- published: 07 Jun 2020
- views: 703166
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remove the playlistLate Heavy Bombardment
- remove the playlistLate Heavy Bombardment
Late Heavy Bombardment
The Late Heavy Bombardment (abbreviated LHB and also known as the lunar cataclysm) is an event thought to have occurred approximately 4.1 to 3.8 billion years (Ga) ago, corresponding to the Neohadean and Eoarchean eras on Earth. During this interval, a disproportionately large number of asteroids apparently collided with the early terrestrial planets in the inner Solar System, including Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars. The LHB happened after the Earth and other rocky planets had formed and accreted most of their mass, but still quite early in Earth's history.
Evidence for the LHB derives from lunar samples brought back by the Apollo astronauts. Isotopic dating of Moon rocks implies that most impact melts occurred in a rather narrow interval of time. Several hypotheses are now offered to explain the apparent spike in the flux of impactors (i.e. asteroids and comets) in the inner Solar System, but no consensus yet exists. The Nice model is popular among planetary scientists; it postulates that the gas giant planets underwent orbital migration and scattered objects in the asteroid and/or Kuiper belts into eccentric orbits, and thereby into the path of the terrestrial planets. Other researchers argue that the lunar sample data do not require a cataclysmic cratering event near 3.9 Ga, and that the apparent clustering of impact melt ages near this time is an artifact of sampling materials retrieved from a single large impact basin. They also note that the rate of impact cratering could be significantly different between the outer and inner zones of the Solar System.
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - https://wn.com/Late_Heavy_Bombardment
Podcasts:
-
The Mystery of the Late Heavy Bombardment
Researched and Written by William Painter Revised by Pete & David Kelly Narrated and Edited by David Kelly Art Provided by Khail Kupsky Thumbnail by Ettore Mazza [1] A collection of radioactive chronometers were employed to reach this date. Most notably these include pairings of U-Pb, Rb-Sr, Sm-Nd, and Ar40-Ar39, each of these including a parent atom and a decay product. [2] Jupiter’s gargantuan mass can inflict chaos on the orbits of smaller bodies over millions and billions of rotations. The danger becomes acute if the orbit of the junior body reflects a ratio of Jupiter’s orbit (for example if the body orbits twice for every single orbit of Jupiter.) In this case the body will pass Jupiter at the same time and place in each orbit and Jupiter’s gravity will pull strongest on the body a...
published: 07 Jun 2020 -
A Key Geologic Event May Have Never Occurred; The Late Heavy Bombardment
One of the most important geologic events in the first 1 billion years of the Earth's history may have never actually occurred. This event is referred to as the late heavy bombardment, which represented a sudden 3 fold increase in impact events within the entire inner solar system between 3.9 and 3.8 billion years ago. While this event could have still technically occurred, increasing evidence is calling into question whether this key geologic event ever even took place. Thumbnail Photo Credit: iStock.com, solarseven, https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/huge-meteor-slamming-into-our-planets-atmosphere-gm1281636107-379615109. This image was cropped, then color enhanced, overlaid with text, and overlaid with GeologyHub made graphics (the GeologyHub logo and the image border). If you would li...
published: 13 Oct 2023 -
Late Heavy Bombardment
Between 4 billion years ago, the inner Solar System was in turmoil. Debris from the planet-building process rained down on the inner planets for a period spanning nearly 200 million years. These scenes show the Earth and Moon during this time, known as the Late Heavy Bombardment. However, there has been some debate recently as to whether or not this event, first postulated based on lunar samples returned during the Apollo missions, actually took place. Please subscribe and like.
published: 18 Mar 2020 -
ASTEROIDS BOMBARD PRE-HISTORIC EARTH | The Universe (Season 6) | History
700 million years ago, asteroids played a vital role in the violent creation of the solar system. Learn more in this scene from Season 6, "How the Solar System was Made". #TheUniverse Subscribe for more from The Universe http://histv.co/SubscribeHistoryYT Find out more about the series on our site: https://www.history.com/shows/the-universe Check out exclusive HISTORY content: History Newsletter: https://histv.co/newsletter Website - https://histv.co/History Facebook - https://histv.co/Facebook Twitter - https://histv.co/Twitter HISTORY® is the leading destination for award-winning original series and specials that connect viewers with history in an informative, immersive, and entertaining manner across all platforms. The network’s all-original programming slate features a roster of hit...
published: 19 Mar 2020 -
Origin of Water - The Late Heavy Bombardment
Subscribe – http://goo.gl/wpc2Q1 You can’t have life without water, so how did water arrive on arid Earth? The answer may lie with comets. In our planet’s early history it was bombarded by billions of tonnes of space debris, including comets. This is called the “Late Heavy Bombardment”. For 200 million years comets and asteroids travelling at over 23,000mph crashed into the Earth. The planet was a scolding cauldron of molten rock with temperatures almost 2,000 degrees, no life could survive in such an inhospitable place. Clip taken from our documentary “Comets”. Watch it here – https://youtu.be/ggwX_uZW3i4
published: 22 Nov 2017 -
Late, Late Heavy Bombardment - Bill Bottke (SETI Talks)
SETI Talks archive: http://seti.org/talks The early bombardment history of the Inner Solar System is recorded in a number of interesting places (e.g., the surprisingly high abundance of highly siderophile abundances found in the Earth, Moon, and Mars, the observed impact basins found on Mercury, the Moon and Mars, various properties of main belt asteroids and meteorites, etc.). To date, two dominant scenarios have been used to explain these constraints: (i) most impacts came from the tail end of a monotonically-decreasing impactor population created by planet formation processes, and (ii) most impacts were produced by a terminal cataclysm that caused a spike in the impactor flux starting ~4.1 Gy ago. Interestingly, we find that both scenarios are needed to explain observations. For (i),...
published: 14 Aug 2011 -
Collisions of the Early Solar System [4K]
How did Earth get its moon? Why is Mercury so close to the sun? Why does Uranus orbit on its side? And what makes Pluto unique among the other worlds? The answers to all of these questions are the many collisions that ravaged the early Solar System. Each of our neighbouring worlds bears scars which echo their violent past, from the many craters of the moon's battered surface, to the sideways rings of the planet Uranus. And in this video, we will examine a number of the most significant collisions, which each played a pivotal role in building up the Solar System as we know it today. Last time out, we talked about the history of Earth, but with one key detail missing- the formation of the Moon. And so perhaps that would be a good place for us to start, as we revisit the many collisions of ...
published: 21 Sep 2023 -
The Late Heavy Bombardment
The Late Heavy Bombardment was a cataclysmic event that took place in the early history of our solar system, during which time the inner planets experienced a sudden increase in impacts from comets, asteroids, and other objects in space. This event, which occurred roughly 4.1 to 3.8 billion years ago, has had a lasting impact on the surfaces of many planets and moons, including our own Moon. In this short video, we explore the theories and implications of the Late Heavy Bombardment, uncovering its impact on the evolution of life on Earth and shedding light on the mysteries of our solar system's past. Join us as we unravel the history of the Late Heavy Bombardment, and discover the incredible workings of our universe.
published: 24 May 2023 -
Late Heavy Bombardment - Don Lowe (SETI Talks)
SETI Talks Archive: http://seti.org/talks Lunar evidence of Late Heavy Bombardment has been interpreted to suggest that large-body impacting declined rapidly after about 3.8 Ga and that by 3.5 Ga the terrestrial bombardment rate was not much greater than the impact rates of today. In 1986 and 1989 Dr. Lowe and colleagues described four major layers of spherical particles in the 3.22-3.55 Ga Barberton greenstone belt (BGB), South Africa, ranging from 3,472 to 3,243 Ma, and interpreted them to represent the products of large terrestrial impacts of bolides 20-50 km in diameter. Since describing and interpreting these early impact layers, they have identified at least three additional thick layers of spherules in the Barberton belt that likely represent deposits of large impacts, and two ne...
published: 03 Aug 2010 -
Theia: The Most Important Cosmic Impact That Formed Earth's Moon
🌎 Get Our Merch designed with ❤ https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCNYaxPiba3oxmeL_3jKxnYA/store 💫Get 10% off Under Lucky Stars and enjoy our star maps completely custom-made 💫 https://www.underluckystars.com/INSANECURIOSITY -- The Most Important Impact Event in the History of the Solar System The universe may mostly be empty space, but if we have all the time to observe it, we are bound to see objects clashing onto each other causing a massive impact to where it is. Join us in this episode as we take a journey to know more about what happens when worlds – LITERALLY – collide. Subscribe for more! ?https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCNYaxPiba3oxmeL_3jKxnYA?sub_confirmation=1? As the Solar System evolved from a simple cloud of dust swirling around a proto star, to what we know it today, it is ...
published: 26 Feb 2020
developed with YouTube
20:05
The Mystery of the Late Heavy Bombardment
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 20:05
- Uploaded Date: 07 Jun 2020
- views: 703166
Researched and Written by William Painter
Revised by Pete & David Kelly
Narrated and Edited by David Kelly
Art Provided by Khail Kupsky
Thumbnail by Ettore Mazz...
Researched and Written by William Painter
Revised by Pete & David Kelly
Narrated and Edited by David Kelly
Art Provided by Khail Kupsky
Thumbnail by Ettore Mazza
[1] A collection of radioactive chronometers were employed to reach this date. Most notably these include pairings of U-Pb, Rb-Sr, Sm-Nd, and Ar40-Ar39, each of these including a parent atom and a decay product.
[2] Jupiter’s gargantuan mass can inflict chaos on the orbits of smaller bodies over millions and billions of rotations. The danger becomes acute if the orbit of the junior body reflects a ratio of Jupiter’s orbit (for example if the body orbits twice for every single orbit of Jupiter.) In this case the body will pass Jupiter at the same time and place in each orbit and Jupiter’s gravity will pull strongest on the body at the same time and place in each orbit. Over many orbits the slight tug will incrementally draw the junior body out of a circular path and into ever more eccentric ellipses. Eventually this oblong orbit will intersect the orbits of the terrestrial planets.
[3] This phenomenon is called decompression or adiabatic melting is a key feature of plate tectonics on Earth today.
[4] The age of Borealis Basin is somewhat controversial. Without direct access to the physical crater we rely on the fragments of Mars that fall to Earth as meteorites. The oldest known igneous Martian meteorite ALH84001 was forged through the accumulation of crystals floating in a body of magma. It’s therefore postulated that ALH84001 was created during or after the Borealis impact as this event melted half of Mars and deeply buried the other half, erasing any trace of prior martian history.
[5] Around 40% of all meteorites found are classified as H chondrites and most likely originate ultimately from the asteroid 6 Hebe. Around 35% are L chondrites and likely originate from either 433 Eros or 8 Flora. Mesosiderites from 16 Psyche and eucrites from 4 Vesta round off the list of four parent asteroids upon which we find evidence of impacts between 3.5 GA and 4.1 GA. It’s a short list.
[6] Obsessive investigations into the most resilient minerals on the planet, Hadean zircons, unveil a slight bump in temperature between 3.8 and 4.0 billion years ago--the lingering trauma of an otherworldly pummeling? But in all the world only 4 miniscule mineral grains record the bump.
[7] Noting our inability to acquire physical evidence from other planets scientists sought a different way to date geologic features. Since surface imagery was comparatively abundant a sophisticated statistical method was developed to assess age by counting the size and frequency of craters present on a terrain and comparing this size frequency distribution (SFD) to that of a known terrain. This process is fairly effective at achieving relative ages, but caught criticism for some assumptions it makes.
[8] At first glance it appears impossible that the Apollo 16 and 17 sample should come from the Imbrium impact, in each case over a thousand kilometers away. Improved imagery acquired decades later however reveals a radial pattern of debris emanating from Imbrium Basin that overprints both landing sites.
[9] Imbrium is the youngest basin on the near-side of the Moon; much of the volcanism on Mercury ceased by that time; the major basins of Mars all betray the ephemeral presence of liquid water before it vanished from the planet. Echos of this early era still reverberate through the Solar System; solitary giants can wreak havoc especially on our fragile ecosystems, but the terrible scale of the calamity has never again been matched.
[10] In the interest of full disclosure, a continuous (monotonic) bombardment is the perspective that makes the most sense to me. Not only because the physical evidence is sparse and is getting sparser but because the erasure of terrestrial history is a throughline of geology. The destructive power of geologic processes has been on display throughout this narrative and it is a very sensible explanation for the negative anomaly we find in the impact history (a negative anomaly which is now significantly shorter than the “spike” of the LHB.) Furthermore models have consistently shown that while orbital evolution among the gas giants should be expected early on, it’s exceptionally rare for this dynamism to last more than a few 100 MA and virtually impossible for the orbits to calm for several 100 MA then return to a dynamic state. In the absence of a convincing causal mechanism I personally conclude that the LHB is fictitious. (William Painter)
Thanks to:
Mitch Ames - Moon Rock
the Illinois State Museum - Moon Rock Mangolava Imbrium Crater
By Brocken Inaglory, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=4398455Soerfm(moon with landing numbers)
NASA/JPL-Caltech
Epidemic Sound for the music
https://wn.com/The_Mystery_Of_The_Late_Heavy_Bombardment
Researched and Written by William Painter
Revised by Pete & David Kelly
Narrated and Edited by David Kelly
Art Provided by Khail Kupsky
Thumbnail by Ettore Mazza
[1] A collection of radioactive chronometers were employed to reach this date. Most notably these include pairings of U-Pb, Rb-Sr, Sm-Nd, and Ar40-Ar39, each of these including a parent atom and a decay product.
[2] Jupiter’s gargantuan mass can inflict chaos on the orbits of smaller bodies over millions and billions of rotations. The danger becomes acute if the orbit of the junior body reflects a ratio of Jupiter’s orbit (for example if the body orbits twice for every single orbit of Jupiter.) In this case the body will pass Jupiter at the same time and place in each orbit and Jupiter’s gravity will pull strongest on the body at the same time and place in each orbit. Over many orbits the slight tug will incrementally draw the junior body out of a circular path and into ever more eccentric ellipses. Eventually this oblong orbit will intersect the orbits of the terrestrial planets.
[3] This phenomenon is called decompression or adiabatic melting is a key feature of plate tectonics on Earth today.
[4] The age of Borealis Basin is somewhat controversial. Without direct access to the physical crater we rely on the fragments of Mars that fall to Earth as meteorites. The oldest known igneous Martian meteorite ALH84001 was forged through the accumulation of crystals floating in a body of magma. It’s therefore postulated that ALH84001 was created during or after the Borealis impact as this event melted half of Mars and deeply buried the other half, erasing any trace of prior martian history.
[5] Around 40% of all meteorites found are classified as H chondrites and most likely originate ultimately from the asteroid 6 Hebe. Around 35% are L chondrites and likely originate from either 433 Eros or 8 Flora. Mesosiderites from 16 Psyche and eucrites from 4 Vesta round off the list of four parent asteroids upon which we find evidence of impacts between 3.5 GA and 4.1 GA. It’s a short list.
[6] Obsessive investigations into the most resilient minerals on the planet, Hadean zircons, unveil a slight bump in temperature between 3.8 and 4.0 billion years ago--the lingering trauma of an otherworldly pummeling? But in all the world only 4 miniscule mineral grains record the bump.
[7] Noting our inability to acquire physical evidence from other planets scientists sought a different way to date geologic features. Since surface imagery was comparatively abundant a sophisticated statistical method was developed to assess age by counting the size and frequency of craters present on a terrain and comparing this size frequency distribution (SFD) to that of a known terrain. This process is fairly effective at achieving relative ages, but caught criticism for some assumptions it makes.
[8] At first glance it appears impossible that the Apollo 16 and 17 sample should come from the Imbrium impact, in each case over a thousand kilometers away. Improved imagery acquired decades later however reveals a radial pattern of debris emanating from Imbrium Basin that overprints both landing sites.
[9] Imbrium is the youngest basin on the near-side of the Moon; much of the volcanism on Mercury ceased by that time; the major basins of Mars all betray the ephemeral presence of liquid water before it vanished from the planet. Echos of this early era still reverberate through the Solar System; solitary giants can wreak havoc especially on our fragile ecosystems, but the terrible scale of the calamity has never again been matched.
[10] In the interest of full disclosure, a continuous (monotonic) bombardment is the perspective that makes the most sense to me. Not only because the physical evidence is sparse and is getting sparser but because the erasure of terrestrial history is a throughline of geology. The destructive power of geologic processes has been on display throughout this narrative and it is a very sensible explanation for the negative anomaly we find in the impact history (a negative anomaly which is now significantly shorter than the “spike” of the LHB.) Furthermore models have consistently shown that while orbital evolution among the gas giants should be expected early on, it’s exceptionally rare for this dynamism to last more than a few 100 MA and virtually impossible for the orbits to calm for several 100 MA then return to a dynamic state. In the absence of a convincing causal mechanism I personally conclude that the LHB is fictitious. (William Painter)
Thanks to:
Mitch Ames - Moon Rock
the Illinois State Museum - Moon Rock Mangolava Imbrium Crater
By Brocken Inaglory, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=4398455Soerfm(moon with landing numbers)
NASA/JPL-Caltech
Epidemic Sound for the music
4:22
A Key Geologic Event May Have Never Occurred; The Late Heavy Bombardment
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:22
- Uploaded Date: 13 Oct 2023
- views: 33331
One of the most important geologic events in the first 1 billion years of the Earth's history may have never actually occurred. This event is referred to as the...
One of the most important geologic events in the first 1 billion years of the Earth's history may have never actually occurred. This event is referred to as the late heavy bombardment, which represented a sudden 3 fold increase in impact events within the entire inner solar system between 3.9 and 3.8 billion years ago. While this event could have still technically occurred, increasing evidence is calling into question whether this key geologic event ever even took place.
Thumbnail Photo Credit: iStock.com, solarseven, https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/huge-meteor-slamming-into-our-planets-atmosphere-gm1281636107-379615109. This image was cropped, then color enhanced, overlaid with text, and overlaid with GeologyHub made graphics (the GeologyHub logo and the image border).
If you would like to support this channel, consider using one of the following links:
(Patreon: http://patreon.com/geologyhub)
(YouTube membership: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCYeGh5VML5XPr5jYnzh3J6g/join)
(Gemstone & Mineral Etsy store: http://prospectingarizona.etsy.com)
(GeologyHub Merch Etsy store: http://geologyhub.etsy.com)
Google Earth imagery used in this video: ©Google & Data Providers
This video is protected under "fair use". If you see an image and/or video which is your own in this video, and/or think my discussion of a scientific paper (and/or discussion/mentioning of the data/information within a scientific paper) does not fall under the fair use doctrine, and wish for it to be censored or removed, contact me by email at [email protected] and I will make the necessary changes.
Various licenses used in sections of this video (not the entire video, this video as a whole does not completely fall under one of these licenses) and/or in this video's thumbnail image:
CC BY 2.0: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/legalcode
CC BY 4.0: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
Sources/Citations:
[1] NASA
[2] U.S. Geological Survey
[3] Hartmann, W.K. History of the Terminal Cataclysm Paradigm: Epistemology of a Planetary Bombardment That Never (?) Happened. Geosciences 2019, 9, 285. https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences9070285, CC BY 4.0.
[4] Donald R. Lowe, Gary R. Byerly, The terrestrial record of Late Heavy Bombardment, New Astronomy Reviews, Volume 81, 2018, Pages 39-61, ISSN 1387-6473, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.newar.2018.03.002. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1387647317300714)
[5] iStock Image, by solarseven, https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/huge-meteor-slamming-into-our-planets-atmosphere-gm1281636107-379615109.
0:00 The Lunar Cataclysm
0:33 Late Heavy Bombardment
2:21 Evidence Against
3:35 A Single Impact Basin
https://wn.com/A_Key_Geologic_Event_May_Have_Never_Occurred_The_Late_Heavy_Bombardment
One of the most important geologic events in the first 1 billion years of the Earth's history may have never actually occurred. This event is referred to as the late heavy bombardment, which represented a sudden 3 fold increase in impact events within the entire inner solar system between 3.9 and 3.8 billion years ago. While this event could have still technically occurred, increasing evidence is calling into question whether this key geologic event ever even took place.
Thumbnail Photo Credit: iStock.com, solarseven, https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/huge-meteor-slamming-into-our-planets-atmosphere-gm1281636107-379615109. This image was cropped, then color enhanced, overlaid with text, and overlaid with GeologyHub made graphics (the GeologyHub logo and the image border).
If you would like to support this channel, consider using one of the following links:
(Patreon: http://patreon.com/geologyhub)
(YouTube membership: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCYeGh5VML5XPr5jYnzh3J6g/join)
(Gemstone & Mineral Etsy store: http://prospectingarizona.etsy.com)
(GeologyHub Merch Etsy store: http://geologyhub.etsy.com)
Google Earth imagery used in this video: ©Google & Data Providers
This video is protected under "fair use". If you see an image and/or video which is your own in this video, and/or think my discussion of a scientific paper (and/or discussion/mentioning of the data/information within a scientific paper) does not fall under the fair use doctrine, and wish for it to be censored or removed, contact me by email at [email protected] and I will make the necessary changes.
Various licenses used in sections of this video (not the entire video, this video as a whole does not completely fall under one of these licenses) and/or in this video's thumbnail image:
CC BY 2.0: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/legalcode
CC BY 4.0: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
Sources/Citations:
[1] NASA
[2] U.S. Geological Survey
[3] Hartmann, W.K. History of the Terminal Cataclysm Paradigm: Epistemology of a Planetary Bombardment That Never (?) Happened. Geosciences 2019, 9, 285. https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences9070285, CC BY 4.0.
[4] Donald R. Lowe, Gary R. Byerly, The terrestrial record of Late Heavy Bombardment, New Astronomy Reviews, Volume 81, 2018, Pages 39-61, ISSN 1387-6473, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.newar.2018.03.002. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1387647317300714)
[5] iStock Image, by solarseven, https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/huge-meteor-slamming-into-our-planets-atmosphere-gm1281636107-379615109.
0:00 The Lunar Cataclysm
0:33 Late Heavy Bombardment
2:21 Evidence Against
3:35 A Single Impact Basin
- published: 13 Oct 2023
- views: 33331
1:10
Late Heavy Bombardment
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:10
- Uploaded Date: 18 Mar 2020
- views: 22060
Between 4 billion years ago, the inner Solar System was in turmoil.
Debris from the planet-building process rained down on the inner planets
for a period spann...
Between 4 billion years ago, the inner Solar System was in turmoil.
Debris from the planet-building process rained down on the inner planets
for a period spanning nearly 200 million years.
These scenes show the Earth and Moon during this time, known as the Late Heavy Bombardment.
However, there has been some debate recently as to whether or not this event, first postulated based on lunar samples returned during the Apollo missions, actually took place.
Please subscribe and like.
https://wn.com/Late_Heavy_Bombardment
Between 4 billion years ago, the inner Solar System was in turmoil.
Debris from the planet-building process rained down on the inner planets
for a period spanning nearly 200 million years.
These scenes show the Earth and Moon during this time, known as the Late Heavy Bombardment.
However, there has been some debate recently as to whether or not this event, first postulated based on lunar samples returned during the Apollo missions, actually took place.
Please subscribe and like.
- published: 18 Mar 2020
- views: 22060
5:30
ASTEROIDS BOMBARD PRE-HISTORIC EARTH | The Universe (Season 6) | History
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:30
- Uploaded Date: 19 Mar 2020
- views: 43467
700 million years ago, asteroids played a vital role in the violent creation of the solar system. Learn more in this scene from Season 6, "How the Solar System ...
700 million years ago, asteroids played a vital role in the violent creation of the solar system. Learn more in this scene from Season 6, "How the Solar System was Made". #TheUniverse
Subscribe for more from The Universe
http://histv.co/SubscribeHistoryYT
Find out more about the series on our site:
https://www.history.com/shows/the-universe
Check out exclusive HISTORY content:
History Newsletter: https://histv.co/newsletter
Website - https://histv.co/History
Facebook - https://histv.co/Facebook
Twitter - https://histv.co/Twitter
HISTORY® is the leading destination for award-winning original series and specials that connect viewers with history in an informative, immersive, and entertaining manner across all platforms. The network’s all-original programming slate features a roster of hit series, premium documentaries, and scripted event programming.
https://wn.com/Asteroids_Bombard_Pre_Historic_Earth_|_The_Universe_(Season_6)_|_History
700 million years ago, asteroids played a vital role in the violent creation of the solar system. Learn more in this scene from Season 6, "How the Solar System was Made". #TheUniverse
Subscribe for more from The Universe
http://histv.co/SubscribeHistoryYT
Find out more about the series on our site:
https://www.history.com/shows/the-universe
Check out exclusive HISTORY content:
History Newsletter: https://histv.co/newsletter
Website - https://histv.co/History
Facebook - https://histv.co/Facebook
Twitter - https://histv.co/Twitter
HISTORY® is the leading destination for award-winning original series and specials that connect viewers with history in an informative, immersive, and entertaining manner across all platforms. The network’s all-original programming slate features a roster of hit series, premium documentaries, and scripted event programming.
- published: 19 Mar 2020
- views: 43467
4:35
Origin of Water - The Late Heavy Bombardment
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:35
- Uploaded Date: 22 Nov 2017
- views: 61993
Subscribe – http://goo.gl/wpc2Q1
You can’t have life without water, so how did water arrive on arid Earth?
The answer may lie with comets. In our planet’s ea...
Subscribe – http://goo.gl/wpc2Q1
You can’t have life without water, so how did water arrive on arid Earth?
The answer may lie with comets. In our planet’s early history it was bombarded by billions of tonnes of space debris, including comets. This is called the “Late Heavy Bombardment”. For 200 million years comets and asteroids travelling at over 23,000mph crashed into the Earth. The planet was a scolding cauldron of molten rock with temperatures almost 2,000 degrees, no life could survive in such an inhospitable place.
Clip taken from our documentary “Comets”.
Watch it here – https://youtu.be/ggwX_uZW3i4
https://wn.com/Origin_Of_Water_The_Late_Heavy_Bombardment
Subscribe – http://goo.gl/wpc2Q1
You can’t have life without water, so how did water arrive on arid Earth?
The answer may lie with comets. In our planet’s early history it was bombarded by billions of tonnes of space debris, including comets. This is called the “Late Heavy Bombardment”. For 200 million years comets and asteroids travelling at over 23,000mph crashed into the Earth. The planet was a scolding cauldron of molten rock with temperatures almost 2,000 degrees, no life could survive in such an inhospitable place.
Clip taken from our documentary “Comets”.
Watch it here – https://youtu.be/ggwX_uZW3i4
- published: 22 Nov 2017
- views: 61993
1:02:29
Late, Late Heavy Bombardment - Bill Bottke (SETI Talks)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:02:29
- Uploaded Date: 14 Aug 2011
- views: 8822
SETI Talks archive: http://seti.org/talks
The early bombardment history of the Inner Solar System is recorded in a number of interesting places (e.g., the su...
SETI Talks archive: http://seti.org/talks
The early bombardment history of the Inner Solar System is recorded in a number of interesting places (e.g., the surprisingly high abundance of highly siderophile abundances found in the Earth, Moon, and Mars, the observed impact basins found on Mercury, the Moon and Mars, various properties of main belt asteroids and meteorites, etc.). To date, two dominant scenarios have been used to explain these constraints: (i) most impacts came from the tail end of a monotonically-decreasing impactor population created by planet formation processes, and (ii) most impacts were produced by a terminal cataclysm that caused a spike in the impactor flux starting ~4.1 Gy ago. Interestingly, we find that both scenarios are needed to explain observations. For (i), we will show that leftover planetesimals were long-lived enough to hit various worlds long after the end of core formation. The record left behind can be used in interesting ways to probe the nature of terrestrial planet formation. For (ii), we will explore new applications of the so-called Nice model, which provides a plausible dynamical mechanism capable of creating a spike of comets/asteroid impactors.
Dr. Bottke will show that his results suggest that many "late heavy bombardment" impactors came from an unexpected source, and that they possibly continued to hit Earth, Venus, and Mars well after basin formation terminated on the Moon.
https://wn.com/Late,_Late_Heavy_Bombardment_Bill_Bottke_(Seti_Talks)
SETI Talks archive: http://seti.org/talks
The early bombardment history of the Inner Solar System is recorded in a number of interesting places (e.g., the surprisingly high abundance of highly siderophile abundances found in the Earth, Moon, and Mars, the observed impact basins found on Mercury, the Moon and Mars, various properties of main belt asteroids and meteorites, etc.). To date, two dominant scenarios have been used to explain these constraints: (i) most impacts came from the tail end of a monotonically-decreasing impactor population created by planet formation processes, and (ii) most impacts were produced by a terminal cataclysm that caused a spike in the impactor flux starting ~4.1 Gy ago. Interestingly, we find that both scenarios are needed to explain observations. For (i), we will show that leftover planetesimals were long-lived enough to hit various worlds long after the end of core formation. The record left behind can be used in interesting ways to probe the nature of terrestrial planet formation. For (ii), we will explore new applications of the so-called Nice model, which provides a plausible dynamical mechanism capable of creating a spike of comets/asteroid impactors.
Dr. Bottke will show that his results suggest that many "late heavy bombardment" impactors came from an unexpected source, and that they possibly continued to hit Earth, Venus, and Mars well after basin formation terminated on the Moon.
- published: 14 Aug 2011
- views: 8822
34:49
Collisions of the Early Solar System [4K]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 34:49
- Uploaded Date: 21 Sep 2023
- views: 225569
How did Earth get its moon? Why is Mercury so close to the sun? Why does Uranus orbit on its side? And what makes Pluto unique among the other worlds? The answe...
How did Earth get its moon? Why is Mercury so close to the sun? Why does Uranus orbit on its side? And what makes Pluto unique among the other worlds? The answers to all of these questions are the many collisions that ravaged the early Solar System. Each of our neighbouring worlds bears scars which echo their violent past, from the many craters of the moon's battered surface, to the sideways rings of the planet Uranus. And in this video, we will examine a number of the most significant collisions, which each played a pivotal role in building up the Solar System as we know it today.
Last time out, we talked about the history of Earth, but with one key detail missing- the formation of the Moon. And so perhaps that would be a good place for us to start, as we revisit the many collisions of the early Solar System.
If you like this channel, can support it on Patreon. Patrons get ad-free access to videos, and also get early access sneak peaks! https://www.patreon.com/sea_media
Using these videos to drift off? Check out the sleeping space playlist, a collection of my chilled out ambient videos: https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLkoaIad9k4NIlsG6g-almaZH6MzR_T5eV
SOUNDTRACK:
- Deepest Woods | Enzo Orifice (Storyblocks)
- The Ghost of Aberbeeg | CO.AG Music
- Edge of Silence, Ambient Sounds 06 | CO.AG Music
- Balefire | Scott Buckley Creative Commons Music
- Ambient Glass Drama Documentary Music | Music Media Company (Storyblocks)
- Short Song 011023 | Chris Zabriskie Creative Commons Music
- Short Song 020823 | Chris Zabriskie Creative Commons Music
- Dreams | Humans Win (Storyblocks)
- Not Saying Enough | Michael Vignola (Storyblocks)
- Speak to Me | CO.AG Music
- A Dark, Silent Night | Humans Win (Storyblocks)
CO.AG Music: https://www.youtube.com/@co.agmusic1823
Scott Buckley Music: https://www.scottbuckley.com.au
Chris Zabriskie Music: https://chriszabriskie.bandcamp.com
All music by Scott Buckley and Chris Zabriskie is licensed under Creative Commons 4.0 Reuse guidelines.
FOOTAGE:
The space scenes in this video were captured using SpaceEngine Pro, a virtual universe simulator:
http://spaceengine.org/
Other sequences were made using Universe Sandbox: https://universesandbox.com
Other space images and sequences are public domain resources provided by NASA and the ESA
NASA: https://www.nasa.gov
ESA: https://www.esa.int
Stock footage sequences were provided by Storyblocks: https://www.storyblocks.com
Other sequences were provided by Vecteezy.com: https://www.vecteezy.com
Other videos, simulations and visual resources that appear in this video:
- BBC Planets Footage of Mercury: https://youtu.be/XhKAxwfNW_c?si=lOuWPd0r4i3mQfyG
- Andreas Reufer & Erik Asphaug Simulation of Mercury Hit and Run: https://vimeo.com/77504026
- NCCR PlanetS Mercury Collision Simulation: https://youtu.be/14HgkrIa36Q?si=_XhYYsstDDIR45zu
- Pavel Ševeček Simulation of Embryos: https://youtu.be/xj443uAAGA8?si=_9rsjLFlZV8N-JGY
- Pavel Sevecek Simulation of Giant Impact: https://youtu.be/R9Nx_39Xoco?si=zx127oJKAwo_wlgX
- Mercury Demolition Derby: https://youtu.be/BaH15a44e8A?si=8EPfpf85dvciR0cF
- Pretpark Reizen Teacups Ride Footage: https://youtu.be/OjWIiYAW7TY?si=cnIJNja9xNS4cKzu
- Pluto-like Ice-world Collisions: https://youtu.be/DaYWDvrhL68?si=iRFRxPYh8WwHA9Ny
- IAU Voting and General Assembly: https://youtu.be/0Eyi47O5Iyg?si=Xlye8WF0zaBhlEzJ
SOURCES OF INFORMATION:
This video assumes the contemporary scientific explanations of the established Nebular Hypothesis Model of the Solar System's formation.
- Giant Impact Hypothesis: https://arxiv.org/abs/1603.04536
- Rare Mercury Mystery: https://arxiv.org/abs/1808.02448
- Mercury Didn't Form via a Single Impact: https://arxiv.org/abs/2207.14774
- Simulating Uranus' Collision: https://www.nasa.gov/feature/ames/planet-shifting-collision-shaped-uranus-rolling-rotation
- Formation of Pluto's Four Moons: https://skyandtelescope.org/astronomy-news/how-did-plutos-moons-form/
- Pluto's Wandering Heart: https://skyandtelescope.org/astronomy-news/sputnik-planitia-drives-plutos-wandering-heart/
- Pluto's Underground Ocean: https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/13000
- 10 Things We Learned About Pluto from New Horizons: https://pluto.jhuapl.edu/News-Center/News-Article.php?page=20200714
CHAPTERS
0:00 Introduction
1:37 The Terrestrial Planets
3:33 Collision that Formed the Moon
6:07 Giant Impact Hypothesis
9:42 What Happened to Mercury?
13:37 Late Heavy Bombardment
16:45 What Rammed into Uranus?
20:32 The Dwarf Planet
23:43 Pluto & Charon's Moons
27:25 Sputnik Planitia
32:58 Closing
planetary collisions, the collision that formed the moon, theia impact, mercury collision, Uranus super earth collision, Pluto collision, dwarf planet collision, Pluto charon collision, Sputnik Planitia collision, impact that tipped Uranus, Kuiper belt collision
https://wn.com/Collisions_Of_The_Early_Solar_System_4K
How did Earth get its moon? Why is Mercury so close to the sun? Why does Uranus orbit on its side? And what makes Pluto unique among the other worlds? The answers to all of these questions are the many collisions that ravaged the early Solar System. Each of our neighbouring worlds bears scars which echo their violent past, from the many craters of the moon's battered surface, to the sideways rings of the planet Uranus. And in this video, we will examine a number of the most significant collisions, which each played a pivotal role in building up the Solar System as we know it today.
Last time out, we talked about the history of Earth, but with one key detail missing- the formation of the Moon. And so perhaps that would be a good place for us to start, as we revisit the many collisions of the early Solar System.
If you like this channel, can support it on Patreon. Patrons get ad-free access to videos, and also get early access sneak peaks! https://www.patreon.com/sea_media
Using these videos to drift off? Check out the sleeping space playlist, a collection of my chilled out ambient videos: https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLkoaIad9k4NIlsG6g-almaZH6MzR_T5eV
SOUNDTRACK:
- Deepest Woods | Enzo Orifice (Storyblocks)
- The Ghost of Aberbeeg | CO.AG Music
- Edge of Silence, Ambient Sounds 06 | CO.AG Music
- Balefire | Scott Buckley Creative Commons Music
- Ambient Glass Drama Documentary Music | Music Media Company (Storyblocks)
- Short Song 011023 | Chris Zabriskie Creative Commons Music
- Short Song 020823 | Chris Zabriskie Creative Commons Music
- Dreams | Humans Win (Storyblocks)
- Not Saying Enough | Michael Vignola (Storyblocks)
- Speak to Me | CO.AG Music
- A Dark, Silent Night | Humans Win (Storyblocks)
CO.AG Music: https://www.youtube.com/@co.agmusic1823
Scott Buckley Music: https://www.scottbuckley.com.au
Chris Zabriskie Music: https://chriszabriskie.bandcamp.com
All music by Scott Buckley and Chris Zabriskie is licensed under Creative Commons 4.0 Reuse guidelines.
FOOTAGE:
The space scenes in this video were captured using SpaceEngine Pro, a virtual universe simulator:
http://spaceengine.org/
Other sequences were made using Universe Sandbox: https://universesandbox.com
Other space images and sequences are public domain resources provided by NASA and the ESA
NASA: https://www.nasa.gov
ESA: https://www.esa.int
Stock footage sequences were provided by Storyblocks: https://www.storyblocks.com
Other sequences were provided by Vecteezy.com: https://www.vecteezy.com
Other videos, simulations and visual resources that appear in this video:
- BBC Planets Footage of Mercury: https://youtu.be/XhKAxwfNW_c?si=lOuWPd0r4i3mQfyG
- Andreas Reufer & Erik Asphaug Simulation of Mercury Hit and Run: https://vimeo.com/77504026
- NCCR PlanetS Mercury Collision Simulation: https://youtu.be/14HgkrIa36Q?si=_XhYYsstDDIR45zu
- Pavel Ševeček Simulation of Embryos: https://youtu.be/xj443uAAGA8?si=_9rsjLFlZV8N-JGY
- Pavel Sevecek Simulation of Giant Impact: https://youtu.be/R9Nx_39Xoco?si=zx127oJKAwo_wlgX
- Mercury Demolition Derby: https://youtu.be/BaH15a44e8A?si=8EPfpf85dvciR0cF
- Pretpark Reizen Teacups Ride Footage: https://youtu.be/OjWIiYAW7TY?si=cnIJNja9xNS4cKzu
- Pluto-like Ice-world Collisions: https://youtu.be/DaYWDvrhL68?si=iRFRxPYh8WwHA9Ny
- IAU Voting and General Assembly: https://youtu.be/0Eyi47O5Iyg?si=Xlye8WF0zaBhlEzJ
SOURCES OF INFORMATION:
This video assumes the contemporary scientific explanations of the established Nebular Hypothesis Model of the Solar System's formation.
- Giant Impact Hypothesis: https://arxiv.org/abs/1603.04536
- Rare Mercury Mystery: https://arxiv.org/abs/1808.02448
- Mercury Didn't Form via a Single Impact: https://arxiv.org/abs/2207.14774
- Simulating Uranus' Collision: https://www.nasa.gov/feature/ames/planet-shifting-collision-shaped-uranus-rolling-rotation
- Formation of Pluto's Four Moons: https://skyandtelescope.org/astronomy-news/how-did-plutos-moons-form/
- Pluto's Wandering Heart: https://skyandtelescope.org/astronomy-news/sputnik-planitia-drives-plutos-wandering-heart/
- Pluto's Underground Ocean: https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/13000
- 10 Things We Learned About Pluto from New Horizons: https://pluto.jhuapl.edu/News-Center/News-Article.php?page=20200714
CHAPTERS
0:00 Introduction
1:37 The Terrestrial Planets
3:33 Collision that Formed the Moon
6:07 Giant Impact Hypothesis
9:42 What Happened to Mercury?
13:37 Late Heavy Bombardment
16:45 What Rammed into Uranus?
20:32 The Dwarf Planet
23:43 Pluto & Charon's Moons
27:25 Sputnik Planitia
32:58 Closing
planetary collisions, the collision that formed the moon, theia impact, mercury collision, Uranus super earth collision, Pluto collision, dwarf planet collision, Pluto charon collision, Sputnik Planitia collision, impact that tipped Uranus, Kuiper belt collision
- published: 21 Sep 2023
- views: 225569
0:56
The Late Heavy Bombardment
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:56
- Uploaded Date: 24 May 2023
- views: 407
The Late Heavy Bombardment was a cataclysmic event that took place in the early history of our solar system, during which time the inner planets experienced a s...
The Late Heavy Bombardment was a cataclysmic event that took place in the early history of our solar system, during which time the inner planets experienced a sudden increase in impacts from comets, asteroids, and other objects in space. This event, which occurred roughly 4.1 to 3.8 billion years ago, has had a lasting impact on the surfaces of many planets and moons, including our own Moon. In this short video, we explore the theories and implications of the Late Heavy Bombardment, uncovering its impact on the evolution of life on Earth and shedding light on the mysteries of our solar system's past. Join us as we unravel the history of the Late Heavy Bombardment, and discover the incredible workings of our universe.
https://wn.com/The_Late_Heavy_Bombardment
The Late Heavy Bombardment was a cataclysmic event that took place in the early history of our solar system, during which time the inner planets experienced a sudden increase in impacts from comets, asteroids, and other objects in space. This event, which occurred roughly 4.1 to 3.8 billion years ago, has had a lasting impact on the surfaces of many planets and moons, including our own Moon. In this short video, we explore the theories and implications of the Late Heavy Bombardment, uncovering its impact on the evolution of life on Earth and shedding light on the mysteries of our solar system's past. Join us as we unravel the history of the Late Heavy Bombardment, and discover the incredible workings of our universe.
- published: 24 May 2023
- views: 407
1:04:08
Late Heavy Bombardment - Don Lowe (SETI Talks)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:04:08
- Uploaded Date: 03 Aug 2010
- views: 7455
SETI Talks Archive: http://seti.org/talks
Lunar evidence of Late Heavy Bombardment has been interpreted to suggest that large-body impacting declined rapidly...
SETI Talks Archive: http://seti.org/talks
Lunar evidence of Late Heavy Bombardment has been interpreted to suggest that large-body impacting declined rapidly after about 3.8 Ga and that by 3.5 Ga the terrestrial bombardment rate was not much greater than the impact rates of today. In 1986 and 1989 Dr. Lowe and colleagues described four major layers of spherical particles in the 3.22-3.55 Ga Barberton greenstone belt (BGB), South Africa, ranging from 3,472 to 3,243 Ma, and interpreted them to represent the products of large terrestrial impacts of bolides 20-50 km in diameter. Since describing and interpreting these early impact layers, they have identified at least three additional thick layers of spherules in the Barberton belt that likely represent deposits of large impacts, and two new layers that display some geological features associated with impacts. Large impact layers have been identified to date in most of the major sedimentary units in the BGB. Intervening sections are composed largely of volcanic rocks where the record of impact events is unlikely to be preserved: it seems likely that other large impacts occurred during this period without leaving a record. These layers suggest that Earth continued to be bombarded by large extraterrestrial objects late into the Archean, at least until 3.2 Ga. The large sizes possible for these objects means that, while none was probably a sterilizing impact, many may have severely heated the oceans and atmosphere, boiled off the upper layer of seawater. The 3.8-3.2 Ga development of the Earth's surface environment and life may have been constrained largely by the continuing flux of large impactors. Only as that flux declined in the Late Archean were stable surface systems established within which non-thermophilic organisms and a stable geodynamic system could develop and evolve.
https://wn.com/Late_Heavy_Bombardment_Don_Lowe_(Seti_Talks)
SETI Talks Archive: http://seti.org/talks
Lunar evidence of Late Heavy Bombardment has been interpreted to suggest that large-body impacting declined rapidly after about 3.8 Ga and that by 3.5 Ga the terrestrial bombardment rate was not much greater than the impact rates of today. In 1986 and 1989 Dr. Lowe and colleagues described four major layers of spherical particles in the 3.22-3.55 Ga Barberton greenstone belt (BGB), South Africa, ranging from 3,472 to 3,243 Ma, and interpreted them to represent the products of large terrestrial impacts of bolides 20-50 km in diameter. Since describing and interpreting these early impact layers, they have identified at least three additional thick layers of spherules in the Barberton belt that likely represent deposits of large impacts, and two new layers that display some geological features associated with impacts. Large impact layers have been identified to date in most of the major sedimentary units in the BGB. Intervening sections are composed largely of volcanic rocks where the record of impact events is unlikely to be preserved: it seems likely that other large impacts occurred during this period without leaving a record. These layers suggest that Earth continued to be bombarded by large extraterrestrial objects late into the Archean, at least until 3.2 Ga. The large sizes possible for these objects means that, while none was probably a sterilizing impact, many may have severely heated the oceans and atmosphere, boiled off the upper layer of seawater. The 3.8-3.2 Ga development of the Earth's surface environment and life may have been constrained largely by the continuing flux of large impactors. Only as that flux declined in the Late Archean were stable surface systems established within which non-thermophilic organisms and a stable geodynamic system could develop and evolve.
- published: 03 Aug 2010
- views: 7455
14:24
Theia: The Most Important Cosmic Impact That Formed Earth's Moon
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:24
- Uploaded Date: 26 Feb 2020
- views: 8558
🌎 Get Our Merch designed with ❤ https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCNYaxPiba3oxmeL_3jKxnYA/store
💫Get 10% off Under Lucky Stars and enjoy our star maps completely...
🌎 Get Our Merch designed with ❤ https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCNYaxPiba3oxmeL_3jKxnYA/store
💫Get 10% off Under Lucky Stars and enjoy our star maps completely custom-made 💫 https://www.underluckystars.com/INSANECURIOSITY
--
The Most Important Impact Event in the History of the Solar System
The universe may mostly be empty space, but if we have all the time to observe it, we are bound to see objects clashing onto each other causing a massive impact to where it is. Join us in this episode as we take a journey to know more about what happens when worlds – LITERALLY – collide.
Subscribe for more! ?https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCNYaxPiba3oxmeL_3jKxnYA?sub_confirmation=1?
As the Solar System evolved from a simple cloud of dust swirling around a proto star, to what we know it today, it is unavoidable that a lot of space objects will eventually collide with one another. It’s just basic thermodynamics. The amount of disorder will increase over time.
We call these collisions cosmic impact, or impact events. These happen when astronomical objects such as asteroids, planets, meteorites, and comets – generally speaking – crash into one another, resulting in scalable impact around it. This effect can vary from a simple creation of a crater on a planetary surface, like what we see on the Moon, or to something as grand as the creation of a new moon, like what happened to the Earth when the asteroid Theia collided with it.
These events are fairly regular to our Solar System, but the one of the biggest of them all, the one that brought a massive change, was the event that we poetically call, The Late Heavy Bombardment: a hypothesized event in the Solar System’s history where a large number of planetesimals, like comets, meteors and asteroids collided with other planets, particularly the terrestrial ones, producing massive effects.
This is a very aggressive period in the timeline of our Solar System, especially to the inner planets, since they – or we – are the ones that gravely experienced this cataclysmic event.
For the sake of the video, and since saying “The Late Heavy Bombardment” is such a tedious task, we will refer to this event as LHB from this point moving forward. We’re the generation of abbreviations anyway, aren’t we?
What caused the LHB?
To fully understand what resulted to the LHB, we need to go back to when our Solar System was still at its infant stages, before there were planets and moons moving about.
Like all stellar systems, our very own sun once began as a young star surrounded by a cloud of dust and gas which we collectively spin around to form a protoplanetary disc.
Some particles garner in the disc clumped together, and due to their own weak gravity, they formed pebble-sized planetesimals, which then attracted more and more of its kind, and a few other particles, eventually forming what we know today as planets, asteroids, dwarf planets and comets.
The planets attempt to stabilize their own orbits, and the very first ones to be successful at this feat are the inner planets: Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars.
But what about the Jovian planets? Well, they’re an entirely different story. Now, we are getting closer to the LHB.
Enter our two giants, Jupiter and Saturn. At the early stages, their orbits were extremely unstable, as it is still trying to find a “sweet spot”, or in a manner it can move at a constant speed without disturbance. Because of how their orbits influenced one another, it produced an effect that scientists call a 2:1 resonance, meaning every 1 part of Jupiter’s orbit equates to 2 parts of Saturn’s. This caused an irregularity in the gravitational force to the objects that are close to them.
Now, enter to the picture our two last planets, Uranus and Neptune.
Neptune wasn’t always the “youngest” in the Solar System, being placed in last. Once upon a time, it was closer to the Sun, and Uranus was actually the last planet in the line.
But because of the resonance from the two large planets, it was destabilized out of its orbit until it was pushed away to the farthest region of the Solar System.
Lunar Cataclysm: The AKA of the LHB
Another terminology used to refer to the Late Heavy Bombardment was Lunar Cataclysm, as this event heavily changed the topology of the Moon.
#InsaneCuriosity #Theia #ImpactEvent #LateHeavyBombardment
https://wn.com/Theia_The_Most_Important_Cosmic_Impact_That_Formed_Earth's_Moon
🌎 Get Our Merch designed with ❤ https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCNYaxPiba3oxmeL_3jKxnYA/store
💫Get 10% off Under Lucky Stars and enjoy our star maps completely custom-made 💫 https://www.underluckystars.com/INSANECURIOSITY
--
The Most Important Impact Event in the History of the Solar System
The universe may mostly be empty space, but if we have all the time to observe it, we are bound to see objects clashing onto each other causing a massive impact to where it is. Join us in this episode as we take a journey to know more about what happens when worlds – LITERALLY – collide.
Subscribe for more! ?https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCNYaxPiba3oxmeL_3jKxnYA?sub_confirmation=1?
As the Solar System evolved from a simple cloud of dust swirling around a proto star, to what we know it today, it is unavoidable that a lot of space objects will eventually collide with one another. It’s just basic thermodynamics. The amount of disorder will increase over time.
We call these collisions cosmic impact, or impact events. These happen when astronomical objects such as asteroids, planets, meteorites, and comets – generally speaking – crash into one another, resulting in scalable impact around it. This effect can vary from a simple creation of a crater on a planetary surface, like what we see on the Moon, or to something as grand as the creation of a new moon, like what happened to the Earth when the asteroid Theia collided with it.
These events are fairly regular to our Solar System, but the one of the biggest of them all, the one that brought a massive change, was the event that we poetically call, The Late Heavy Bombardment: a hypothesized event in the Solar System’s history where a large number of planetesimals, like comets, meteors and asteroids collided with other planets, particularly the terrestrial ones, producing massive effects.
This is a very aggressive period in the timeline of our Solar System, especially to the inner planets, since they – or we – are the ones that gravely experienced this cataclysmic event.
For the sake of the video, and since saying “The Late Heavy Bombardment” is such a tedious task, we will refer to this event as LHB from this point moving forward. We’re the generation of abbreviations anyway, aren’t we?
What caused the LHB?
To fully understand what resulted to the LHB, we need to go back to when our Solar System was still at its infant stages, before there were planets and moons moving about.
Like all stellar systems, our very own sun once began as a young star surrounded by a cloud of dust and gas which we collectively spin around to form a protoplanetary disc.
Some particles garner in the disc clumped together, and due to their own weak gravity, they formed pebble-sized planetesimals, which then attracted more and more of its kind, and a few other particles, eventually forming what we know today as planets, asteroids, dwarf planets and comets.
The planets attempt to stabilize their own orbits, and the very first ones to be successful at this feat are the inner planets: Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars.
But what about the Jovian planets? Well, they’re an entirely different story. Now, we are getting closer to the LHB.
Enter our two giants, Jupiter and Saturn. At the early stages, their orbits were extremely unstable, as it is still trying to find a “sweet spot”, or in a manner it can move at a constant speed without disturbance. Because of how their orbits influenced one another, it produced an effect that scientists call a 2:1 resonance, meaning every 1 part of Jupiter’s orbit equates to 2 parts of Saturn’s. This caused an irregularity in the gravitational force to the objects that are close to them.
Now, enter to the picture our two last planets, Uranus and Neptune.
Neptune wasn’t always the “youngest” in the Solar System, being placed in last. Once upon a time, it was closer to the Sun, and Uranus was actually the last planet in the line.
But because of the resonance from the two large planets, it was destabilized out of its orbit until it was pushed away to the farthest region of the Solar System.
Lunar Cataclysm: The AKA of the LHB
Another terminology used to refer to the Late Heavy Bombardment was Lunar Cataclysm, as this event heavily changed the topology of the Moon.
#InsaneCuriosity #Theia #ImpactEvent #LateHeavyBombardment
- published: 26 Feb 2020
- views: 8558
20:05
The Mystery of the Late Heavy Bombardment
Researched and Written by William Painter
Revised by Pete & David Kelly
Narrated and Edite...
published: 07 Jun 2020
The Mystery of the Late Heavy Bombardment
The Mystery of the Late Heavy Bombardment
- Report rights infringement
- published: 07 Jun 2020
- views: 703166
Researched and Written by William Painter
Revised by Pete & David Kelly
Narrated and Edited by David Kelly
Art Provided by Khail Kupsky
Thumbnail by Ettore Mazza
[1] A collection of radioactive chronometers were employed to reach this date. Most notably these include pairings of U-Pb, Rb-Sr, Sm-Nd, and Ar40-Ar39, each of these including a parent atom and a decay product.
[2] Jupiter’s gargantuan mass can inflict chaos on the orbits of smaller bodies over millions and billions of rotations. The danger becomes acute if the orbit of the junior body reflects a ratio of Jupiter’s orbit (for example if the body orbits twice for every single orbit of Jupiter.) In this case the body will pass Jupiter at the same time and place in each orbit and Jupiter’s gravity will pull strongest on the body at the same time and place in each orbit. Over many orbits the slight tug will incrementally draw the junior body out of a circular path and into ever more eccentric ellipses. Eventually this oblong orbit will intersect the orbits of the terrestrial planets.
[3] This phenomenon is called decompression or adiabatic melting is a key feature of plate tectonics on Earth today.
[4] The age of Borealis Basin is somewhat controversial. Without direct access to the physical crater we rely on the fragments of Mars that fall to Earth as meteorites. The oldest known igneous Martian meteorite ALH84001 was forged through the accumulation of crystals floating in a body of magma. It’s therefore postulated that ALH84001 was created during or after the Borealis impact as this event melted half of Mars and deeply buried the other half, erasing any trace of prior martian history.
[5] Around 40% of all meteorites found are classified as H chondrites and most likely originate ultimately from the asteroid 6 Hebe. Around 35% are L chondrites and likely originate from either 433 Eros or 8 Flora. Mesosiderites from 16 Psyche and eucrites from 4 Vesta round off the list of four parent asteroids upon which we find evidence of impacts between 3.5 GA and 4.1 GA. It’s a short list.
[6] Obsessive investigations into the most resilient minerals on the planet, Hadean zircons, unveil a slight bump in temperature between 3.8 and 4.0 billion years ago--the lingering trauma of an otherworldly pummeling? But in all the world only 4 miniscule mineral grains record the bump.
[7] Noting our inability to acquire physical evidence from other planets scientists sought a different way to date geologic features. Since surface imagery was comparatively abundant a sophisticated statistical method was developed to assess age by counting the size and frequency of craters present on a terrain and comparing this size frequency distribution (SFD) to that of a known terrain. This process is fairly effective at achieving relative ages, but caught criticism for some assumptions it makes.
[8] At first glance it appears impossible that the Apollo 16 and 17 sample should come from the Imbrium impact, in each case over a thousand kilometers away. Improved imagery acquired decades later however reveals a radial pattern of debris emanating from Imbrium Basin that overprints both landing sites.
[9] Imbrium is the youngest basin on the near-side of the Moon; much of the volcanism on Mercury ceased by that time; the major basins of Mars all betray the ephemeral presence of liquid water before it vanished from the planet. Echos of this early era still reverberate through the Solar System; solitary giants can wreak havoc especially on our fragile ecosystems, but the terrible scale of the calamity has never again been matched.
[10] In the interest of full disclosure, a continuous (monotonic) bombardment is the perspective that makes the most sense to me. Not only because the physical evidence is sparse and is getting sparser but because the erasure of terrestrial history is a throughline of geology. The destructive power of geologic processes has been on display throughout this narrative and it is a very sensible explanation for the negative anomaly we find in the impact history (a negative anomaly which is now significantly shorter than the “spike” of the LHB.) Furthermore models have consistently shown that while orbital evolution among the gas giants should be expected early on, it’s exceptionally rare for this dynamism to last more than a few 100 MA and virtually impossible for the orbits to calm for several 100 MA then return to a dynamic state. In the absence of a convincing causal mechanism I personally conclude that the LHB is fictitious. (William Painter)
Thanks to:
Mitch Ames - Moon Rock
the Illinois State Museum - Moon Rock Mangolava Imbrium Crater
By Brocken Inaglory, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=4398455Soerfm(moon with landing numbers)
NASA/JPL-Caltech
Epidemic Sound for the music
4:22
A Key Geologic Event May Have Never Occurred; The Late Heavy Bombardment
One of the most important geologic events in the first 1 billion years of the Earth's hist...
published: 13 Oct 2023
A Key Geologic Event May Have Never Occurred; The Late Heavy Bombardment
A Key Geologic Event May Have Never Occurred; The Late Heavy Bombardment
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One of the most important geologic events in the first 1 billion years of the Earth's history may have never actually occurred. This event is referred to as the late heavy bombardment, which represented a sudden 3 fold increase in impact events within the entire inner solar system between 3.9 and 3.8 billion years ago. While this event could have still technically occurred, increasing evidence is calling into question whether this key geologic event ever even took place.
Thumbnail Photo Credit: iStock.com, solarseven, https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/huge-meteor-slamming-into-our-planets-atmosphere-gm1281636107-379615109. This image was cropped, then color enhanced, overlaid with text, and overlaid with GeologyHub made graphics (the GeologyHub logo and the image border).
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Google Earth imagery used in this video: ©Google & Data Providers
This video is protected under "fair use". If you see an image and/or video which is your own in this video, and/or think my discussion of a scientific paper (and/or discussion/mentioning of the data/information within a scientific paper) does not fall under the fair use doctrine, and wish for it to be censored or removed, contact me by email at [email protected] and I will make the necessary changes.
Various licenses used in sections of this video (not the entire video, this video as a whole does not completely fall under one of these licenses) and/or in this video's thumbnail image:
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CC BY 4.0: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
Sources/Citations:
[1] NASA
[2] U.S. Geological Survey
[3] Hartmann, W.K. History of the Terminal Cataclysm Paradigm: Epistemology of a Planetary Bombardment That Never (?) Happened. Geosciences 2019, 9, 285. https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences9070285, CC BY 4.0.
[4] Donald R. Lowe, Gary R. Byerly, The terrestrial record of Late Heavy Bombardment, New Astronomy Reviews, Volume 81, 2018, Pages 39-61, ISSN 1387-6473, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.newar.2018.03.002. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1387647317300714)
[5] iStock Image, by solarseven, https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/huge-meteor-slamming-into-our-planets-atmosphere-gm1281636107-379615109.
0:00 The Lunar Cataclysm
0:33 Late Heavy Bombardment
2:21 Evidence Against
3:35 A Single Impact Basin
1:10
Late Heavy Bombardment
Between 4 billion years ago, the inner Solar System was in turmoil.
Debris from the plane...
published: 18 Mar 2020
Late Heavy Bombardment
Late Heavy Bombardment
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Between 4 billion years ago, the inner Solar System was in turmoil.
Debris from the planet-building process rained down on the inner planets
for a period spanning nearly 200 million years.
These scenes show the Earth and Moon during this time, known as the Late Heavy Bombardment.
However, there has been some debate recently as to whether or not this event, first postulated based on lunar samples returned during the Apollo missions, actually took place.
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5:30
ASTEROIDS BOMBARD PRE-HISTORIC EARTH | The Universe (Season 6) | History
700 million years ago, asteroids played a vital role in the violent creation of the solar ...
published: 19 Mar 2020
ASTEROIDS BOMBARD PRE-HISTORIC EARTH | The Universe (Season 6) | History
ASTEROIDS BOMBARD PRE-HISTORIC EARTH | The Universe (Season 6) | History
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700 million years ago, asteroids played a vital role in the violent creation of the solar system. Learn more in this scene from Season 6, "How the Solar System was Made". #TheUniverse
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4:35
Origin of Water - The Late Heavy Bombardment
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You can’t have life without water, so how did water arri...
published: 22 Nov 2017
Origin of Water - The Late Heavy Bombardment
Origin of Water - The Late Heavy Bombardment
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You can’t have life without water, so how did water arrive on arid Earth?
The answer may lie with comets. In our planet’s early history it was bombarded by billions of tonnes of space debris, including comets. This is called the “Late Heavy Bombardment”. For 200 million years comets and asteroids travelling at over 23,000mph crashed into the Earth. The planet was a scolding cauldron of molten rock with temperatures almost 2,000 degrees, no life could survive in such an inhospitable place.
Clip taken from our documentary “Comets”.
Watch it here – https://youtu.be/ggwX_uZW3i4
1:02:29
Late, Late Heavy Bombardment - Bill Bottke (SETI Talks)
SETI Talks archive: http://seti.org/talks
The early bombardment history of the Inner So...
published: 14 Aug 2011
Late, Late Heavy Bombardment - Bill Bottke (SETI Talks)
Late, Late Heavy Bombardment - Bill Bottke (SETI Talks)
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SETI Talks archive: http://seti.org/talks
The early bombardment history of the Inner Solar System is recorded in a number of interesting places (e.g., the surprisingly high abundance of highly siderophile abundances found in the Earth, Moon, and Mars, the observed impact basins found on Mercury, the Moon and Mars, various properties of main belt asteroids and meteorites, etc.). To date, two dominant scenarios have been used to explain these constraints: (i) most impacts came from the tail end of a monotonically-decreasing impactor population created by planet formation processes, and (ii) most impacts were produced by a terminal cataclysm that caused a spike in the impactor flux starting ~4.1 Gy ago. Interestingly, we find that both scenarios are needed to explain observations. For (i), we will show that leftover planetesimals were long-lived enough to hit various worlds long after the end of core formation. The record left behind can be used in interesting ways to probe the nature of terrestrial planet formation. For (ii), we will explore new applications of the so-called Nice model, which provides a plausible dynamical mechanism capable of creating a spike of comets/asteroid impactors.
Dr. Bottke will show that his results suggest that many "late heavy bombardment" impactors came from an unexpected source, and that they possibly continued to hit Earth, Venus, and Mars well after basin formation terminated on the Moon.
34:49
Collisions of the Early Solar System [4K]
How did Earth get its moon? Why is Mercury so close to the sun? Why does Uranus orbit on i...
published: 21 Sep 2023
Collisions of the Early Solar System [4K]
Collisions of the Early Solar System [4K]
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How did Earth get its moon? Why is Mercury so close to the sun? Why does Uranus orbit on its side? And what makes Pluto unique among the other worlds? The answers to all of these questions are the many collisions that ravaged the early Solar System. Each of our neighbouring worlds bears scars which echo their violent past, from the many craters of the moon's battered surface, to the sideways rings of the planet Uranus. And in this video, we will examine a number of the most significant collisions, which each played a pivotal role in building up the Solar System as we know it today.
Last time out, we talked about the history of Earth, but with one key detail missing- the formation of the Moon. And so perhaps that would be a good place for us to start, as we revisit the many collisions of the early Solar System.
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SOUNDTRACK:
- Deepest Woods | Enzo Orifice (Storyblocks)
- The Ghost of Aberbeeg | CO.AG Music
- Edge of Silence, Ambient Sounds 06 | CO.AG Music
- Balefire | Scott Buckley Creative Commons Music
- Ambient Glass Drama Documentary Music | Music Media Company (Storyblocks)
- Short Song 011023 | Chris Zabriskie Creative Commons Music
- Short Song 020823 | Chris Zabriskie Creative Commons Music
- Dreams | Humans Win (Storyblocks)
- Not Saying Enough | Michael Vignola (Storyblocks)
- Speak to Me | CO.AG Music
- A Dark, Silent Night | Humans Win (Storyblocks)
CO.AG Music: https://www.youtube.com/@co.agmusic1823
Scott Buckley Music: https://www.scottbuckley.com.au
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All music by Scott Buckley and Chris Zabriskie is licensed under Creative Commons 4.0 Reuse guidelines.
FOOTAGE:
The space scenes in this video were captured using SpaceEngine Pro, a virtual universe simulator:
http://spaceengine.org/
Other sequences were made using Universe Sandbox: https://universesandbox.com
Other space images and sequences are public domain resources provided by NASA and the ESA
NASA: https://www.nasa.gov
ESA: https://www.esa.int
Stock footage sequences were provided by Storyblocks: https://www.storyblocks.com
Other sequences were provided by Vecteezy.com: https://www.vecteezy.com
Other videos, simulations and visual resources that appear in this video:
- BBC Planets Footage of Mercury: https://youtu.be/XhKAxwfNW_c?si=lOuWPd0r4i3mQfyG
- Andreas Reufer & Erik Asphaug Simulation of Mercury Hit and Run: https://vimeo.com/77504026
- NCCR PlanetS Mercury Collision Simulation: https://youtu.be/14HgkrIa36Q?si=_XhYYsstDDIR45zu
- Pavel Ševeček Simulation of Embryos: https://youtu.be/xj443uAAGA8?si=_9rsjLFlZV8N-JGY
- Pavel Sevecek Simulation of Giant Impact: https://youtu.be/R9Nx_39Xoco?si=zx127oJKAwo_wlgX
- Mercury Demolition Derby: https://youtu.be/BaH15a44e8A?si=8EPfpf85dvciR0cF
- Pretpark Reizen Teacups Ride Footage: https://youtu.be/OjWIiYAW7TY?si=cnIJNja9xNS4cKzu
- Pluto-like Ice-world Collisions: https://youtu.be/DaYWDvrhL68?si=iRFRxPYh8WwHA9Ny
- IAU Voting and General Assembly: https://youtu.be/0Eyi47O5Iyg?si=Xlye8WF0zaBhlEzJ
SOURCES OF INFORMATION:
This video assumes the contemporary scientific explanations of the established Nebular Hypothesis Model of the Solar System's formation.
- Giant Impact Hypothesis: https://arxiv.org/abs/1603.04536
- Rare Mercury Mystery: https://arxiv.org/abs/1808.02448
- Mercury Didn't Form via a Single Impact: https://arxiv.org/abs/2207.14774
- Simulating Uranus' Collision: https://www.nasa.gov/feature/ames/planet-shifting-collision-shaped-uranus-rolling-rotation
- Formation of Pluto's Four Moons: https://skyandtelescope.org/astronomy-news/how-did-plutos-moons-form/
- Pluto's Wandering Heart: https://skyandtelescope.org/astronomy-news/sputnik-planitia-drives-plutos-wandering-heart/
- Pluto's Underground Ocean: https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/13000
- 10 Things We Learned About Pluto from New Horizons: https://pluto.jhuapl.edu/News-Center/News-Article.php?page=20200714
CHAPTERS
0:00 Introduction
1:37 The Terrestrial Planets
3:33 Collision that Formed the Moon
6:07 Giant Impact Hypothesis
9:42 What Happened to Mercury?
13:37 Late Heavy Bombardment
16:45 What Rammed into Uranus?
20:32 The Dwarf Planet
23:43 Pluto & Charon's Moons
27:25 Sputnik Planitia
32:58 Closing
planetary collisions, the collision that formed the moon, theia impact, mercury collision, Uranus super earth collision, Pluto collision, dwarf planet collision, Pluto charon collision, Sputnik Planitia collision, impact that tipped Uranus, Kuiper belt collision
0:56
The Late Heavy Bombardment
The Late Heavy Bombardment was a cataclysmic event that took place in the early history of...
published: 24 May 2023
The Late Heavy Bombardment
The Late Heavy Bombardment
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The Late Heavy Bombardment was a cataclysmic event that took place in the early history of our solar system, during which time the inner planets experienced a sudden increase in impacts from comets, asteroids, and other objects in space. This event, which occurred roughly 4.1 to 3.8 billion years ago, has had a lasting impact on the surfaces of many planets and moons, including our own Moon. In this short video, we explore the theories and implications of the Late Heavy Bombardment, uncovering its impact on the evolution of life on Earth and shedding light on the mysteries of our solar system's past. Join us as we unravel the history of the Late Heavy Bombardment, and discover the incredible workings of our universe.
1:04:08
Late Heavy Bombardment - Don Lowe (SETI Talks)
SETI Talks Archive: http://seti.org/talks
Lunar evidence of Late Heavy Bombardment has ...
published: 03 Aug 2010
Late Heavy Bombardment - Don Lowe (SETI Talks)
Late Heavy Bombardment - Don Lowe (SETI Talks)
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Lunar evidence of Late Heavy Bombardment has been interpreted to suggest that large-body impacting declined rapidly after about 3.8 Ga and that by 3.5 Ga the terrestrial bombardment rate was not much greater than the impact rates of today. In 1986 and 1989 Dr. Lowe and colleagues described four major layers of spherical particles in the 3.22-3.55 Ga Barberton greenstone belt (BGB), South Africa, ranging from 3,472 to 3,243 Ma, and interpreted them to represent the products of large terrestrial impacts of bolides 20-50 km in diameter. Since describing and interpreting these early impact layers, they have identified at least three additional thick layers of spherules in the Barberton belt that likely represent deposits of large impacts, and two new layers that display some geological features associated with impacts. Large impact layers have been identified to date in most of the major sedimentary units in the BGB. Intervening sections are composed largely of volcanic rocks where the record of impact events is unlikely to be preserved: it seems likely that other large impacts occurred during this period without leaving a record. These layers suggest that Earth continued to be bombarded by large extraterrestrial objects late into the Archean, at least until 3.2 Ga. The large sizes possible for these objects means that, while none was probably a sterilizing impact, many may have severely heated the oceans and atmosphere, boiled off the upper layer of seawater. The 3.8-3.2 Ga development of the Earth's surface environment and life may have been constrained largely by the continuing flux of large impactors. Only as that flux declined in the Late Archean were stable surface systems established within which non-thermophilic organisms and a stable geodynamic system could develop and evolve.
14:24
Theia: The Most Important Cosmic Impact That Formed Earth's Moon
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published: 26 Feb 2020
Theia: The Most Important Cosmic Impact That Formed Earth's Moon
Theia: The Most Important Cosmic Impact That Formed Earth's Moon
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The Most Important Impact Event in the History of the Solar System
The universe may mostly be empty space, but if we have all the time to observe it, we are bound to see objects clashing onto each other causing a massive impact to where it is. Join us in this episode as we take a journey to know more about what happens when worlds – LITERALLY – collide.
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As the Solar System evolved from a simple cloud of dust swirling around a proto star, to what we know it today, it is unavoidable that a lot of space objects will eventually collide with one another. It’s just basic thermodynamics. The amount of disorder will increase over time.
We call these collisions cosmic impact, or impact events. These happen when astronomical objects such as asteroids, planets, meteorites, and comets – generally speaking – crash into one another, resulting in scalable impact around it. This effect can vary from a simple creation of a crater on a planetary surface, like what we see on the Moon, or to something as grand as the creation of a new moon, like what happened to the Earth when the asteroid Theia collided with it.
These events are fairly regular to our Solar System, but the one of the biggest of them all, the one that brought a massive change, was the event that we poetically call, The Late Heavy Bombardment: a hypothesized event in the Solar System’s history where a large number of planetesimals, like comets, meteors and asteroids collided with other planets, particularly the terrestrial ones, producing massive effects.
This is a very aggressive period in the timeline of our Solar System, especially to the inner planets, since they – or we – are the ones that gravely experienced this cataclysmic event.
For the sake of the video, and since saying “The Late Heavy Bombardment” is such a tedious task, we will refer to this event as LHB from this point moving forward. We’re the generation of abbreviations anyway, aren’t we?
What caused the LHB?
To fully understand what resulted to the LHB, we need to go back to when our Solar System was still at its infant stages, before there were planets and moons moving about.
Like all stellar systems, our very own sun once began as a young star surrounded by a cloud of dust and gas which we collectively spin around to form a protoplanetary disc.
Some particles garner in the disc clumped together, and due to their own weak gravity, they formed pebble-sized planetesimals, which then attracted more and more of its kind, and a few other particles, eventually forming what we know today as planets, asteroids, dwarf planets and comets.
The planets attempt to stabilize their own orbits, and the very first ones to be successful at this feat are the inner planets: Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars.
But what about the Jovian planets? Well, they’re an entirely different story. Now, we are getting closer to the LHB.
Enter our two giants, Jupiter and Saturn. At the early stages, their orbits were extremely unstable, as it is still trying to find a “sweet spot”, or in a manner it can move at a constant speed without disturbance. Because of how their orbits influenced one another, it produced an effect that scientists call a 2:1 resonance, meaning every 1 part of Jupiter’s orbit equates to 2 parts of Saturn’s. This caused an irregularity in the gravitational force to the objects that are close to them.
Now, enter to the picture our two last planets, Uranus and Neptune.
Neptune wasn’t always the “youngest” in the Solar System, being placed in last. Once upon a time, it was closer to the Sun, and Uranus was actually the last planet in the line.
But because of the resonance from the two large planets, it was destabilized out of its orbit until it was pushed away to the farthest region of the Solar System.
Lunar Cataclysm: The AKA of the LHB
Another terminology used to refer to the Late Heavy Bombardment was Lunar Cataclysm, as this event heavily changed the topology of the Moon.
#InsaneCuriosity #Theia #ImpactEvent #LateHeavyBombardment
Late Heavy Bombardment
The Late Heavy Bombardment (abbreviated LHB and also known as the lunar cataclysm) is an event thought to have occurred approximately 4.1 to 3.8 billion years (Ga) ago, corresponding to the Neohadean and Eoarchean eras on Earth. During this interval, a disproportionately large number of asteroids apparently collided with the early terrestrial planets in the inner Solar System, including Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars. The LHB happened after the Earth and other rocky planets had formed and accreted most of their mass, but still quite early in Earth's history.
Evidence for the LHB derives from lunar samples brought back by the Apollo astronauts. Isotopic dating of Moon rocks implies that most impact melts occurred in a rather narrow interval of time. Several hypotheses are now offered to explain the apparent spike in the flux of impactors (i.e. asteroids and comets) in the inner Solar System, but no consensus yet exists. The Nice model is popular among planetary scientists; it postulates that the gas giant planets underwent orbital migration and scattered objects in the asteroid and/or Kuiper belts into eccentric orbits, and thereby into the path of the terrestrial planets. Other researchers argue that the lunar sample data do not require a cataclysmic cratering event near 3.9 Ga, and that the apparent clustering of impact melt ages near this time is an artifact of sampling materials retrieved from a single large impact basin. They also note that the rate of impact cratering could be significantly different between the outer and inner zones of the Solar System.
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - https://wn.com/Late_Heavy_Bombardment
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