of Commagene (163 BCE - 72 CE) was a Hellenistic political entity, heavily influenced by Armenian and ancient Persian culture and traditions, established in southwestern Anatolia (modern-day Turkey) by Ptolemaeus of Commagene (r. 163-130 BCE) of the Orontid Dynasty who had formerly been satrap (governor) of the region under the Seleucid Empire (312-63 BCE). The Seleucid Empire had been in steady decline since it came into conflict with Rome in 190 BCE and, by 163 BCE, no longer had the strength to maintain its earlier cohesion. Ptolemaeus seized on the weakness, declared Commagene an independent state, and became its first king.
The name derives from Kummuh, a Neo-Hittite kingdom of the Iron Age located in the same area, and Commagene would retain indigenous Luwian and Hittite traditions and motifs in its architecture. The region had been part of Urartu, the proto-Armenian kingdom, under the name Sophene, which became part of the Achaemenid Empire (c. 550-330 BCE). The Achaemenid Empire fell to Alexander the Great in 330 BCE and, after Alexander’s death, the region became part of the Seleucid Empire at which point Sophene became its own kingdom.
Check out our new store! https://teespring.com/stores/the-history-shop
Get your SEA PEOPLES Mediterranean Tour Shirt Today!
https://teespring.com/sea-peoples-mediterranean-tour
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The Original Article titled Commagene by Joshua J Mark
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On 04 December 2012, the Armenian Apostolic Church celebrated the
feast-day of King Abgar the Osroene who is the first king converted to
Christianity. He is a saint in the Armenian Church.
Դեկտեմբերի 4-ին Հայ Եկեղեցին նշեց Աբգար Թագավորի հիշատակության օրը, որը, իբրեւ առաջին քրիստոնյա թագավոր, Հայ Եկեղեցու տոնելի սրբերից է:
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Osroene
00:00:50 1 Kingdom
00:02:09 2 Roman province
00:04:49 3 In Roman sources
00:10:05 4 Rulers
00:13:06 5 See also
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SUMMARY
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Osroene, also spelled Osroëne and Osrhoene (Arabic: مملكة الرها; Classical Syriac: ܡܠܟܘܬܐ ܕܒܝܬ ܐܘܪܗܝ "Kingdom of Urhay"; Ancient Greek: Ὀσροηνή) and sometimes known by the name of its capital city, Edessa (now Şanlıurfa, Turkey), was a historical kingdom in Upper Mesopotamia, which was ruled by a dynasty of Arab origin. It enjoyed semi-autonomy to complete independence from the years of 132 BC to AD 216, and a Roman province from 216 to 608, from 318 a part of the Diocese of the East.
By the 5th century, Edessa had become a center of Syriac literature and learning. In 608, the Sasanian emperor, Khosrow II, took Osroëne. In 638, it fell to the Muslims as part of the Muslim conquests.
The Levant is the large area in Southwest Asia, south of the Taurus Mountains, bounded by the Mediterranean Sea in the west, the Arabian Desert in the south, and Mesopotamia in the east. It stretches 400 miles north to south from the Taurus Mountains to the Sinai desert, and 70 to 100 miles east to west between the sea and the Arabian desert. The term is also sometimes used to refer to modern events or states in the region immediately bordering the eastern Mediterranean Sea: Cyprus, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine, Syria and Hatay Province of Turkey.
The term normally does not include Anatolia , the Caucasus Mountains, Mesopotamia or any part of the Arabian Peninsula proper. The Sinai Peninsula is sometimes included, though it is more considered an intermediate, peripheral or marginal area forming a land bridge between the Levant and northern Egypt.
Stone Age
Anatomically modern Homo sapiens are demonstrated at the area of Mount Carmel in modern-day Israel during the Middle Paleolithic dating from c. 90,000 BC. These migrants out of Africa seem to have been unsuccessful, and by c. 60,000 BC in the Levant, Neanderthal groups seem to have benefited from the worsening climate and replaced Homo sapiens, who were possibly confined once more to Africa.
A second move out of Africa is demonstrated by the Boker Tachtit Upper Paleolithic culture, from 52,000–50,000 BC, with humans at Ksar Akil XXV level being modern humans. This culture bears close resemblance to the Badoshan Aurignacian culture of Iran, and the later Sebilian I Egyptian culture of c. 50,000 BC. Stephen Oppenheimer suggests that this reflects a movement of modern human groups back into North Africa, at this time.
It would appear this sets the date by which Homo sapiens Upper Paleolithic cultures begin replacing Neanderthal Levalo-Mousterian, and by c. 40,000 BC Palestine was occupied by the Levanto-Aurignacian Ahmarian culture, lasting from 39,000–24,000 BC. This culture was quite successful spreading as the Antelian culture , as far as Southern Anatolia, with the Atlitan culture.
Osroene, also spelled Osrohene and Osrhoene (Ancient Greek: Ὀσροηνή; Syriac:ܡܠܟܘܬܐ ܕܒܝܬ ܐܘܪܗܝMalkūṯā d-Bayt ʿŌrhai) and sometimes known by the name of its capital city, Edessa (modern Şanlıurfa, Turkey), was a historical kingdom located in Upper Mesopotamia, which enjoyed semi-autonomy to complete independence from the years of 132 BC to AD 244.
It was a Syriac-speaking kingdom.
Osroene, or Edessa, acquired independence from the collapsing Seleucid Empire through a dynasty of the nomadic Nabatean tribe called Orrhoei from 136 BC. The name Osroene derives from Osroes of Orhai, a Nabateanmalka who in 120 BC wrested control of this region from the Seleucids in Syria. Most of the kings of Osroene are called Abgar or Manu who settled in urban centers. Under its Nabatean dynasties, Osroëne became increasingly influenced by Syriac-Assyrian culture and was a centre of national reaction against Hellenism. By the 5th century Edessa had become the headquarters of Syriac literature and learning. In 608 the SāsānidKhosrow II took Osroëne, and in 638 it fell to the Muslims through the Muslim conquest of Persia.
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