- published: 19 Nov 2020
- views: 122
'+pages+''); $('.stream > div:odd').addClass('bgr_color'); updateHeight('#history'); }); window.activateTabArea = ensure(function(tab, areas){ var parsed = false; var parts = (areas || '').split('/'); window.fsonload = $.inArray('fs', parts) >= 0; if(fsonload){ parts.splice(parts.indexOf('fs'), 1); } var replayMode = false; if($.inArray('replay', parts)>=0){ replayMode = 'replay'; } var noSoundMode = false; if($.inArray('nosound', parts)>=0){ noSoundMode = 'nosound'; } if($.inArray('ns', parts)>=0){ noSoundMode = 'ns'; } var previewMode = null; if($.inArray('p', parts)>=0){ previewMode = 'p'; } if($.inArray('preview', parts)>=0){ previewMode = 'preview'; } if($.inArray('repeat', parts)>=0){ replayMode = 'repeat'; } if($.inArray('r', parts)>=0 || $.inArray('ro', parts)>=0){ replayMode = 'r'; } if(replayMode){ parts.splice(parts.indexOf(replayMode), 1); } if(noSoundMode){ parts.splice(parts.indexOf(noSoundMode), 1); } if(previewMode){ parts.splice(parts.indexOf(previewMode), 1); } if(previewMode){ if(!parts.length){ parts = ['1-14', '999:59']; } } var area = parts[0]; if(tab == 'history' && false){ var page = parseInt(area || '1') || 1; $.ajax({ url: 'https://login.wn.com/recent/json/?pp='+history_pp+'&skip='+history_pp*(page-1), dataType: 'jsonp', success: function(response){ $ensure(function(){ renderHistory(response, page); }); } }); return true; } if(tab == 'global_history' && false){ var page = parseInt(area || '1') || 1; globalHistory.fetchStream(page, '', function(){ updateHeight('#global_history'); }); return true; } if(tab == 'my_playlists' && false){ var page = parseInt(area || '1') || 1; myPlaylists.fetchStream(page, '', function(){ updateHeight('#my_playlists'); }); return true; } if(tab == 'my_videos' && false){ var page = parseInt(area || '1') || 1; myVideos.fetchStream(page, '', function(){ updateHeight('#my_videos'); }); return true; } if(tab == 'related_sites' && areas && matchPosition(areas)){ var seconds = parsePosition(areas); scrollRelated(seconds); return false; } if(matchPosition(area) || matchAction(area)){ parts.unshift('1'); area = parts[0]; } if(tab == 'expand' && area && area.match(/\d+/)) { var num = parseInt(area); if(num < 100){ //FIX ME. Load news page with ajax here } else if(num > 1900){ //FIX ME. Load timeline page with ajax here } } else if(tab.match(/^playlist\d+$/)){ var playerId = parseInt(tab.substring(8)); var vp = videoplayers[playerId]; window.descriptionsholder = $('.descriptionsplace'); if(!vp) return; // why? no player? if(replayMode){ $('.replaycurrent'+playerId).attr('checked', true); vp.setReplayCurrent(true); } var playQueue = []; window.playQueue = playQueue; var playQueuePosition = 0; var playShouldStart = null; var playShouldStop = null; var parseList = function(x){ var items = x.split(/;|,/g); var results = []; for (i in items){ try{ var action = parseAction(vp, items[i]); if(!action.video){ if(window.console && console.log) console.log("Warning: No video for queued entry: " + items[i]); }else{ results.push(action); } }catch(e){ if(window.console && console.log) console.log("Warning: Can''t parse queue entry: " + items[i]); } } return results; }; var scrollToPlaylistPosition = function(vp){ var ppos = vp.getPlaylistPosition(); var el = vp.playlistContainer.find('>li').eq(ppos); var par = el.closest('.playlist_scrollarea'); par.scrollTop(el.offset().top-par.height()/2); } var updateVolumeState = function(){ if(noSoundMode){ if(noSoundMode == 'turn-on'){ clog("Sound is on, vsid="+vp.vsid); vp.setVolumeUnMute(); noSoundMode = false; }else{ clog("Sound is off, vsid="+vp.vsid); vp.setVolumeMute(); noSoundMode = 'turn-on'; } } } var playQueueUpdate = function(){ var playPosition = playQueue[playQueuePosition]; vp.playFromPlaylist(playPosition.video); scrollToPlaylistPosition(vp); playShouldStart = playPosition.start; playShouldStop = playPosition.stop; }; var playQueueAdvancePosition = function(){ clog("Advancing play position..."); playQueuePosition ++; while(playQueuePosition < playQueue.length && !playQueue[playQueuePosition].video){ playQueuePosition ++; } if(playQueuePosition < playQueue.length){ playQueueUpdate(); }else if(vp.getReplayCurrent()){ playQueuePosition = 0; playQueueUpdate(); vp.seekTo(playShouldStart); vp.playVideo(); }else{ vp.pauseVideo(); playShouldStop = null; playShouldStart = null; } }; function loadMoreVideos(playerId, vp, start, finish, callback){ var playlistInfo = playlists[playerId-1]; if(playlistInfo.loading >= finish) return; playlistInfo.loading = finish; $.ajax({ url: '/api/upge/cheetah-photo-search/query_videos2', dataType: 'json', data: { query: playlistInfo.query, orderby: playlistInfo.orderby, start: start, count: finish-start }, success: function(response){ var pl = vp.getPlaylist().slice(0); pl.push.apply(pl, response); vp.setPlaylist(pl); callback(); } }); } if(parts.length == 1 && matchDash(parts[0])){ var pl = vp.getActualPlaylist(); var vids = parseDash(parts[0]); parts = []; for(var i = 0; i < vids.length; i++){ playQueue.push({ 'video': pl[vids[i]-1], 'start': 0, 'stop': null }) } if(vids.length){ if(vids[vids.length-1]-1>=pl.length){ loadMoreVideos(playerId, vp, pl.length, vids[vids.length-1], function(){ if(fsonload){ activateTabArea(tab, parts[0]+'/fs'); }else{ activateTabArea(tab, parts[0]); } var pls = vp.getPlaylist(); vp.playFromPlaylist(pls[pls.length-1]); vp.playVideo(); scrollToPlaylistPosition(vp); }); return true; } } if(playQueue){ playQueueUpdate(); vp.playVideo(); parsed = true; playShouldStart = 0; } } if(previewMode){ var vids = []; var dur = 0; var pl = vp.getActualPlaylist(); area = parts[0]; if(parts.length == 1 && matchPosition(parts[0])){ vids = parseDash('1-'+pl.length); dur = parsePosition(parts[0]); parts = []; }else if(parts.length == 1 && matchDash(parts[0])){ vids = parseDash(parts[0]); dur = parsePosition("999:59"); parts = []; } if(parts.length == 2 && matchDash(parts[0]) && matchPosition(parts[1])){ vids = parseDash(parts[0]); dur = parsePosition(parts[1]); parts = []; } for(var i = 0; i < vids.length; i++){ playQueue.push({ 'video': pl[vids[i]-1], 'start': 0, 'stop': dur }) } if(playQueue){ playQueueUpdate(); vp.playVideo(); parsed = true; } } if(parts.length>1){ for(var i = 0; i < parts.length; i++){ var sel = findMatchingVideo(vp, parts[i]); if(sel){ playQueue.push({ 'video': sel, 'start': 0, 'stop': null }) } } if(playQueue){ playQueueUpdate(); vp.playVideo(); parsed = true; } }else if(area){ var sel = findMatchingVideo(vp, area); if(sel){ vp.playFromPlaylist(sel); playShouldStart = 0; parsed = true; } } if(fsonload || replayMode){ playShouldStart = 0; } if(document.location.search.match('at=|queue=')){ var opts = document.location.search.replace(/^\?/,'').split(/&/g); for(var o in opts){ if(opts[o].match(/^at=(\d+:)?(\d+:)?\d+$/)){ playShouldStart = parsePosition(opts[o].substr(3)) } if(opts[o].match(/^queue=/)){ playQueue = parseList(opts[o].substr(6)); if(playQueue){ playQueuePosition = 0; playQueueUpdate(); } } } } if(matchPosition(parts[1])){ playShouldStart = parsePosition(parts[1]); parsed = true; } if(matchAction(parts[1])){ var action = parseAction(vp, area+'/'+parts[1]); playShouldStart = action.start; playShouldStop = action.stop; parsed = true; } if(playShouldStart !== null && !playQueue.length){ playQueue.push({ video: vp.getCurrentVideo(), start: playShouldStart, stop: playShouldStop }); } if(playShouldStart != null){ setInterval(function(){ if(playShouldStop && vp.currentPlayer && vp.currentPlayer.getCurrentTime() > playShouldStop){ playShouldStop = null; if(vp.getCurrentVideo() == playQueue[playQueuePosition].video){ playQueueAdvancePosition(); }else{ playShouldStart = null; } } }, 500); vp.playerContainer.bind('videoplayer.player.statechange', function(e, state){ if(state == 'ended'){ // advance to the next video playQueueAdvancePosition(); } }); vp.playerContainer.bind('videoplayer.player.readychange', function(e, state){ if(state){ updateVolumeState(); if(playShouldStart !== null){ vp.seekTo(playShouldStart); playShouldStart = null; }else{ playShouldStop = null; // someone started other video, stop playing from playQueue } } if(fsonload) { triggerFullscreen(playerId); fsonload = false; } }); } } else if(tab.match(/^wiki\d+$/)){ if(firstTimeActivate){ load_wiki($('#'+tab), function(){ if(area){ var areaNode = $('#'+area); if(areaNode.length>0){ $('html, body').scrollTop(areaNode.offset().top + 10); return true; } } }); } } return parsed; }) window.activateTab = ensure(function(tab, area){ window.activeArea = null; if(tab == 'import_videos'){ if(area){ import_videos(area); }else{ start_import(); } return true; } if(tab == 'chat'){ update_chat_position($('.chat').eq(0)); window.activeArea = 'chat'; jQuery('.tabtrigger').offscreentabs('activateTab', 'chat'); return true; } if(tab in rev_names){ tab = rev_names[tab]; } if(tab.match(':')){ return false; } var sup = $('ul li a[id=#'+tab+']'); if(sup && sup.length>0){ window.activeArea = area; sup.first().click(); if(!window.activateTabArea(tab, area)){ window.activeArea = null; } window.activeArea = null; return true; }else{ var have_tabs = $('#playlist_menu li').length; if(tab.match(/^playlists?\d+$/)){ var to_add = +tab.substring(8).replace(/^s/,'')-have_tabs; if(to_add>0 && have_tabs){ add_more_videos(to_add); return true; } } } return false; }); window.currentPath = ensure(function(){ return window.lastHistory.replace(basepath, '').split('?')[0]; }); window.main_tab = window.main_tab || 'videos'; window.addHistory = ensure(function(path){ if(window.console && console.log) console.log("Adding to history: "+path); if(window.history && history.replaceState && document.location.hostname.match(/^(youtube\.)?(\w{2,3}\.)?wn\.com$/)){ if(path == main_tab || path == main_tab+'/' || path == '' || path == '/') { path = basepath; } else if( path.match('^'+main_tab+'/') ){ path = basepath + '/' + path.replace(main_tab+'/', '').replace('--','/'); } else { path = basepath + '/' + path.replace('--','/'); } if(document.location.search){ path += document.location.search; } if(window.lastHistory) { history.pushState(null, null, path); } else if(window.lastHistory != path){ history.replaceState(null, null, path); window.lastHistory = path; } } else{ path = path.replace('--','/'); if(path == main_tab || path == main_tab+'/' || path == '' || path == '/') { path = ''; } if(window.lastHistory != '/'+path){ window.location.hash = path? '/'+path : ''; window.lastHistory = '/'+path; } } }); $('.tabtrigger li a').live('click', ensure(function() { var tab = $(this).attr('id'); if(tab.substring(0,1) == '#'){ var name = tab.substring(1); if(name in menu_names){ name = menu_names[name][0]; } realTab = rev_names[name]; $('#'+realTab).show(); if(window.console && console.log) console.log("Triggering tab: "+name+(window.activeArea?" activeArea="+window.activeArea:'')); var path = name; if(window.activeArea){ path = path + '/' + window.activeArea; } if(tab.match(/#playlist\d+/) || tab.match(/#details\d+/)){ $('.multiple-playlists').show(); $('.related_playlist').show(); $('.longest_videos_playlist').show(); }else { $('.multiple-playlists').hide(); $('.related_playlist').hide(); $('.longest_videos_playlist').hide(); } // start the related script only when the tab is on screen showing if (tab.match(/related_sites/)) { if (mc) { mc.startCredits(); } } window.activeTab = realTab; addHistory(path); setTimeout(ensure(function(){ if(tab.match(/language--/)){ $('.tabtrigger').offscreentabs('activateTab', 'language'); } if(tab.match(/weather/)) { $('.tabtrigger').offscreentabs('activateTab', 'weather'); loadContinent(); } updateMenus(tab); updateHeight(); }), 10); } return false; })); }); -->
The Worshipful Society of Apothecaries of London is one of the livery companies of the City of London. It is one of the largest livery companies (with over 1,600 members in 2012) and ranks 58th in their order of precedence.
The society is a member of the London Museums of Health & Medicine and its guild church is the Church of St Andrew-by-the-Wardrobe. The society's modern roles include educational, social, ceremonial and charitable activities, in addition to supporting the City of London, its governance and the Lord Mayor of the City of London.
Prior to the foundation of the society in 1617, London apothecaries were in the Grocers' Company (founded 1345, and whose trade was described in 1365 as the "Mistery of Grossers, Pepperers and Apothecaries") and before that they were members of the Guild of Pepperers (founded before 1180).
Having sought autonomy for many years, the apothecaries finally separated from the Grocers' Company in 1617 when they were granted a Royal Charter by James I. During the remainder of the 17th century its members (including Nicholas Culpeper) challenged the College of Physicians members' monopoly of practising medicine. In 1704, the House of Lords overturned a ruling of the Queen's Bench in the "Rose Case", which effectively gave apothecaries the right to practice medicine, meaning that apothecaries may be viewed as forerunners of present-day general (medical) practitioners or family physicians.
A society is a group of people involved in persistent social interaction, or a large social grouping sharing the same geographical or social territory, typically subject to the same political authority and dominant cultural expectations. Societies are characterized by patterns of relationships (social relations) between individuals who share a distinctive culture and institutions; a given society may be described as the sum total of such relationships among its constituent members. In the social sciences, a larger society often evinces stratification or dominance patterns in subgroups.
Insofar as it is collaborative, a society can enable its members to benefit in ways that would not otherwise be possible on an individual basis; both individual and social (common) benefits can thus be distinguished, or in many cases found to overlap.
A society can also consist of like-minded people governed by their own norms and values within a dominant, larger society. This is sometimes referred to as a subculture, a term used extensively within criminology.
Society is a grouping of individuals which are united by a network of social relations, traditions and may have distinctive culture and institutions.
Society may also refer to:
Society was an 1865 comedy drama by Thomas William Robertson regarded as a milestone in Victorian drama because of its realism in sets, costume, acting and dialogue. Unusually for that time, Robertson both wrote and directed the play, and his innovative writing and stage direction inspired George Bernard Shaw and W. S. Gilbert.
The play originally ran at the Prince of Wales's Theatre, Liverpool, under the management of Mr A. Henderson, opening on 8 May 1865. It was recommended to Effie Wilton, the manager of the Prince of Wales's Theatre in London's West End, by H. J. Byron, where it ran from 11 November 1865 to 4 May 1866 Robertson found fame with his new comedy, which included a scene that fictionalized the Fun gang, who frequented the Arundel Club, the Savage Club, and especially Evans's café, where they had a table in competition with the Punch 'Round table'. The play marked the London debut of Squire Bancroft, who went on to marry Effie Wilton in 1867 and become her co-manager.
The Faculty of the History and Philosophy of Medicine and Pharmacy are taking part in History Day with the Institute of Historical Research. #Histday20 https://historycollections.blogs.sas.ac.uk/discover-collections/worshipful-society-of-apothecaries/
A compilation of videos around medicinal alchemy (Chemistry) as well as links to Jesuits, the Voynich manuscript and more. Following on from Who is Hermes Trismegistus? Corpus Hermetica, Neoplatonism and the Old Sciences https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nIudcrg3dnw To support this channel: https://www.paypal.me/SGDSacredGeometry Alchemy, Origin of the Word and Alchemy in Medicine 1.0 #alchemy #hermestrismegistus #occult Alchemy, Origin of the Word and Alchemy in Medicine 1.0 Hermes Trisemgistus, alchemy, occult science and alchemy. Apothecary, chemist, pharmacist, Paracelus, Vasil Valentine, Corpus Hermeticum, Oswald Croll, Geber, alembic Hermes Trismegistus, Hermeticists, alchemists ALCHEMISTS and MEDICINE Apothecary, Pharmacy, Chemists(al-chemists) The Worshipful Society of Apotheca...
The Worshipful Company of Lightmongers Annual Dinner at the Goldsmiths Hall, the City of London. 56 Squadron joined the Worshipful Company of Lightmongers at the Goldsmiths Hall last night for their Annual Members Dinner Sgt Fredric Spencer accompanied the Officer Commanding for the night and received the Squadron New Band Sash which was presented to the Squadron by the Master of the Lightmongers Mr Rod Bennion OBE The Squadron Corps of drums also performed as part of the evening’s entertainment Sgt Spencer thoroughly enjoyed the evening having the opportunity to mingle and talk to various dignitaries and guests which included Air Marshall Sir Ian MacFadyen, Baroness Boothroyd to name a few!
Professor Charles Mackworth-Young delivered the Apothecaries Hall Lucas Memorial lecture at the 2018 St. Luke's Symposium. As a former Master of the Worshipful Society of Apothecaries, he discussed 400 years of tradition and innovation by the apothecaries of London.
Interview conducted by Professor Tilli Tansey, for the History of Modern Biomedicine Research Group, 29 April 2016, in the School of History, Queen Mary University of London. Transcribed by Mrs Debra Gee, and edited by Professor Tilli Tansey and Mrs Sarah Beanland. The project management and the technical support (filming and production) were undertaken by Mr Adam Wilkinson and Mr Alan Yabsley, respectively. Dr John Moore-Gillon MA LLB MD FRCP (b. 1953) is Consultant Physician Emeritus at St Bartholomew’s and The Royal London Hospitals, London. He was Lead Clinician for tuberculosis for the London Borough of Tower Hamlets, formerly Honorary Secretary of the British Thoracic Society, Chairman of the Joint Tuberculosis Committee, and formerly Chairman and then President of the British Lung ...
Welcome to the wonderful world of the Worshipful Company of International Bankers. This short video features the Company's Masters, present and immediate future, and a focus on some of our key work.
Eddie Vedder performing his classic single - Society. ▶️ Listen to more of Eddie Vedder's greatest hits: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLFHPLhbVbv24UmhNl58h7izP-j5Ftvq_O Remastered in HD/4K audio Lyrics: It's a mystery to me We have a greed with which we have agreed And you think you have to want more than you need Until you have it all, you won't be free Society, you're a crazy breed I hope you're not lonely without me When you want more than you have, you think you need And when you think more than you want, your thoughts begin to bleed I think I need to find a bigger place Cause when you have more than you think, you need more space Society, you're a crazy breed I hope you're not lonely without me Society, crazy indeed Hope you're not lonely without me There's those thin...
Check out the official Society (1989) Trailer starring Billy Warlock! Let us know what you think in the comments below. ► Watch on Vudu: https://www.vudu.com/content/movies/details/Society/28228?cmp=MCYT_YouTube_Desc Subscribe to the channel and click the bell icon to stay up to date on all your favorite movies. Starring: Billy Warlock, Devin DeVasquez, Evan Richards Directed By: Brian Yuzna Synopsis: A Beverly Hills teen (Billy Warlock) discovers his parents are part of a gruesome orgy cult for the social elite. Watch More Classic Trailers: ► Horror Films: http://bit.ly/2D21x45 ► Dramas: http://bit.ly/2tefVm2 ► Sci-Fi Movies: http://bit.ly/2msyb5C ► Trailers By Year: http://bit.ly/2qTCxHF Fuel Your Movie Obsession: ► Subscribe to CLASSIC TRAILERS: http://bit.ly/2D01HJi ► Watch Mov...
Official video from "Into the Wild" for Eddie Vedder's Society. Lyrics: It's a mystery to me We have a greed with which we have agreed And you think you have to want more than you need Until you have it all, you won't be free Society, you're a crazy breed I hope you're not lonely without me When you want more than you have, you think you need And when you think more than you want, your thoughts begin to bleed I think I need to find a bigger place Cause when you have more than you think, you need more space Society, you're a crazy breed I hope you're not lonely without me Society, crazy indeed Hope you're not lonely without me There's those thinking more or less, less is more But if less is more, how you keepin score? Means for every point you make your level drops Kinda like you're s...
instagram https://instagram.com/pathetic240px soundcloud https://soundcloud.com/pathetic240px ♬ EMBRACE THE LYRICS ♬ I was cured alright I was cured alright Birth in the system Haunted and oppressed This is not an exit By smashing butterfly Am I alive Or just exist? Nothing compares To feeling of needs Such moral sadist Repent to me Cos this affection Is temporary I was cured alright I was cured alright Death in the system Haunted and oppressed This is not an exit By smashing butterfly Am I alive Or just exist? Nothing compares To feeling of needs Such moral sadist Repent to me Cos this affection Is temporary I was cured alright I was cured alright
Η εβδομάδα των εξελίξεων επιστροφής στην κανονικότητα λίγο πριν την αλλαγή ενοίκου στον Λευκό Οίκο πέρασε και αναμένετε η ορκωμοσία του! Α, ναι. Έχουμε αλλαγή και στην Προεδρία της Δημοκρατίας. Τροχοδρόμηση 0:00 Απογείωση 5:53 Μας συγχωρείτε διακοπή 42:42 Επανήλθαμε 43:33 Προσέγγιση 2:04:04 Προσγείωση 2:06:57 ~•~ Right Society ~•~ Όλα τα δίκτυα συγκεντρωμένα εδώ https://linktr.ee/rightsociety Σάτιρα στην παράνοια εδώ ➡️ https://conserva.gr ●Facebook● https://www.facebook.com/rightsocietyrs ●Twitter● https://twitter.com/rightsocietyrs ●Email● [email protected] ●Discord● https://discord.gg/d4PWFfa ●Instagram● https://www.instagram.com/right_society/ ●Odysee● https://odysee.com/@RightSociety2019:3 ●BitChute● https://www.bitchute.com/right_society/...
Surviving was a group effort. #SocietyOfTheSnow, a movie from Juan Antonio Bayona about one of the most remarkable stories of the 20th century and selected to represent Spain at the Oscars® 2024 is coming to selected cinemas in December and to Netflix on January 4th. Watch on Netflix: https://www.netflix.com/title/81268316 About Netflix: Netflix is one of the world's leading entertainment services with over 247 million paid memberships in over 190 countries enjoying TV series, films and games across a wide variety of genres and languages. Members can play, pause and resume watching as much as they want, anytime, anywhere, and can change their plans at any time. Society of the Snow | Official Trailer | Netflix https://www.youtube.com/@Netflix
The main content of the program: 0:00 Intro 1:23 The whole world is turning against China: Russia imposes 55% tariffs, Thailand restricts Chinese investors, Mexico shuts down trade centers, and Indonesia bans Chinese goods sales. 6:03 Leading companies conduct massive year-end layoffs, with no orders, factories close early, workers return to their hometowns, and there’s no money to celebrate the New Year. 10:12 Chinese people caught stealing on a plane. The uncivilized behavior of Chinese tourists abroad is frequently exposed. Why have they become like this? 15:40 Even sanitary pads are counterfeited and filled with harmful substances: made with cockroach legs, insect eggs, and cigarette filters; down jackets filled with pig and dog hair. Is there anything left in China that is real and...
Society is a 1989 American body horror film directed by Brian Yuzna. Though the film was completed in 1989, it was not released until 1992. It was Yuzna's directorial debut and was written by Rick Fry and Woody Keith. The film stars Billy Warlock as Bill Whitney, Devin DeVasquez as Clarissa Carlyn, Evan Richards as Milo and Ben Meyerson as Ferguson. Screaming Mad George was responsible for the special effects. #Society #BillyWarlock #Gory
Yungeen Ace presents the official video for "Society": https://yungeenace.ffm.to/society.oyd Track produced by Trillo Beatz Click here for JayDaYoungan & Yungeen Ace tour dates https://future-beat.com/artist.cfm?id=38600 Follow Yungeen Ace http://www.instagram.com/yungeenace/ http://www.facebook.com/yungeenacemusic/ http://twitter.com/yungeenace http://soundcloud.com/yungeenace http://spoti.fi/2qlMNET 2019 Cinematic Music Group #YungeenAce #Society
The Worshipful Society of Apothecaries of London is one of the livery companies of the City of London. It is one of the largest livery companies (with over 1,600 members in 2012) and ranks 58th in their order of precedence.
The society is a member of the London Museums of Health & Medicine and its guild church is the Church of St Andrew-by-the-Wardrobe. The society's modern roles include educational, social, ceremonial and charitable activities, in addition to supporting the City of London, its governance and the Lord Mayor of the City of London.
Prior to the foundation of the society in 1617, London apothecaries were in the Grocers' Company (founded 1345, and whose trade was described in 1365 as the "Mistery of Grossers, Pepperers and Apothecaries") and before that they were members of the Guild of Pepperers (founded before 1180).
Having sought autonomy for many years, the apothecaries finally separated from the Grocers' Company in 1617 when they were granted a Royal Charter by James I. During the remainder of the 17th century its members (including Nicholas Culpeper) challenged the College of Physicians members' monopoly of practising medicine. In 1704, the House of Lords overturned a ruling of the Queen's Bench in the "Rose Case", which effectively gave apothecaries the right to practice medicine, meaning that apothecaries may be viewed as forerunners of present-day general (medical) practitioners or family physicians.