The near-close near-back rounded vowel, or near-high near-back rounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound, used in some vocal languages. The IPA symbol that represents this sound is ⟨ʊ⟩. It is informally called "horseshoe u". Prior to 1989, there was an alternate IPA symbol for this sound, ⟨ɷ⟩, called "closed omega"; use of this symbol is no longer sanctioned by the IPA. In Americanist phonetic notation, the symbol ⟨ᴜ⟩ (a small capital U) is used.
Handbook of the International Phonetic Association defines [ʊ] as a mid-centralized (lowered and centralized) close back rounded vowel, therefore, an alternative transcription of this vowel is ⟨u̽⟩ (a symbol equivalent to a more complex ⟨ü̞⟩). However, some languages, such as Korean and Swedish have the near-close back rounded vowel, which differs from its near-back counterpart in that it is a lowered, but not centralized close back rounded vowel, transcribed in the IPA as ⟨u̞⟩, ⟨ʊ̠⟩ or ⟨o̝⟩ (this article uses ⟨ʊ̠⟩).
In phonetics, vowel roundedness refers to the amount of rounding in the lips during the articulation of a vowel. It is labialization of a vowel. When pronouncing a rounded vowel, the lips form a circular opening, whereas unrounded vowels (also called spread vowels) are pronounced with the lips relaxed. In most languages, front vowels tend to be unrounded, whereas back vowels tend to be rounded. But some languages, such as French and German, distinguish rounded and unrounded front vowels of the same height, whereas Vietnamese distinguishes rounded and unrounded back vowels of the same height. Alekano has only unrounded vowels. In the International Phonetic Alphabet vowel chart, rounded vowels are the ones that appear on the right in each pair of vowels. There are also diacritics, U+0339̹COMBINING RIGHT HALF RING BELOW and U+031C̜COMBINING LEFT HALF RING BELOW, to indicate greater and lesser degrees of rounding, respectively. These 'more' and 'less rounded' diacritics are sometimes also used with consonants to indicate degrees of labialization.
How To Say.. /ʊ/ - The Near-Close Near-Back Rounded Vowel - English Pronunciation Lesson
In this English pronunciation lesson, I explain the /ʊ/ sound, also called the near-close near-back rounded vowel.
This video will explain how to form the sound, its most common spellings, and give several practice sentences for you to try.
This is the third in a series of short videos that look at every sound you can find in the British English IPA chart.
Timestamps:
0:00 - intro
0:10 - how to say it
0:35 - typical words and spellings
1:35 - practice
Credit where credit's due:
Face diagrams by Vanessa Godofredo xxx
Video by Anastasia Shuraeva: https://www.pexels.com/video/man-lifting-a-woman-like-barbell-4945568/
Video by Ketut Subiyanto: https://www.pexels.com/video/a-man-giving-a-thumbs-up-4586442/
Video by Armin Rimoldi: https://www.pexels.com/video/woman-applying-sunscreen-...
published: 05 Jun 2022
Near-Close Near Back Vowel Sound /u/
Hello Everyone!
We continue our IPA training. Today I would like to introduce Near-Close Near Back Vowel Sound /u/
Please, bear in mind though, I am not a native speaker and my pronunciation is not authentic. Treat my video more as a tutorial on how to do it and possible patterns rather than a pronunciation video.
Thank you and don't forget to subscribe for more and follow me on Facebook and Instagram.
Iryna's English Page
published: 11 Nov 2017
[ʊ] near-close near-back rounded vowel
I pronounce [ʊ] the near-close near-back rounded vowel for you all!
published: 23 Jan 2022
/ʊ/ Near-Close Back Rounded Vowel Pronunciation in British English with Example | Book Pronunciation
Follow on my latest Fiverr: https://www.fiverr.com/umairbinabid816 /ʊ/ Near-Close Back Rounded Vowel Pronunciation in North American English:
https://youtu.be/eaHISPyM4fQ
ASSALAMUALIKUM. IN THE NAME OF ALLAH, THE ENTIRELY MERCIFUL, THE ESPECIALLY MERCIFUL.
If you think, I am doing hard work and you understand what I am conveying through my videos then you must subscribe my channel.
✔✔✔https://www.youtube.com/c/UmairLinguistics✔✔✔
🔎💡 Follow these playlists to find videos of your own choice. 🔎💡
1. Linguistics Lectures in Urdu/Hindi
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6dz7oZ4CAfs&list=PLAcqtFsfySfWzjQiMC0ZO-3r1X9XNSj4J
2.Linguistics
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ODvLsX_j75E&list=PLAcqtFsfySfV_7TR4BWmccCfJgZmsahxw
3. The Origins Of Language
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6dz7oZ4CAfs&list=PLAc...
-Original/Main lesson for this sound: Back Vowels: "High Schwa" (/ʊ/), as in "book" | American English Pronunciation & Ear Training Course https://youtu.be/lS7uSnPan88
-Basic posture settings lesson: Change These Settings to Sound Native | Map of the American English Mouth (Posture) Part 1 https://youtu.be/KAcYzAU-Pyw
-How to Sound More American! Phase 2, Pt 1 - How mouth posture applies to (almost) EVERY sound https://youtu.be/o2ktpWsR5cQ
*Sign up for lessons or consultations with me!* Learn more here: https://italki.com/teacher/1507633 -OR- use the affiliate link and we both get a reward: https://www.italki.com/i/AF0ACA?hl=en_us
And don't forget to download your FREE English Hacks Phonetic Transcription guide (https://drive.google.com/file/d/1JaEGFgOFcwOZ1kz_6fpwpLx-ePTYnVPu/view?usp=...
published: 08 Mar 2024
[ʊ̃] nasal near-close near-back rounded vowel
I pronounce [ʊ̃] the nasal near-close near-back rounded vowel for you all!
published: 30 Jan 2022
Long /u:/ Close Back Rounded Vowel Pronunciation | British English Pronunciation | Ooze
Follow on my latest Fiverr: https://www.fiverr.com/umairbinabid816 Long /u:/ Close Back Rounded Vowel Pronunciation in North American English:
https://youtu.be/iEvRAIx0CUo
ASSALAMUALIKUM. IN THE NAME OF ALLAH, THE ENTIRELY MERCIFUL, THE ESPECIALLY MERCIFUL.
If you think, I am doing hard work and you understand what I am conveying through my videos then you must subscribe my channel.
✔✔✔https://www.youtube.com/c/UmairLinguistics✔✔✔
🔎💡 Follow these playlists to find videos of your own choice. 🔎💡
1. Linguistics Lectures in Urdu/Hindi
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6dz7oZ4CAfs&list=PLAcqtFsfySfWzjQiMC0ZO-3r1X9XNSj4J
2.Linguistics
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ODvLsX_j75E&list=PLAcqtFsfySfV_7TR4BWmccCfJgZmsahxw
3. The Origins Of Language
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6dz7oZ4CAfs&list=PL...
published: 12 Sep 2019
[ʊ̜] near-back near-close unrounded vowel
I pronounce [ʊ̜] the near-back near-close unrounded vowel for you all!
published: 19 Jun 2022
How do you Pronounce [ƽʔ̥ɵɣʊ̈ɵʰβ̝˞̃ˀʘt̠ʃʼ]?
published: 01 Jun 2024
The /ʊ/ Vowel Sound (put, good) | British Pronunciation
Part 3: This video looks at how to pronounce the /ʊ/ sound. It's in words like "put", "good" and "could".
Technical name: near-close near-back rounded vowel
This is the third video in a series of the 20 vowel sounds in British English.
🎈Playlist:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WoK-OdQNtaA&list=PLUqdObbmu1AGFeSUilPpmzloQcgm69fQC
Note: These symbols are part of the IPA (international phonetic alphabet).
#englishwithmax #englishpronunciation #britishpronunciation #pronunciation #vowels #englishvowels #learnenglish
In this English pronunciation lesson, I explain the /ʊ/ sound, also called the near-close near-back rounded vowel.
This video will explain how to form the soun...
In this English pronunciation lesson, I explain the /ʊ/ sound, also called the near-close near-back rounded vowel.
This video will explain how to form the sound, its most common spellings, and give several practice sentences for you to try.
This is the third in a series of short videos that look at every sound you can find in the British English IPA chart.
Timestamps:
0:00 - intro
0:10 - how to say it
0:35 - typical words and spellings
1:35 - practice
Credit where credit's due:
Face diagrams by Vanessa Godofredo xxx
Video by Anastasia Shuraeva: https://www.pexels.com/video/man-lifting-a-woman-like-barbell-4945568/
Video by Ketut Subiyanto: https://www.pexels.com/video/a-man-giving-a-thumbs-up-4586442/
Video by Armin Rimoldi: https://www.pexels.com/video/woman-applying-sunscreen-to-her-left-arm-5264408/
Video by fauxels: https://www.pexels.com/video/close-up-footage-of-a-woman-face-with-blue-eyes-3252854/
Video by Kelly L: https://www.pexels.com/video/close-up-view-of-delicious-grilled-burger-4131833/
Video by Free Videos: https://www.pexels.com/video/back-view-of-a-woman-854187/
Video by Taryn Elliott: https://www.pexels.com/video/man-walking-barefoot-on-desert-sand-3018500/
Video by Ron Lach : https://www.pexels.com/video/a-woman-reading-a-cookbook-and-following-instructions-8176161/
Video by cottonbro: https://www.pexels.com/video/young-men-running-in-the-park-then-hiding-and-laughing-7236495/
Video by Kindel Media: https://www.pexels.com/video/video-of-a-person-arrested-7714096/
Video by Wolfgang Langer: https://www.pexels.com/video/moving-cargo-ships-8808674/
Video by RODNAE Productions: https://www.pexels.com/video/woman-asking-a-question-at-a-seminar-7647794/
Video by Karolina Grabowska: https://www.pexels.com/video/working-woman-yawning-while-holding-her-phone-6032134/
Music: Tupelo Train - Chris Haugen
If you're looking for online English lessons, find me on Italki:
https://teach.italki.com/teacher/1537655
In this English pronunciation lesson, I explain the /ʊ/ sound, also called the near-close near-back rounded vowel.
This video will explain how to form the sound, its most common spellings, and give several practice sentences for you to try.
This is the third in a series of short videos that look at every sound you can find in the British English IPA chart.
Timestamps:
0:00 - intro
0:10 - how to say it
0:35 - typical words and spellings
1:35 - practice
Credit where credit's due:
Face diagrams by Vanessa Godofredo xxx
Video by Anastasia Shuraeva: https://www.pexels.com/video/man-lifting-a-woman-like-barbell-4945568/
Video by Ketut Subiyanto: https://www.pexels.com/video/a-man-giving-a-thumbs-up-4586442/
Video by Armin Rimoldi: https://www.pexels.com/video/woman-applying-sunscreen-to-her-left-arm-5264408/
Video by fauxels: https://www.pexels.com/video/close-up-footage-of-a-woman-face-with-blue-eyes-3252854/
Video by Kelly L: https://www.pexels.com/video/close-up-view-of-delicious-grilled-burger-4131833/
Video by Free Videos: https://www.pexels.com/video/back-view-of-a-woman-854187/
Video by Taryn Elliott: https://www.pexels.com/video/man-walking-barefoot-on-desert-sand-3018500/
Video by Ron Lach : https://www.pexels.com/video/a-woman-reading-a-cookbook-and-following-instructions-8176161/
Video by cottonbro: https://www.pexels.com/video/young-men-running-in-the-park-then-hiding-and-laughing-7236495/
Video by Kindel Media: https://www.pexels.com/video/video-of-a-person-arrested-7714096/
Video by Wolfgang Langer: https://www.pexels.com/video/moving-cargo-ships-8808674/
Video by RODNAE Productions: https://www.pexels.com/video/woman-asking-a-question-at-a-seminar-7647794/
Video by Karolina Grabowska: https://www.pexels.com/video/working-woman-yawning-while-holding-her-phone-6032134/
Music: Tupelo Train - Chris Haugen
If you're looking for online English lessons, find me on Italki:
https://teach.italki.com/teacher/1537655
Hello Everyone!
We continue our IPA training. Today I would like to introduce Near-Close Near Back Vowel Sound /u/
Please, bear in mind though, I am not a nat...
Hello Everyone!
We continue our IPA training. Today I would like to introduce Near-Close Near Back Vowel Sound /u/
Please, bear in mind though, I am not a native speaker and my pronunciation is not authentic. Treat my video more as a tutorial on how to do it and possible patterns rather than a pronunciation video.
Thank you and don't forget to subscribe for more and follow me on Facebook and Instagram.
Iryna's English Page
Hello Everyone!
We continue our IPA training. Today I would like to introduce Near-Close Near Back Vowel Sound /u/
Please, bear in mind though, I am not a native speaker and my pronunciation is not authentic. Treat my video more as a tutorial on how to do it and possible patterns rather than a pronunciation video.
Thank you and don't forget to subscribe for more and follow me on Facebook and Instagram.
Iryna's English Page
Follow on my latest Fiverr: https://www.fiverr.com/umairbinabid816 /ʊ/ Near-Close Back Rounded Vowel Pronunciation in North American English:
https://youtu.be/e...
Follow on my latest Fiverr: https://www.fiverr.com/umairbinabid816 /ʊ/ Near-Close Back Rounded Vowel Pronunciation in North American English:
https://youtu.be/eaHISPyM4fQ
ASSALAMUALIKUM. IN THE NAME OF ALLAH, THE ENTIRELY MERCIFUL, THE ESPECIALLY MERCIFUL.
If you think, I am doing hard work and you understand what I am conveying through my videos then you must subscribe my channel.
✔✔✔https://www.youtube.com/c/UmairLinguistics✔✔✔
🔎💡 Follow these playlists to find videos of your own choice. 🔎💡
1. Linguistics Lectures in Urdu/Hindi
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6dz7oZ4CAfs&list=PLAcqtFsfySfWzjQiMC0ZO-3r1X9XNSj4J
2.Linguistics
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ODvLsX_j75E&list=PLAcqtFsfySfV_7TR4BWmccCfJgZmsahxw
3. The Origins Of Language
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6dz7oZ4CAfs&list=PLAcqtFsfySfXwbV2G-LHQEkA73YY5joUP
4. Animals And Human Language
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Or4PC3TtWxc&list=PLAcqtFsfySfWYdkQJtGf8f1IvcUoUgoQp
5. Phonetics
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nV3BxNvr4YQ&list=PLAcqtFsfySfUjDjvSgubMT8p9TrPQTLV5
6. Phonology
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yvk3VWvlXLI&list=PLAcqtFsfySfX3vUpjw7TtO_Alm8tqY0JV
7. Morphology
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4B11auZZO9M&list=PLAcqtFsfySfV8WetKvZSzK2_7-hDxwwPk
8. Word Formation
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5KeD6yG8NCA&list=PLAcqtFsfySfXIIecFPEDXFLnEzqNpWLtG
9. Grammar
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iEHn5Wn8Tfw&list=PLAcqtFsfySfUIZsLOGynD4Qab2Kz51l2w
10. Syntax
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V3EA67DOgTg&list=PLAcqtFsfySfW5pz5l9ofcuwnHNx-w3a3t
11. Semantics
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uD0yiNmIfYo&list=PLAcqtFsfySfXOYivqJAL6_tenbuiJcckY
12. AntConc In English
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GOLBHOxjRHI&list=PLAcqtFsfySfWUKFXwFTSpC1R7F2aIrCbo
13.AntConc In Urdu/Hindi
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DjRRT3Ct6EA&list=PLAcqtFsfySfX-21IxUKeWTKetRCuQKFe4
14. AntConc
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GOLBHOxjRHI&list=PLAcqtFsfySfXW5gk-W6fe4fSO6GHM6F4t
15. Corpus Tools Tutorials In English
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GOLBHOxjRHI&list=PLAcqtFsfySfWvyuBEUA5q_jxwMy8vhrET
16. Corpus Tools Tutorials In Urdu/Hindi
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DjRRT3Ct6EA&list=PLAcqtFsfySfU_1gcoyaV1CFUGlyMUH5hI
17. Corpus Tools and Softwares
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DjRRT3Ct6EA&list=PLAcqtFsfySfVL5FV8BkJFf3fNS6CHRLmu
18. Apps Tutorials and Functions
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1gbbwmo8drc&list=PLAcqtFsfySfWfU2TT0ye3rD65gPrqooht
19. Some Introductory Statistics Concepts
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7MSs8dRqHko&list=PLAcqtFsfySfXzeT7ny8VtALUzCLEqWuO0
20. The Sounds Of Language
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nV3BxNvr4YQ&list=PLAcqtFsfySfWhvxQekq94q6au-PUCOxc5
21. The Sound Patterns Of Language
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GLDEkDmcGP4&list=PLAcqtFsfySfUgXY-1Behmfak_1-VaeI_w
22. MAT - Multidimensional Analysis Tagger
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a7cK1ksd_Tk&list=PLAcqtFsfySfW8tJu8ZJfN932MwCDrEmVo
Follow on my latest Fiverr: https://www.fiverr.com/umairbinabid816 /ʊ/ Near-Close Back Rounded Vowel Pronunciation in North American English:
https://youtu.be/eaHISPyM4fQ
ASSALAMUALIKUM. IN THE NAME OF ALLAH, THE ENTIRELY MERCIFUL, THE ESPECIALLY MERCIFUL.
If you think, I am doing hard work and you understand what I am conveying through my videos then you must subscribe my channel.
✔✔✔https://www.youtube.com/c/UmairLinguistics✔✔✔
🔎💡 Follow these playlists to find videos of your own choice. 🔎💡
1. Linguistics Lectures in Urdu/Hindi
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6dz7oZ4CAfs&list=PLAcqtFsfySfWzjQiMC0ZO-3r1X9XNSj4J
2.Linguistics
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ODvLsX_j75E&list=PLAcqtFsfySfV_7TR4BWmccCfJgZmsahxw
3. The Origins Of Language
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6dz7oZ4CAfs&list=PLAcqtFsfySfXwbV2G-LHQEkA73YY5joUP
4. Animals And Human Language
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Or4PC3TtWxc&list=PLAcqtFsfySfWYdkQJtGf8f1IvcUoUgoQp
5. Phonetics
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nV3BxNvr4YQ&list=PLAcqtFsfySfUjDjvSgubMT8p9TrPQTLV5
6. Phonology
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yvk3VWvlXLI&list=PLAcqtFsfySfX3vUpjw7TtO_Alm8tqY0JV
7. Morphology
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4B11auZZO9M&list=PLAcqtFsfySfV8WetKvZSzK2_7-hDxwwPk
8. Word Formation
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5KeD6yG8NCA&list=PLAcqtFsfySfXIIecFPEDXFLnEzqNpWLtG
9. Grammar
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iEHn5Wn8Tfw&list=PLAcqtFsfySfUIZsLOGynD4Qab2Kz51l2w
10. Syntax
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V3EA67DOgTg&list=PLAcqtFsfySfW5pz5l9ofcuwnHNx-w3a3t
11. Semantics
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uD0yiNmIfYo&list=PLAcqtFsfySfXOYivqJAL6_tenbuiJcckY
12. AntConc In English
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GOLBHOxjRHI&list=PLAcqtFsfySfWUKFXwFTSpC1R7F2aIrCbo
13.AntConc In Urdu/Hindi
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DjRRT3Ct6EA&list=PLAcqtFsfySfX-21IxUKeWTKetRCuQKFe4
14. AntConc
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GOLBHOxjRHI&list=PLAcqtFsfySfXW5gk-W6fe4fSO6GHM6F4t
15. Corpus Tools Tutorials In English
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GOLBHOxjRHI&list=PLAcqtFsfySfWvyuBEUA5q_jxwMy8vhrET
16. Corpus Tools Tutorials In Urdu/Hindi
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DjRRT3Ct6EA&list=PLAcqtFsfySfU_1gcoyaV1CFUGlyMUH5hI
17. Corpus Tools and Softwares
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DjRRT3Ct6EA&list=PLAcqtFsfySfVL5FV8BkJFf3fNS6CHRLmu
18. Apps Tutorials and Functions
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1gbbwmo8drc&list=PLAcqtFsfySfWfU2TT0ye3rD65gPrqooht
19. Some Introductory Statistics Concepts
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7MSs8dRqHko&list=PLAcqtFsfySfXzeT7ny8VtALUzCLEqWuO0
20. The Sounds Of Language
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nV3BxNvr4YQ&list=PLAcqtFsfySfWhvxQekq94q6au-PUCOxc5
21. The Sound Patterns Of Language
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GLDEkDmcGP4&list=PLAcqtFsfySfUgXY-1Behmfak_1-VaeI_w
22. MAT - Multidimensional Analysis Tagger
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a7cK1ksd_Tk&list=PLAcqtFsfySfW8tJu8ZJfN932MwCDrEmVo
-Original/Main lesson for this sound: Back Vowels: "High Schwa" (/ʊ/), as in "book" | American English Pronunciation & Ear Training Course https://youtu.be/lS7u...
-Original/Main lesson for this sound: Back Vowels: "High Schwa" (/ʊ/), as in "book" | American English Pronunciation & Ear Training Course https://youtu.be/lS7uSnPan88
-Basic posture settings lesson: Change These Settings to Sound Native | Map of the American English Mouth (Posture) Part 1 https://youtu.be/KAcYzAU-Pyw
-How to Sound More American! Phase 2, Pt 1 - How mouth posture applies to (almost) EVERY sound https://youtu.be/o2ktpWsR5cQ
*Sign up for lessons or consultations with me!* Learn more here: https://italki.com/teacher/1507633 -OR- use the affiliate link and we both get a reward: https://www.italki.com/i/AF0ACA?hl=en_us
And don't forget to download your FREE English Hacks Phonetic Transcription guide (https://drive.google.com/file/d/1JaEGFgOFcwOZ1kz_6fpwpLx-ePTYnVPu/view?usp=sharing) and learn more about it in this video: https://youtu.be/pW1MXlthBCs
#EnglishHacks #englishhinge #englishtonguesettings #articulatorysetting #americanaccent #americanaccenttraining #realenglish #naturalenglish #ʊ
-Original/Main lesson for this sound: Back Vowels: "High Schwa" (/ʊ/), as in "book" | American English Pronunciation & Ear Training Course https://youtu.be/lS7uSnPan88
-Basic posture settings lesson: Change These Settings to Sound Native | Map of the American English Mouth (Posture) Part 1 https://youtu.be/KAcYzAU-Pyw
-How to Sound More American! Phase 2, Pt 1 - How mouth posture applies to (almost) EVERY sound https://youtu.be/o2ktpWsR5cQ
*Sign up for lessons or consultations with me!* Learn more here: https://italki.com/teacher/1507633 -OR- use the affiliate link and we both get a reward: https://www.italki.com/i/AF0ACA?hl=en_us
And don't forget to download your FREE English Hacks Phonetic Transcription guide (https://drive.google.com/file/d/1JaEGFgOFcwOZ1kz_6fpwpLx-ePTYnVPu/view?usp=sharing) and learn more about it in this video: https://youtu.be/pW1MXlthBCs
#EnglishHacks #englishhinge #englishtonguesettings #articulatorysetting #americanaccent #americanaccenttraining #realenglish #naturalenglish #ʊ
Follow on my latest Fiverr: https://www.fiverr.com/umairbinabid816 Long /u:/ Close Back Rounded Vowel Pronunciation in North American English:
https://youtu.be...
Follow on my latest Fiverr: https://www.fiverr.com/umairbinabid816 Long /u:/ Close Back Rounded Vowel Pronunciation in North American English:
https://youtu.be/iEvRAIx0CUo
ASSALAMUALIKUM. IN THE NAME OF ALLAH, THE ENTIRELY MERCIFUL, THE ESPECIALLY MERCIFUL.
If you think, I am doing hard work and you understand what I am conveying through my videos then you must subscribe my channel.
✔✔✔https://www.youtube.com/c/UmairLinguistics✔✔✔
🔎💡 Follow these playlists to find videos of your own choice. 🔎💡
1. Linguistics Lectures in Urdu/Hindi
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6dz7oZ4CAfs&list=PLAcqtFsfySfWzjQiMC0ZO-3r1X9XNSj4J
2.Linguistics
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ODvLsX_j75E&list=PLAcqtFsfySfV_7TR4BWmccCfJgZmsahxw
3. The Origins Of Language
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6dz7oZ4CAfs&list=PLAcqtFsfySfXwbV2G-LHQEkA73YY5joUP
4. Animals And Human Language
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Or4PC3TtWxc&list=PLAcqtFsfySfWYdkQJtGf8f1IvcUoUgoQp
5. Phonetics
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nV3BxNvr4YQ&list=PLAcqtFsfySfUjDjvSgubMT8p9TrPQTLV5
6. Phonology
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yvk3VWvlXLI&list=PLAcqtFsfySfX3vUpjw7TtO_Alm8tqY0JV
7. Morphology
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4B11auZZO9M&list=PLAcqtFsfySfV8WetKvZSzK2_7-hDxwwPk
8. Word Formation
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5KeD6yG8NCA&list=PLAcqtFsfySfXIIecFPEDXFLnEzqNpWLtG
9. Grammar
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iEHn5Wn8Tfw&list=PLAcqtFsfySfUIZsLOGynD4Qab2Kz51l2w
10. Syntax
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V3EA67DOgTg&list=PLAcqtFsfySfW5pz5l9ofcuwnHNx-w3a3t
11. Semantics
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uD0yiNmIfYo&list=PLAcqtFsfySfXOYivqJAL6_tenbuiJcckY
12. AntConc In English
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GOLBHOxjRHI&list=PLAcqtFsfySfWUKFXwFTSpC1R7F2aIrCbo
13.AntConc In Urdu/Hindi
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DjRRT3Ct6EA&list=PLAcqtFsfySfX-21IxUKeWTKetRCuQKFe4
14. AntConc
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GOLBHOxjRHI&list=PLAcqtFsfySfXW5gk-W6fe4fSO6GHM6F4t
15. Corpus Tools Tutorials In English
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GOLBHOxjRHI&list=PLAcqtFsfySfWvyuBEUA5q_jxwMy8vhrET
16. Corpus Tools Tutorials In Urdu/Hindi
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DjRRT3Ct6EA&list=PLAcqtFsfySfU_1gcoyaV1CFUGlyMUH5hI
17. Corpus Tools and Softwares
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DjRRT3Ct6EA&list=PLAcqtFsfySfVL5FV8BkJFf3fNS6CHRLmu
18. Apps Tutorials and Functions
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1gbbwmo8drc&list=PLAcqtFsfySfWfU2TT0ye3rD65gPrqooht
19. Some Introductory Statistics Concepts
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7MSs8dRqHko&list=PLAcqtFsfySfXzeT7ny8VtALUzCLEqWuO0
20. The Sounds Of Language
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nV3BxNvr4YQ&list=PLAcqtFsfySfWhvxQekq94q6au-PUCOxc5
21. The Sound Patterns Of Language
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GLDEkDmcGP4&list=PLAcqtFsfySfUgXY-1Behmfak_1-VaeI_w
22. MAT - Multidimensional Analysis Tagger
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a7cK1ksd_Tk&list=PLAcqtFsfySfW8tJu8ZJfN932MwCDrEmVo
Follow on my latest Fiverr: https://www.fiverr.com/umairbinabid816 Long /u:/ Close Back Rounded Vowel Pronunciation in North American English:
https://youtu.be/iEvRAIx0CUo
ASSALAMUALIKUM. IN THE NAME OF ALLAH, THE ENTIRELY MERCIFUL, THE ESPECIALLY MERCIFUL.
If you think, I am doing hard work and you understand what I am conveying through my videos then you must subscribe my channel.
✔✔✔https://www.youtube.com/c/UmairLinguistics✔✔✔
🔎💡 Follow these playlists to find videos of your own choice. 🔎💡
1. Linguistics Lectures in Urdu/Hindi
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6dz7oZ4CAfs&list=PLAcqtFsfySfWzjQiMC0ZO-3r1X9XNSj4J
2.Linguistics
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ODvLsX_j75E&list=PLAcqtFsfySfV_7TR4BWmccCfJgZmsahxw
3. The Origins Of Language
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6dz7oZ4CAfs&list=PLAcqtFsfySfXwbV2G-LHQEkA73YY5joUP
4. Animals And Human Language
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Or4PC3TtWxc&list=PLAcqtFsfySfWYdkQJtGf8f1IvcUoUgoQp
5. Phonetics
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nV3BxNvr4YQ&list=PLAcqtFsfySfUjDjvSgubMT8p9TrPQTLV5
6. Phonology
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yvk3VWvlXLI&list=PLAcqtFsfySfX3vUpjw7TtO_Alm8tqY0JV
7. Morphology
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4B11auZZO9M&list=PLAcqtFsfySfV8WetKvZSzK2_7-hDxwwPk
8. Word Formation
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5KeD6yG8NCA&list=PLAcqtFsfySfXIIecFPEDXFLnEzqNpWLtG
9. Grammar
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iEHn5Wn8Tfw&list=PLAcqtFsfySfUIZsLOGynD4Qab2Kz51l2w
10. Syntax
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V3EA67DOgTg&list=PLAcqtFsfySfW5pz5l9ofcuwnHNx-w3a3t
11. Semantics
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uD0yiNmIfYo&list=PLAcqtFsfySfXOYivqJAL6_tenbuiJcckY
12. AntConc In English
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GOLBHOxjRHI&list=PLAcqtFsfySfWUKFXwFTSpC1R7F2aIrCbo
13.AntConc In Urdu/Hindi
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DjRRT3Ct6EA&list=PLAcqtFsfySfX-21IxUKeWTKetRCuQKFe4
14. AntConc
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GOLBHOxjRHI&list=PLAcqtFsfySfXW5gk-W6fe4fSO6GHM6F4t
15. Corpus Tools Tutorials In English
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GOLBHOxjRHI&list=PLAcqtFsfySfWvyuBEUA5q_jxwMy8vhrET
16. Corpus Tools Tutorials In Urdu/Hindi
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DjRRT3Ct6EA&list=PLAcqtFsfySfU_1gcoyaV1CFUGlyMUH5hI
17. Corpus Tools and Softwares
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DjRRT3Ct6EA&list=PLAcqtFsfySfVL5FV8BkJFf3fNS6CHRLmu
18. Apps Tutorials and Functions
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1gbbwmo8drc&list=PLAcqtFsfySfWfU2TT0ye3rD65gPrqooht
19. Some Introductory Statistics Concepts
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7MSs8dRqHko&list=PLAcqtFsfySfXzeT7ny8VtALUzCLEqWuO0
20. The Sounds Of Language
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nV3BxNvr4YQ&list=PLAcqtFsfySfWhvxQekq94q6au-PUCOxc5
21. The Sound Patterns Of Language
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GLDEkDmcGP4&list=PLAcqtFsfySfUgXY-1Behmfak_1-VaeI_w
22. MAT - Multidimensional Analysis Tagger
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a7cK1ksd_Tk&list=PLAcqtFsfySfW8tJu8ZJfN932MwCDrEmVo
Part 3: This video looks at how to pronounce the /ʊ/ sound. It's in words like "put", "good" and "could".
Technical name: near-close near-back rounded vowel
T...
Part 3: This video looks at how to pronounce the /ʊ/ sound. It's in words like "put", "good" and "could".
Technical name: near-close near-back rounded vowel
This is the third video in a series of the 20 vowel sounds in British English.
🎈Playlist:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WoK-OdQNtaA&list=PLUqdObbmu1AGFeSUilPpmzloQcgm69fQC
Note: These symbols are part of the IPA (international phonetic alphabet).
#englishwithmax #englishpronunciation #britishpronunciation #pronunciation #vowels #englishvowels #learnenglish
Part 3: This video looks at how to pronounce the /ʊ/ sound. It's in words like "put", "good" and "could".
Technical name: near-close near-back rounded vowel
This is the third video in a series of the 20 vowel sounds in British English.
🎈Playlist:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WoK-OdQNtaA&list=PLUqdObbmu1AGFeSUilPpmzloQcgm69fQC
Note: These symbols are part of the IPA (international phonetic alphabet).
#englishwithmax #englishpronunciation #britishpronunciation #pronunciation #vowels #englishvowels #learnenglish
In this English pronunciation lesson, I explain the /ʊ/ sound, also called the near-close near-back rounded vowel.
This video will explain how to form the sound, its most common spellings, and give several practice sentences for you to try.
This is the third in a series of short videos that look at every sound you can find in the British English IPA chart.
Timestamps:
0:00 - intro
0:10 - how to say it
0:35 - typical words and spellings
1:35 - practice
Credit where credit's due:
Face diagrams by Vanessa Godofredo xxx
Video by Anastasia Shuraeva: https://www.pexels.com/video/man-lifting-a-woman-like-barbell-4945568/
Video by Ketut Subiyanto: https://www.pexels.com/video/a-man-giving-a-thumbs-up-4586442/
Video by Armin Rimoldi: https://www.pexels.com/video/woman-applying-sunscreen-to-her-left-arm-5264408/
Video by fauxels: https://www.pexels.com/video/close-up-footage-of-a-woman-face-with-blue-eyes-3252854/
Video by Kelly L: https://www.pexels.com/video/close-up-view-of-delicious-grilled-burger-4131833/
Video by Free Videos: https://www.pexels.com/video/back-view-of-a-woman-854187/
Video by Taryn Elliott: https://www.pexels.com/video/man-walking-barefoot-on-desert-sand-3018500/
Video by Ron Lach : https://www.pexels.com/video/a-woman-reading-a-cookbook-and-following-instructions-8176161/
Video by cottonbro: https://www.pexels.com/video/young-men-running-in-the-park-then-hiding-and-laughing-7236495/
Video by Kindel Media: https://www.pexels.com/video/video-of-a-person-arrested-7714096/
Video by Wolfgang Langer: https://www.pexels.com/video/moving-cargo-ships-8808674/
Video by RODNAE Productions: https://www.pexels.com/video/woman-asking-a-question-at-a-seminar-7647794/
Video by Karolina Grabowska: https://www.pexels.com/video/working-woman-yawning-while-holding-her-phone-6032134/
Music: Tupelo Train - Chris Haugen
If you're looking for online English lessons, find me on Italki:
https://teach.italki.com/teacher/1537655
Hello Everyone!
We continue our IPA training. Today I would like to introduce Near-Close Near Back Vowel Sound /u/
Please, bear in mind though, I am not a native speaker and my pronunciation is not authentic. Treat my video more as a tutorial on how to do it and possible patterns rather than a pronunciation video.
Thank you and don't forget to subscribe for more and follow me on Facebook and Instagram.
Iryna's English Page
Follow on my latest Fiverr: https://www.fiverr.com/umairbinabid816 /ʊ/ Near-Close Back Rounded Vowel Pronunciation in North American English:
https://youtu.be/eaHISPyM4fQ
ASSALAMUALIKUM. IN THE NAME OF ALLAH, THE ENTIRELY MERCIFUL, THE ESPECIALLY MERCIFUL.
If you think, I am doing hard work and you understand what I am conveying through my videos then you must subscribe my channel.
✔✔✔https://www.youtube.com/c/UmairLinguistics✔✔✔
🔎💡 Follow these playlists to find videos of your own choice. 🔎💡
1. Linguistics Lectures in Urdu/Hindi
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6dz7oZ4CAfs&list=PLAcqtFsfySfWzjQiMC0ZO-3r1X9XNSj4J
2.Linguistics
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ODvLsX_j75E&list=PLAcqtFsfySfV_7TR4BWmccCfJgZmsahxw
3. The Origins Of Language
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6dz7oZ4CAfs&list=PLAcqtFsfySfXwbV2G-LHQEkA73YY5joUP
4. Animals And Human Language
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Or4PC3TtWxc&list=PLAcqtFsfySfWYdkQJtGf8f1IvcUoUgoQp
5. Phonetics
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nV3BxNvr4YQ&list=PLAcqtFsfySfUjDjvSgubMT8p9TrPQTLV5
6. Phonology
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yvk3VWvlXLI&list=PLAcqtFsfySfX3vUpjw7TtO_Alm8tqY0JV
7. Morphology
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4B11auZZO9M&list=PLAcqtFsfySfV8WetKvZSzK2_7-hDxwwPk
8. Word Formation
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5KeD6yG8NCA&list=PLAcqtFsfySfXIIecFPEDXFLnEzqNpWLtG
9. Grammar
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iEHn5Wn8Tfw&list=PLAcqtFsfySfUIZsLOGynD4Qab2Kz51l2w
10. Syntax
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V3EA67DOgTg&list=PLAcqtFsfySfW5pz5l9ofcuwnHNx-w3a3t
11. Semantics
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uD0yiNmIfYo&list=PLAcqtFsfySfXOYivqJAL6_tenbuiJcckY
12. AntConc In English
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GOLBHOxjRHI&list=PLAcqtFsfySfWUKFXwFTSpC1R7F2aIrCbo
13.AntConc In Urdu/Hindi
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DjRRT3Ct6EA&list=PLAcqtFsfySfX-21IxUKeWTKetRCuQKFe4
14. AntConc
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GOLBHOxjRHI&list=PLAcqtFsfySfXW5gk-W6fe4fSO6GHM6F4t
15. Corpus Tools Tutorials In English
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GOLBHOxjRHI&list=PLAcqtFsfySfWvyuBEUA5q_jxwMy8vhrET
16. Corpus Tools Tutorials In Urdu/Hindi
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DjRRT3Ct6EA&list=PLAcqtFsfySfU_1gcoyaV1CFUGlyMUH5hI
17. Corpus Tools and Softwares
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DjRRT3Ct6EA&list=PLAcqtFsfySfVL5FV8BkJFf3fNS6CHRLmu
18. Apps Tutorials and Functions
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1gbbwmo8drc&list=PLAcqtFsfySfWfU2TT0ye3rD65gPrqooht
19. Some Introductory Statistics Concepts
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7MSs8dRqHko&list=PLAcqtFsfySfXzeT7ny8VtALUzCLEqWuO0
20. The Sounds Of Language
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nV3BxNvr4YQ&list=PLAcqtFsfySfWhvxQekq94q6au-PUCOxc5
21. The Sound Patterns Of Language
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GLDEkDmcGP4&list=PLAcqtFsfySfUgXY-1Behmfak_1-VaeI_w
22. MAT - Multidimensional Analysis Tagger
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a7cK1ksd_Tk&list=PLAcqtFsfySfW8tJu8ZJfN932MwCDrEmVo
-Original/Main lesson for this sound: Back Vowels: "High Schwa" (/ʊ/), as in "book" | American English Pronunciation & Ear Training Course https://youtu.be/lS7uSnPan88
-Basic posture settings lesson: Change These Settings to Sound Native | Map of the American English Mouth (Posture) Part 1 https://youtu.be/KAcYzAU-Pyw
-How to Sound More American! Phase 2, Pt 1 - How mouth posture applies to (almost) EVERY sound https://youtu.be/o2ktpWsR5cQ
*Sign up for lessons or consultations with me!* Learn more here: https://italki.com/teacher/1507633 -OR- use the affiliate link and we both get a reward: https://www.italki.com/i/AF0ACA?hl=en_us
And don't forget to download your FREE English Hacks Phonetic Transcription guide (https://drive.google.com/file/d/1JaEGFgOFcwOZ1kz_6fpwpLx-ePTYnVPu/view?usp=sharing) and learn more about it in this video: https://youtu.be/pW1MXlthBCs
#EnglishHacks #englishhinge #englishtonguesettings #articulatorysetting #americanaccent #americanaccenttraining #realenglish #naturalenglish #ʊ
Follow on my latest Fiverr: https://www.fiverr.com/umairbinabid816 Long /u:/ Close Back Rounded Vowel Pronunciation in North American English:
https://youtu.be/iEvRAIx0CUo
ASSALAMUALIKUM. IN THE NAME OF ALLAH, THE ENTIRELY MERCIFUL, THE ESPECIALLY MERCIFUL.
If you think, I am doing hard work and you understand what I am conveying through my videos then you must subscribe my channel.
✔✔✔https://www.youtube.com/c/UmairLinguistics✔✔✔
🔎💡 Follow these playlists to find videos of your own choice. 🔎💡
1. Linguistics Lectures in Urdu/Hindi
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6dz7oZ4CAfs&list=PLAcqtFsfySfWzjQiMC0ZO-3r1X9XNSj4J
2.Linguistics
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ODvLsX_j75E&list=PLAcqtFsfySfV_7TR4BWmccCfJgZmsahxw
3. The Origins Of Language
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6dz7oZ4CAfs&list=PLAcqtFsfySfXwbV2G-LHQEkA73YY5joUP
4. Animals And Human Language
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Or4PC3TtWxc&list=PLAcqtFsfySfWYdkQJtGf8f1IvcUoUgoQp
5. Phonetics
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nV3BxNvr4YQ&list=PLAcqtFsfySfUjDjvSgubMT8p9TrPQTLV5
6. Phonology
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yvk3VWvlXLI&list=PLAcqtFsfySfX3vUpjw7TtO_Alm8tqY0JV
7. Morphology
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4B11auZZO9M&list=PLAcqtFsfySfV8WetKvZSzK2_7-hDxwwPk
8. Word Formation
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5KeD6yG8NCA&list=PLAcqtFsfySfXIIecFPEDXFLnEzqNpWLtG
9. Grammar
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iEHn5Wn8Tfw&list=PLAcqtFsfySfUIZsLOGynD4Qab2Kz51l2w
10. Syntax
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V3EA67DOgTg&list=PLAcqtFsfySfW5pz5l9ofcuwnHNx-w3a3t
11. Semantics
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uD0yiNmIfYo&list=PLAcqtFsfySfXOYivqJAL6_tenbuiJcckY
12. AntConc In English
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GOLBHOxjRHI&list=PLAcqtFsfySfWUKFXwFTSpC1R7F2aIrCbo
13.AntConc In Urdu/Hindi
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DjRRT3Ct6EA&list=PLAcqtFsfySfX-21IxUKeWTKetRCuQKFe4
14. AntConc
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GOLBHOxjRHI&list=PLAcqtFsfySfXW5gk-W6fe4fSO6GHM6F4t
15. Corpus Tools Tutorials In English
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GOLBHOxjRHI&list=PLAcqtFsfySfWvyuBEUA5q_jxwMy8vhrET
16. Corpus Tools Tutorials In Urdu/Hindi
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DjRRT3Ct6EA&list=PLAcqtFsfySfU_1gcoyaV1CFUGlyMUH5hI
17. Corpus Tools and Softwares
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DjRRT3Ct6EA&list=PLAcqtFsfySfVL5FV8BkJFf3fNS6CHRLmu
18. Apps Tutorials and Functions
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1gbbwmo8drc&list=PLAcqtFsfySfWfU2TT0ye3rD65gPrqooht
19. Some Introductory Statistics Concepts
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7MSs8dRqHko&list=PLAcqtFsfySfXzeT7ny8VtALUzCLEqWuO0
20. The Sounds Of Language
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nV3BxNvr4YQ&list=PLAcqtFsfySfWhvxQekq94q6au-PUCOxc5
21. The Sound Patterns Of Language
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GLDEkDmcGP4&list=PLAcqtFsfySfUgXY-1Behmfak_1-VaeI_w
22. MAT - Multidimensional Analysis Tagger
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a7cK1ksd_Tk&list=PLAcqtFsfySfW8tJu8ZJfN932MwCDrEmVo
Part 3: This video looks at how to pronounce the /ʊ/ sound. It's in words like "put", "good" and "could".
Technical name: near-close near-back rounded vowel
This is the third video in a series of the 20 vowel sounds in British English.
🎈Playlist:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WoK-OdQNtaA&list=PLUqdObbmu1AGFeSUilPpmzloQcgm69fQC
Note: These symbols are part of the IPA (international phonetic alphabet).
#englishwithmax #englishpronunciation #britishpronunciation #pronunciation #vowels #englishvowels #learnenglish
The near-close near-back rounded vowel, or near-high near-back rounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound, used in some vocal languages. The IPA symbol that represents this sound is ⟨ʊ⟩. It is informally called "horseshoe u". Prior to 1989, there was an alternate IPA symbol for this sound, ⟨ɷ⟩, called "closed omega"; use of this symbol is no longer sanctioned by the IPA. In Americanist phonetic notation, the symbol ⟨ᴜ⟩ (a small capital U) is used.
Handbook of the International Phonetic Association defines [ʊ] as a mid-centralized (lowered and centralized) close back rounded vowel, therefore, an alternative transcription of this vowel is ⟨u̽⟩ (a symbol equivalent to a more complex ⟨ü̞⟩). However, some languages, such as Korean and Swedish have the near-close back rounded vowel, which differs from its near-back counterpart in that it is a lowered, but not centralized close back rounded vowel, transcribed in the IPA as ⟨u̞⟩, ⟨ʊ̠⟩ or ⟨o̝⟩ (this article uses ⟨ʊ̠⟩).