-
How was Indonesia colonized by the Dutch?
Head to Squarespace.com for a free trial, and when you’re ready to launch, go to https://squarespace.com/knowledgia to save 10% off your first purchase of a website or domain.
How did The Netherlands colonize Indonesia?
♦Consider to Support the Channel of Patreon and gain cool stuff:
https://www.patreon.com/Knowledgia
♦Please consider to SUBSCRIBE : https://goo.gl/YJNqek
♦Music Used :
Kevin MacLeod - Impact Allegretto
Kevin MacLeod - BTS Prolog
♦Sources :
https://www.indonesia-investments.com/culture/politics/colonial-history/item178
https://www.britannica.com/place/Indonesia/Growth-and-impact-of-the-Dutch-East-India-Company
https://www.britannica.com/place/Indonesia
#History #Documentary
published: 01 Sep 2020
-
Battle for the Dutch East Indies - Pacific War #8 Animated DOCUMENTARY
Get your official Ladyship/Lordship title today and help plant some trees! https://EstablishedTitles.com/Kings use our code KINGS for 10% OFF! Thanks to Established Titles for sponsoring this video!
Kings and Generals' historical animated documentary series covering the Pacific War week by week continues with another video on the early days of the war, as Japan is still on the offensive. In this episode we will talk about the early plans around the Japanese attack on the Dutch Indies, as well as the continuing battles in Malaya and the Philippines.
Pacific War Podcast: https://thepacificwar.podbean.com
Cold War channel: youtube.com/@TheColdWarTV
Modern Warfare series: youtube.com/playlist?list=PLaBYW76inbX4NYr_WkbaW5KfYwqTAxn08
Pacific War Prelude 0.1 - How Europe Colonized Asia: https:...
published: 11 Jan 2022
-
Capitalism and the Dutch East India Company: Crash Course World History 229
In which John Green teaches you about the Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie, doing business as the VOC, also known as the Dutch East India Company. In the 16th and 17th centuries, the Dutch managed to dominate world trade, and they did all through the pioneering use of corporations and finance. Well, they did also use some traditional methods like violently enforced monopolies, unfair trade agreements, and plain old warfare. You'll learn how the Dutch invented stuff like joint stock corporations, maritime insurance, and futures trading. Basically, how the Dutch East India Company crashed the US economy in 2008. I'm kidding. Or am I?
Citation 1: William J. Bernstein, A Splendid Exchange: How Trade Shaped the World. Grove Press. 2008. p. 218
Citation 2: Stephen R. Bown. Merchant Kings: When...
published: 19 Mar 2015
-
How The East India Company Took Over An Entire Country
#eastindiacompany #history #documentary
CHECK OUT OUR MAP STORE HERE: https://www.redbubble.com/people/MapStory/shop
WATCH THIS AND ALL OUR VIDEOS COMPLETELY AD-FREE OVER ON OUR SUBSTACK: https://thisishistory.substack.com/?r=2zq5ao&utm_campaign=pub-share-checklist
The city of London has been the centre of Britain’s economic and commercial activity for centuries, with many of the largest and wealthiest companies in the world choosing to locate their headquarters in the nation’s capital to this day. However, none of these modern businesses can compare to what was undoubtedly the most powerful multinational corporation the world has ever seen. Established over 400 years ago, the East India Company, from it’s headquarters on Leadenhall Street, would rise from humble beginnings as a tradi...
published: 25 Jan 2023
-
The Dutch East Indies in Colour (1938)
Dutch East Indies in HD Colour 1938
The Dutch East Indies (or Netherlands East Indies; Dutch: Nederlands-Oost-Indië; Indonesian: Hindia Belanda) was a Dutch colony that became modern Indonesia following World War II. It was formed from the nationalised colonies of the Dutch East India Company, which came under the administration of the Dutch government in 1800.
During the 19th century, Dutch possessions and hegemony were expanded, reaching their greatest territorial extent in the early 20th century. This colony which later formed modern-day Indonesia was one of the most valuable European colonies under the Dutch Empire's rule, and contributed to Dutch global prominence in spice and cash crop trade in the 19th to early 20th century. The colonial social order was based on rigid racial and ...
published: 24 Mar 2019
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Japan has overrun Indonesian island of Java (Dutch East Indies) (1942)
GAUMONT BRITISH NEWSREEL (REUTERS)
To license this film, visit https://www.britishpathe.com/video/VLVAA7QQT25TBQPN0T0XPGQSWK78H-JAPAN-HAS-OVERRUN-INDONESIAN-ISLAND-OF-JAVA-DUTCH-EAST-INDIES
Peaceful, industrious images of life on Java show why Indonesia (the Dutch East Indies) is so attractive to Japan, aerial footage depicts fighters taking off to defend the island, Netherlands commander Vice Admiral Helfrich makes plans, and cruisers and destroyers skim along the ocean
Full Description:
Gaumont British Ident
SLATE INFORMATION: The World at War: Java: Vivid Pictures from the Dutch East Indies
INDONESIA: Java:
EXT
AIR RAIDS & A.R.P. Arp..fire services & air raid shelters in Java..overground shelter, cone shaped
BOMBS Bombing up air force in Java.
FACTORIES. Factories at work.....
published: 12 Nov 2020
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Dutch East Indies 1602-1949 Part I
Part I: The Dutch East India Company
The Dutch East Indies (Dutch: Nederlands-Indië; Indonesian: Hindia-Belanda) was a Dutch colony that became modern Indonesia following World War II. It was formed from the nationalised colonies of the Dutch East India Company, which came under the administration of the Netherlands government in 1800.
published: 19 Mar 2012
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The Dutch East India Company: The Richest Company In The World
#dutcheastindiacompany #voc #history
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WATCH THIS AND ALL OUR VIDEOS COMPLETELY AD-FREE OVER ON OUR SUBSTACK: https://thisishistory.substack.com/?r=2zq5ao&utm_campaign=pub-share-checklist
Visitors to Amsterdam will be familiar with it’s tall, narrow buildings and labyrinth of canals which run past the winding streets with typical Dutch names such as Lindenstraat, Keizersgracht and Damstraat. But away from the well-trodden tourist paths of the city centre, in the eastern district, are some streets with not-so typical Dutch sounding names like Balistraat, Sumatrastraat, and Borneostraat. These are situated within what is known locally as the Indian neighbourhood and are named in reference to what was once the Dutc...
published: 12 Mar 2023
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East Indies (1931)
No titles.
Formosa, East Indies.
Shots of children climbing up into a house on stilts. They eat a meal together. A group of boys sits around a carved wooden boat. World map with dotted line animated from San Francisco to Formosa. C/U of boys carving wooden models. Young boy shows his finished model to the camera. C/U of small round discs being pounded with a stone tool. C/U of flat piece of shiny material (straw?) being pounded then held against a triangular construction in progress. The triangular creations are lifted up and placed on the head - very large, strange looking hats! Group of women perform a traditional dance on the beach which involves throwing their heads backwards and forwards quite vigorously. Same dance performed at night.
Nicely shot material.
FI...
published: 27 Aug 2014
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Dutch East Indies/Netherlands East-Indies (1816–1949) "Het Wilhelmus"
The Dutch East Indies (or Netherlands East-Indies; Dutch: Nederlands(ch)-Indië; Indonesian: Hindia Belanda) was a Dutch colony consisting of what is now Indonesia. It was formed from the nationalised colonies of the Dutch East India Company, which came under the administration of the Dutch government in 1800.
During the 19th century, the Dutch possessions and hegemony were expanded, reaching their greatest territorial extent in the early 20th century. This colony was one of the most valuable European colonies under the Dutch Empire's rule, and contributed to Dutch global prominence in spice and cash crop trade in the 19th to early 20th century.The colonial social order was based on rigid racial and social structures with a Dutch elite living separate from but linked to their native subjec...
published: 25 May 2018
11:42
How was Indonesia colonized by the Dutch?
Head to Squarespace.com for a free trial, and when you’re ready to launch, go to https://squarespace.com/knowledgia to save 10% off your first purchase of a web...
Head to Squarespace.com for a free trial, and when you’re ready to launch, go to https://squarespace.com/knowledgia to save 10% off your first purchase of a website or domain.
How did The Netherlands colonize Indonesia?
♦Consider to Support the Channel of Patreon and gain cool stuff:
https://www.patreon.com/Knowledgia
♦Please consider to SUBSCRIBE : https://goo.gl/YJNqek
♦Music Used :
Kevin MacLeod - Impact Allegretto
Kevin MacLeod - BTS Prolog
♦Sources :
https://www.indonesia-investments.com/culture/politics/colonial-history/item178
https://www.britannica.com/place/Indonesia/Growth-and-impact-of-the-Dutch-East-India-Company
https://www.britannica.com/place/Indonesia
#History #Documentary
https://wn.com/How_Was_Indonesia_Colonized_By_The_Dutch
Head to Squarespace.com for a free trial, and when you’re ready to launch, go to https://squarespace.com/knowledgia to save 10% off your first purchase of a website or domain.
How did The Netherlands colonize Indonesia?
♦Consider to Support the Channel of Patreon and gain cool stuff:
https://www.patreon.com/Knowledgia
♦Please consider to SUBSCRIBE : https://goo.gl/YJNqek
♦Music Used :
Kevin MacLeod - Impact Allegretto
Kevin MacLeod - BTS Prolog
♦Sources :
https://www.indonesia-investments.com/culture/politics/colonial-history/item178
https://www.britannica.com/place/Indonesia/Growth-and-impact-of-the-Dutch-East-India-Company
https://www.britannica.com/place/Indonesia
#History #Documentary
- published: 01 Sep 2020
- views: 402858
21:13
Battle for the Dutch East Indies - Pacific War #8 Animated DOCUMENTARY
Get your official Ladyship/Lordship title today and help plant some trees! https://EstablishedTitles.com/Kings use our code KINGS for 10% OFF! Thanks to Establi...
Get your official Ladyship/Lordship title today and help plant some trees! https://EstablishedTitles.com/Kings use our code KINGS for 10% OFF! Thanks to Established Titles for sponsoring this video!
Kings and Generals' historical animated documentary series covering the Pacific War week by week continues with another video on the early days of the war, as Japan is still on the offensive. In this episode we will talk about the early plans around the Japanese attack on the Dutch Indies, as well as the continuing battles in Malaya and the Philippines.
Pacific War Podcast: https://thepacificwar.podbean.com
Cold War channel: youtube.com/@TheColdWarTV
Modern Warfare series: youtube.com/playlist?list=PLaBYW76inbX4NYr_WkbaW5KfYwqTAxn08
Pacific War Prelude 0.1 - How Europe Colonized Asia: https://youtu.be/MEgIHN63ojU
Pacific War Prelude 0.2 - How the Meiji Restoration Turned Japan into an Empire: https://youtu.be/rHgbG1HsIrY
Pacific War Prelude 0.3 - Rise of Ultranationalism in Japan: https://youtu.be/7vQ6nxBRGd8
Pacific War Prelude 0.4 - How America Became an Empire: https://youtu.be/DY2CUazAaaY
Pacific War Prelude 0.5 - China at War: https://youtu.be/TnYHe80ZvBw
Pacific War Prelude 0.6 - War in Europe: https://youtu.be/U4EdDCZ4pCA
Pacific War Prelude 0.7 - Why Japan Attacked America: https://youtu.be/NacJi_WO3es
Pacific War #1 - Attack on Pearl Harbor: https://youtu.be/ZzS1ZAulpoY
Pacific War #2 - Japanese Invasion of Malaya: https://youtu.be/mpBGUC8OjE4
Pacific War #3 - Japanese attack on Guam, Wake and the Phillipines: https://youtu.be/MZ4d7Qeyivk
Pacific War #4 - Japan Continues Attacking: Borneo, Philippines: https://youtu.be/MhQrv82HHn8 Pacific War #5 - Fall of Wake Island: https://youtu.be/tgtagewcqKo
Pacific War #6 - Battle of Kampar: https://youtu.be/AGYaghICqkY
Pacific War #7 - Battle of Slim River: https://youtu.be/meWALqmsXxs
Support us on Patreon: http://www.patreon.com/KingsandGenerals or Paypal: http://paypal.me/kingsandgenerals or by joining the youtube membership: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCMmaBzfCCwZ2KqaBJjkj0fw/join We are grateful to our patrons and sponsors, who made this video possible: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1ooKPbpq0z8ciEjz5Zmrga4-gWRmripm0u4BHMkkXHVc/edit?usp=sharing
The video was made by Zakuan Musa (https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC3epmaG-GjZqoTSlbgOwrog/videos), while the script was researched and written by Ivan Moran, while Craig Watson (https://www.youtube.com/c/ThePacificWarChannel) consulted on the script. Narrated by Officially Devin (https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCU0-VII-V376zFxiRGMeZGg & https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC79s7EdN9uXX77-Ly2HmEjQ)
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Production Music courtesy of Epidemic Sound: http://www.epidemicsound.com
#Documentary #PacificWar #WorldWar
https://wn.com/Battle_For_The_Dutch_East_Indies_Pacific_War_8_Animated_Documentary
Get your official Ladyship/Lordship title today and help plant some trees! https://EstablishedTitles.com/Kings use our code KINGS for 10% OFF! Thanks to Established Titles for sponsoring this video!
Kings and Generals' historical animated documentary series covering the Pacific War week by week continues with another video on the early days of the war, as Japan is still on the offensive. In this episode we will talk about the early plans around the Japanese attack on the Dutch Indies, as well as the continuing battles in Malaya and the Philippines.
Pacific War Podcast: https://thepacificwar.podbean.com
Cold War channel: youtube.com/@TheColdWarTV
Modern Warfare series: youtube.com/playlist?list=PLaBYW76inbX4NYr_WkbaW5KfYwqTAxn08
Pacific War Prelude 0.1 - How Europe Colonized Asia: https://youtu.be/MEgIHN63ojU
Pacific War Prelude 0.2 - How the Meiji Restoration Turned Japan into an Empire: https://youtu.be/rHgbG1HsIrY
Pacific War Prelude 0.3 - Rise of Ultranationalism in Japan: https://youtu.be/7vQ6nxBRGd8
Pacific War Prelude 0.4 - How America Became an Empire: https://youtu.be/DY2CUazAaaY
Pacific War Prelude 0.5 - China at War: https://youtu.be/TnYHe80ZvBw
Pacific War Prelude 0.6 - War in Europe: https://youtu.be/U4EdDCZ4pCA
Pacific War Prelude 0.7 - Why Japan Attacked America: https://youtu.be/NacJi_WO3es
Pacific War #1 - Attack on Pearl Harbor: https://youtu.be/ZzS1ZAulpoY
Pacific War #2 - Japanese Invasion of Malaya: https://youtu.be/mpBGUC8OjE4
Pacific War #3 - Japanese attack on Guam, Wake and the Phillipines: https://youtu.be/MZ4d7Qeyivk
Pacific War #4 - Japan Continues Attacking: Borneo, Philippines: https://youtu.be/MhQrv82HHn8 Pacific War #5 - Fall of Wake Island: https://youtu.be/tgtagewcqKo
Pacific War #6 - Battle of Kampar: https://youtu.be/AGYaghICqkY
Pacific War #7 - Battle of Slim River: https://youtu.be/meWALqmsXxs
Support us on Patreon: http://www.patreon.com/KingsandGenerals or Paypal: http://paypal.me/kingsandgenerals or by joining the youtube membership: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCMmaBzfCCwZ2KqaBJjkj0fw/join We are grateful to our patrons and sponsors, who made this video possible: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1ooKPbpq0z8ciEjz5Zmrga4-gWRmripm0u4BHMkkXHVc/edit?usp=sharing
The video was made by Zakuan Musa (https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC3epmaG-GjZqoTSlbgOwrog/videos), while the script was researched and written by Ivan Moran, while Craig Watson (https://www.youtube.com/c/ThePacificWarChannel) consulted on the script. Narrated by Officially Devin (https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCU0-VII-V376zFxiRGMeZGg & https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC79s7EdN9uXX77-Ly2HmEjQ)
✔ Merch store ► https://teespring.com/stores/kingsandgenerals
✔ Patreon ► https://www.patreon.com/KingsandGenerals
✔ Podcast ► http://www.kingsandgenerals.net/podcast/
✔ PayPal ► http://paypal.me/kingsandgenerals
✔ Twitter ► https://twitter.com/KingsGenerals
✔ Facebook ► https://www.facebook.com/KingsGenerals
✔ Instagram ►http://www.instagram.com/Kings_Generals
Production Music courtesy of Epidemic Sound: http://www.epidemicsound.com
#Documentary #PacificWar #WorldWar
- published: 11 Jan 2022
- views: 402594
15:40
Capitalism and the Dutch East India Company: Crash Course World History 229
In which John Green teaches you about the Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie, doing business as the VOC, also known as the Dutch East India Company. In the 16th ...
In which John Green teaches you about the Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie, doing business as the VOC, also known as the Dutch East India Company. In the 16th and 17th centuries, the Dutch managed to dominate world trade, and they did all through the pioneering use of corporations and finance. Well, they did also use some traditional methods like violently enforced monopolies, unfair trade agreements, and plain old warfare. You'll learn how the Dutch invented stuff like joint stock corporations, maritime insurance, and futures trading. Basically, how the Dutch East India Company crashed the US economy in 2008. I'm kidding. Or am I?
Citation 1: William J. Bernstein, A Splendid Exchange: How Trade Shaped the World. Grove Press. 2008. p. 218
Citation 2: Stephen R. Bown. Merchant Kings: When Companies Ruled the World, 1600-1900. New York. St. Martin’s Press. 2009. p. 28
Citation 3: Bernstein p. 223
Citation 4: Bernstein p. 228
Citation 5: Bown p. 53
Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse
Instagram - https://www.instagram.com/thecrashcourse/
CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids
https://wn.com/Capitalism_And_The_Dutch_East_India_Company_Crash_Course_World_History_229
In which John Green teaches you about the Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie, doing business as the VOC, also known as the Dutch East India Company. In the 16th and 17th centuries, the Dutch managed to dominate world trade, and they did all through the pioneering use of corporations and finance. Well, they did also use some traditional methods like violently enforced monopolies, unfair trade agreements, and plain old warfare. You'll learn how the Dutch invented stuff like joint stock corporations, maritime insurance, and futures trading. Basically, how the Dutch East India Company crashed the US economy in 2008. I'm kidding. Or am I?
Citation 1: William J. Bernstein, A Splendid Exchange: How Trade Shaped the World. Grove Press. 2008. p. 218
Citation 2: Stephen R. Bown. Merchant Kings: When Companies Ruled the World, 1600-1900. New York. St. Martin’s Press. 2009. p. 28
Citation 3: Bernstein p. 223
Citation 4: Bernstein p. 228
Citation 5: Bown p. 53
Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse
Instagram - https://www.instagram.com/thecrashcourse/
CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids
- published: 19 Mar 2015
- views: 2152636
15:36
How The East India Company Took Over An Entire Country
#eastindiacompany #history #documentary
CHECK OUT OUR MAP STORE HERE: https://www.redbubble.com/people/MapStory/shop
WATCH THIS AND ALL OUR VIDEOS COMPLETEL...
#eastindiacompany #history #documentary
CHECK OUT OUR MAP STORE HERE: https://www.redbubble.com/people/MapStory/shop
WATCH THIS AND ALL OUR VIDEOS COMPLETELY AD-FREE OVER ON OUR SUBSTACK: https://thisishistory.substack.com/?r=2zq5ao&utm_campaign=pub-share-checklist
The city of London has been the centre of Britain’s economic and commercial activity for centuries, with many of the largest and wealthiest companies in the world choosing to locate their headquarters in the nation’s capital to this day. However, none of these modern businesses can compare to what was undoubtedly the most powerful multinational corporation the world has ever seen. Established over 400 years ago, the East India Company, from it’s headquarters on Leadenhall Street, would rise from humble beginnings as a trading company for voyages to India; to effectively becoming the de facto state government of the entire sub-continent.
During it’s heyday, the Company would surpass the strength and wealth of even the mightiest nation states, and with it’s own private armies, would push aside the long established native dynasties of India, seizing control of their territories for itself. All this would be achieved by maintaining an iron grip on the most valuable trade routes in the world, which generated staggering amounts of wealth for it’s employees and shareholders. But how did this private corporation come to rule over one of the largest and richest regions on earth in the first place? This is the history of the East India Company.
The East India Company (EIC) was an English, and later British, joint-stock company founded in 1600 and dissolved in 1874. It was formed to trade in the Indian Ocean region, initially with the East Indies (the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia), and later with East Asia. The company seized control of large parts of the Indian subcontinent and colonised parts of Southeast Asia and Hong Kong. At its peak, the company was the largest corporation in the world. The EIC had its own armed forces in the form of the company's three Presidency armies, totalling about 260,000 soldiers, twice the size of the British army at the time. The operations of the company had a profound effect on the global balance of trade, almost single-handedly reversing the trend of eastward drain of Western bullion, seen since Roman times.
Originally chartered as the "Governor and Company of Merchants of London Trading into the East-Indies", the company rose to account for half of the world's trade during the mid-1700s and early 1800s, particularly in basic commodities including cotton, silk, indigo dye, sugar, salt, spices, saltpetre, tea, and opium. The company also ruled the beginnings of the British Empire in India.
The company eventually came to rule large areas of India, exercising military power and assuming administrative functions. Company rule in India effectively began in 1757 after the Battle of Plassey and lasted until 1858. Following the Indian Rebellion of 1857, the Government of India Act 1858 led to the British Crown assuming direct control of India in the form of the new British Raj.
The company subsequently experienced recurring problems with its finances, despite frequent government intervention. It was dissolved in 1874 under the terms of the East India Stock Dividend Redemption Act enacted one year earlier, as the Government of India Act had by then rendered it vestigial, powerless, and obsolete. The official government machinery of the British Raj had assumed its governmental functions and absorbed its armies.
https://wn.com/How_The_East_India_Company_Took_Over_An_Entire_Country
#eastindiacompany #history #documentary
CHECK OUT OUR MAP STORE HERE: https://www.redbubble.com/people/MapStory/shop
WATCH THIS AND ALL OUR VIDEOS COMPLETELY AD-FREE OVER ON OUR SUBSTACK: https://thisishistory.substack.com/?r=2zq5ao&utm_campaign=pub-share-checklist
The city of London has been the centre of Britain’s economic and commercial activity for centuries, with many of the largest and wealthiest companies in the world choosing to locate their headquarters in the nation’s capital to this day. However, none of these modern businesses can compare to what was undoubtedly the most powerful multinational corporation the world has ever seen. Established over 400 years ago, the East India Company, from it’s headquarters on Leadenhall Street, would rise from humble beginnings as a trading company for voyages to India; to effectively becoming the de facto state government of the entire sub-continent.
During it’s heyday, the Company would surpass the strength and wealth of even the mightiest nation states, and with it’s own private armies, would push aside the long established native dynasties of India, seizing control of their territories for itself. All this would be achieved by maintaining an iron grip on the most valuable trade routes in the world, which generated staggering amounts of wealth for it’s employees and shareholders. But how did this private corporation come to rule over one of the largest and richest regions on earth in the first place? This is the history of the East India Company.
The East India Company (EIC) was an English, and later British, joint-stock company founded in 1600 and dissolved in 1874. It was formed to trade in the Indian Ocean region, initially with the East Indies (the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia), and later with East Asia. The company seized control of large parts of the Indian subcontinent and colonised parts of Southeast Asia and Hong Kong. At its peak, the company was the largest corporation in the world. The EIC had its own armed forces in the form of the company's three Presidency armies, totalling about 260,000 soldiers, twice the size of the British army at the time. The operations of the company had a profound effect on the global balance of trade, almost single-handedly reversing the trend of eastward drain of Western bullion, seen since Roman times.
Originally chartered as the "Governor and Company of Merchants of London Trading into the East-Indies", the company rose to account for half of the world's trade during the mid-1700s and early 1800s, particularly in basic commodities including cotton, silk, indigo dye, sugar, salt, spices, saltpetre, tea, and opium. The company also ruled the beginnings of the British Empire in India.
The company eventually came to rule large areas of India, exercising military power and assuming administrative functions. Company rule in India effectively began in 1757 after the Battle of Plassey and lasted until 1858. Following the Indian Rebellion of 1857, the Government of India Act 1858 led to the British Crown assuming direct control of India in the form of the new British Raj.
The company subsequently experienced recurring problems with its finances, despite frequent government intervention. It was dissolved in 1874 under the terms of the East India Stock Dividend Redemption Act enacted one year earlier, as the Government of India Act had by then rendered it vestigial, powerless, and obsolete. The official government machinery of the British Raj had assumed its governmental functions and absorbed its armies.
- published: 25 Jan 2023
- views: 753983
1:04:23
The Dutch East Indies in Colour (1938)
Dutch East Indies in HD Colour 1938
The Dutch East Indies (or Netherlands East Indies; Dutch: Nederlands-Oost-Indië; Indonesian: Hindia Belanda) was a Dutch co...
Dutch East Indies in HD Colour 1938
The Dutch East Indies (or Netherlands East Indies; Dutch: Nederlands-Oost-Indië; Indonesian: Hindia Belanda) was a Dutch colony that became modern Indonesia following World War II. It was formed from the nationalised colonies of the Dutch East India Company, which came under the administration of the Dutch government in 1800.
During the 19th century, Dutch possessions and hegemony were expanded, reaching their greatest territorial extent in the early 20th century. This colony which later formed modern-day Indonesia was one of the most valuable European colonies under the Dutch Empire's rule, and contributed to Dutch global prominence in spice and cash crop trade in the 19th to early 20th century. The colonial social order was based on rigid racial and social structures with a Dutch elite living separate but linked to their native subjects. The term Indonesia came into use for the geographical location after 1880. In the early 20th century, local intellectuals began developing the concept of Indonesia as a nation state, and set the stage for an independence movement.
Japan's World War II occupation dismantled much of the Dutch colonial state and economy. Following the Japanese surrender in August 1945, Indonesian nationalists declared independence which they fought to secure during the subsequent Indonesian National Revolution. The Netherlands formally recognized Indonesian sovereignty at the 1949 Dutch–Indonesian Round Table Conference with the exception of the Netherlands New Guinea (Western New Guinea), which was ceded to Indonesia in 1963 under the provisions of the New York Agreement.
https://wn.com/The_Dutch_East_Indies_In_Colour_(1938)
Dutch East Indies in HD Colour 1938
The Dutch East Indies (or Netherlands East Indies; Dutch: Nederlands-Oost-Indië; Indonesian: Hindia Belanda) was a Dutch colony that became modern Indonesia following World War II. It was formed from the nationalised colonies of the Dutch East India Company, which came under the administration of the Dutch government in 1800.
During the 19th century, Dutch possessions and hegemony were expanded, reaching their greatest territorial extent in the early 20th century. This colony which later formed modern-day Indonesia was one of the most valuable European colonies under the Dutch Empire's rule, and contributed to Dutch global prominence in spice and cash crop trade in the 19th to early 20th century. The colonial social order was based on rigid racial and social structures with a Dutch elite living separate but linked to their native subjects. The term Indonesia came into use for the geographical location after 1880. In the early 20th century, local intellectuals began developing the concept of Indonesia as a nation state, and set the stage for an independence movement.
Japan's World War II occupation dismantled much of the Dutch colonial state and economy. Following the Japanese surrender in August 1945, Indonesian nationalists declared independence which they fought to secure during the subsequent Indonesian National Revolution. The Netherlands formally recognized Indonesian sovereignty at the 1949 Dutch–Indonesian Round Table Conference with the exception of the Netherlands New Guinea (Western New Guinea), which was ceded to Indonesia in 1963 under the provisions of the New York Agreement.
- published: 24 Mar 2019
- views: 117090
8:28
Japan has overrun Indonesian island of Java (Dutch East Indies) (1942)
GAUMONT BRITISH NEWSREEL (REUTERS)
To license this film, visit https://www.britishpathe.com/video/VLVAA7QQT25TBQPN0T0XPGQSWK78H-JAPAN-HAS-OVERRUN-INDONESIAN-IS...
GAUMONT BRITISH NEWSREEL (REUTERS)
To license this film, visit https://www.britishpathe.com/video/VLVAA7QQT25TBQPN0T0XPGQSWK78H-JAPAN-HAS-OVERRUN-INDONESIAN-ISLAND-OF-JAVA-DUTCH-EAST-INDIES
Peaceful, industrious images of life on Java show why Indonesia (the Dutch East Indies) is so attractive to Japan, aerial footage depicts fighters taking off to defend the island, Netherlands commander Vice Admiral Helfrich makes plans, and cruisers and destroyers skim along the ocean
Full Description:
Gaumont British Ident
SLATE INFORMATION: The World at War: Java: Vivid Pictures from the Dutch East Indies
INDONESIA: Java:
EXT
AIR RAIDS & A.R.P. Arp..fire services & air raid shelters in Java..overground shelter, cone shaped
BOMBS Bombing up air force in Java.
FACTORIES. Factories at work..making shells & aircraft in Java
FLAGS. Dutch flag flying in Java
GUNS. Light field guns firing in Java
HOLLAND. Manoeuvres in Java..defences manned..field guns firing..tanks w. smoke screen..still of Queen Wilhelmina..Dutch flag
HOLLAND, Naval. On manoeuvres off Java..destroyers, torpedo boats,submarine...minelaying..Vice Admiral Helfrich in command
JAVA. Map of Pacific..scenics..Buddhist temple.. washing clothes in Batavia..Governor Gen. opens parliament..tapping rubber trees..natives harvesting..shipping in harbours..oil wells..Jap trade delegate,Dr.van Mook..A.R.P..fire services & air raid shelters..land defences..road blocks..factories at work..making shells..aircraft factory..bombing up air force..bombers in air..flying boats in air..Vice Admiral Helfrich commanding Netherlands Navy..destroyers & torpedo boats & submarine on manoeuvres..mine-laying..Gen.van Aeyen commanding Dutch Air Force..army manoeuvres..defences manned..light field guns firing..tanks w.smoke screen..still picture of Queen Wilhelmina..Dutch flag flying
MAP Good map of the Pacific in Java Story
MOOK DR VAN. Japanese trade delegates in Java.
SHELTERS Cone shaped overground shelter in Java
SHIPPING Shipping in harbours in Java
SMOKE SCREEN ETC. Tanks advancing thro' smoke screen in Java
TEMPLES Buddhist Temple in Java
WILHELMINA, Queen of Holland Still picture (used in Java story)
Military - Active
World War Two, World War II, WWII, Second World War, war, rubber, tea, tapioca, oil wells, War in the Pacific, craftspeople, Lieutenant-Admiral Conrad Emil Lambert Helfrich, Australia, Army, Navy, Air force, air views, aerials
Background: Peaceful, industrious images of life on Java show why Indonesia (the Dutch East Indies) is so attractive to Japan, aerial footage depicts fighters taking off to defend the island, Netherlands commander Vice Admiral Helfrich makes plans, and cruisers and destroyers skim along the ocean
FILM ID: VLVAA7QQT25TBQPN0T0XPGQSWK78H
To license this film, visit https://www.britishpathe.com/video/VLVAA7QQT25TBQPN0T0XPGQSWK78H-JAPAN-HAS-OVERRUN-INDONESIAN-ISLAND-OF-JAVA-DUTCH-EAST-INDIES
Archive: Reuters
Archive managed by: British Pathé
https://wn.com/Japan_Has_Overrun_Indonesian_Island_Of_Java_(Dutch_East_Indies)_(1942)
GAUMONT BRITISH NEWSREEL (REUTERS)
To license this film, visit https://www.britishpathe.com/video/VLVAA7QQT25TBQPN0T0XPGQSWK78H-JAPAN-HAS-OVERRUN-INDONESIAN-ISLAND-OF-JAVA-DUTCH-EAST-INDIES
Peaceful, industrious images of life on Java show why Indonesia (the Dutch East Indies) is so attractive to Japan, aerial footage depicts fighters taking off to defend the island, Netherlands commander Vice Admiral Helfrich makes plans, and cruisers and destroyers skim along the ocean
Full Description:
Gaumont British Ident
SLATE INFORMATION: The World at War: Java: Vivid Pictures from the Dutch East Indies
INDONESIA: Java:
EXT
AIR RAIDS & A.R.P. Arp..fire services & air raid shelters in Java..overground shelter, cone shaped
BOMBS Bombing up air force in Java.
FACTORIES. Factories at work..making shells & aircraft in Java
FLAGS. Dutch flag flying in Java
GUNS. Light field guns firing in Java
HOLLAND. Manoeuvres in Java..defences manned..field guns firing..tanks w. smoke screen..still of Queen Wilhelmina..Dutch flag
HOLLAND, Naval. On manoeuvres off Java..destroyers, torpedo boats,submarine...minelaying..Vice Admiral Helfrich in command
JAVA. Map of Pacific..scenics..Buddhist temple.. washing clothes in Batavia..Governor Gen. opens parliament..tapping rubber trees..natives harvesting..shipping in harbours..oil wells..Jap trade delegate,Dr.van Mook..A.R.P..fire services & air raid shelters..land defences..road blocks..factories at work..making shells..aircraft factory..bombing up air force..bombers in air..flying boats in air..Vice Admiral Helfrich commanding Netherlands Navy..destroyers & torpedo boats & submarine on manoeuvres..mine-laying..Gen.van Aeyen commanding Dutch Air Force..army manoeuvres..defences manned..light field guns firing..tanks w.smoke screen..still picture of Queen Wilhelmina..Dutch flag flying
MAP Good map of the Pacific in Java Story
MOOK DR VAN. Japanese trade delegates in Java.
SHELTERS Cone shaped overground shelter in Java
SHIPPING Shipping in harbours in Java
SMOKE SCREEN ETC. Tanks advancing thro' smoke screen in Java
TEMPLES Buddhist Temple in Java
WILHELMINA, Queen of Holland Still picture (used in Java story)
Military - Active
World War Two, World War II, WWII, Second World War, war, rubber, tea, tapioca, oil wells, War in the Pacific, craftspeople, Lieutenant-Admiral Conrad Emil Lambert Helfrich, Australia, Army, Navy, Air force, air views, aerials
Background: Peaceful, industrious images of life on Java show why Indonesia (the Dutch East Indies) is so attractive to Japan, aerial footage depicts fighters taking off to defend the island, Netherlands commander Vice Admiral Helfrich makes plans, and cruisers and destroyers skim along the ocean
FILM ID: VLVAA7QQT25TBQPN0T0XPGQSWK78H
To license this film, visit https://www.britishpathe.com/video/VLVAA7QQT25TBQPN0T0XPGQSWK78H-JAPAN-HAS-OVERRUN-INDONESIAN-ISLAND-OF-JAVA-DUTCH-EAST-INDIES
Archive: Reuters
Archive managed by: British Pathé
- published: 12 Nov 2020
- views: 74434
31:27
Dutch East Indies 1602-1949 Part I
Part I: The Dutch East India Company
The Dutch East Indies (Dutch: Nederlands-Indië; Indonesian: Hindia-Belanda) was a Dutch colony that became modern Indone...
Part I: The Dutch East India Company
The Dutch East Indies (Dutch: Nederlands-Indië; Indonesian: Hindia-Belanda) was a Dutch colony that became modern Indonesia following World War II. It was formed from the nationalised colonies of the Dutch East India Company, which came under the administration of the Netherlands government in 1800.
https://wn.com/Dutch_East_Indies_1602_1949_Part_I
Part I: The Dutch East India Company
The Dutch East Indies (Dutch: Nederlands-Indië; Indonesian: Hindia-Belanda) was a Dutch colony that became modern Indonesia following World War II. It was formed from the nationalised colonies of the Dutch East India Company, which came under the administration of the Netherlands government in 1800.
- published: 19 Mar 2012
- views: 227728
15:45
The Dutch East India Company: The Richest Company In The World
#dutcheastindiacompany #voc #history
CHECK OUT OUR MAP STORE HERE: https://www.redbubble.com/people/MapStory/shop
WATCH THIS AND ALL OUR VIDEOS COMPLETELY AD...
#dutcheastindiacompany #voc #history
CHECK OUT OUR MAP STORE HERE: https://www.redbubble.com/people/MapStory/shop
WATCH THIS AND ALL OUR VIDEOS COMPLETELY AD-FREE OVER ON OUR SUBSTACK: https://thisishistory.substack.com/?r=2zq5ao&utm_campaign=pub-share-checklist
Visitors to Amsterdam will be familiar with it’s tall, narrow buildings and labyrinth of canals which run past the winding streets with typical Dutch names such as Lindenstraat, Keizersgracht and Damstraat. But away from the well-trodden tourist paths of the city centre, in the eastern district, are some streets with not-so typical Dutch sounding names like Balistraat, Sumatrastraat, and Borneostraat. These are situated within what is known locally as the Indian neighbourhood and are named in reference to what was once the Dutch controlled East Indies.
Constituting much of the modern state of Indonesia, these islands came to be ruled by the Netherlands over 7000 miles away, when the Dutch East India Company established itself in the region some 400 years ago and quickly grew to become the richest company the world had ever seen.
Possessing quasi-governmental powers, including the ability to wage war, imprison and execute convicts, negotiate treaties, strike its own coins and establish colonies, it is often considered to be the world’s first multinational corporation and one which set the precedent for how modern business and international trade are conducted to this day. But what inspired these Dutch merchants to undertake the lengthy and perilous journey to the far side of the world? This is the history of the Dutch East India Company.
The United East India was a chartered company established on 20 March 1602 by the States General of the Netherlands amalgamating existing companies into the first joint-stock company in the world, granting it a 21-year monopoly to carry out trade activities in Asia. Shares in the company could be bought by any resident of the United Provinces and then subsequently bought and sold in open-air secondary markets (one of which became the Amsterdam Stock Exchange). It is sometimes considered to have been the first multinational corporation. It was a powerful company, possessing quasi-governmental powers, including the ability to wage war, imprison and execute convicts, negotiate treaties, strike its own coins, and establish colonies.
Statistically, the VOC eclipsed all of its rivals in the Asia trade. Between 1602 and 1796 the VOC sent almost a million Europeans to work in the Asia trade on 4,785 ships, and netted for their efforts more than 2.5 million tons of Asian trade goods. By contrast, the rest of Europe combined sent only 882,412 people from 1500 to 1795, and the fleet of the English (later British) East India Company, the VOC's nearest competitor, was a distant second to its total traffic with 2,690 ships and a mere one-fifth the tonnage of goods carried by the VOC. The VOC enjoyed huge profits from its spice monopoly through most of the 17th century.
Having been set up in 1602 to profit from the Malukan spice trade, the VOC established a capital in the port city of Jayakarta in 1609 and changed its name to Batavia (now Jakarta). Over the next two centuries the company acquired additional ports as trading bases and safeguarded their interests by taking over surrounding territory. It remained an important trading concern and paid an 18% annual dividend for almost 200 years. Much of the labour that built its colonies was from people it had enslaved.
Weighed down by smuggling, corruption and growing administrative costs in the late 18th century, the company went bankrupt and was formally dissolved in 1799. Its possessions and debt were taken over by the government of the Dutch Batavian Republic. The former territories owned by the VOC went on to become the Dutch East Indies and were expanded over the course of the 19th century to include the entirety of the Indonesian archipelago. In the 20th century, these islands would form the Republic of Indonesia.
https://wn.com/The_Dutch_East_India_Company_The_Richest_Company_In_The_World
#dutcheastindiacompany #voc #history
CHECK OUT OUR MAP STORE HERE: https://www.redbubble.com/people/MapStory/shop
WATCH THIS AND ALL OUR VIDEOS COMPLETELY AD-FREE OVER ON OUR SUBSTACK: https://thisishistory.substack.com/?r=2zq5ao&utm_campaign=pub-share-checklist
Visitors to Amsterdam will be familiar with it’s tall, narrow buildings and labyrinth of canals which run past the winding streets with typical Dutch names such as Lindenstraat, Keizersgracht and Damstraat. But away from the well-trodden tourist paths of the city centre, in the eastern district, are some streets with not-so typical Dutch sounding names like Balistraat, Sumatrastraat, and Borneostraat. These are situated within what is known locally as the Indian neighbourhood and are named in reference to what was once the Dutch controlled East Indies.
Constituting much of the modern state of Indonesia, these islands came to be ruled by the Netherlands over 7000 miles away, when the Dutch East India Company established itself in the region some 400 years ago and quickly grew to become the richest company the world had ever seen.
Possessing quasi-governmental powers, including the ability to wage war, imprison and execute convicts, negotiate treaties, strike its own coins and establish colonies, it is often considered to be the world’s first multinational corporation and one which set the precedent for how modern business and international trade are conducted to this day. But what inspired these Dutch merchants to undertake the lengthy and perilous journey to the far side of the world? This is the history of the Dutch East India Company.
The United East India was a chartered company established on 20 March 1602 by the States General of the Netherlands amalgamating existing companies into the first joint-stock company in the world, granting it a 21-year monopoly to carry out trade activities in Asia. Shares in the company could be bought by any resident of the United Provinces and then subsequently bought and sold in open-air secondary markets (one of which became the Amsterdam Stock Exchange). It is sometimes considered to have been the first multinational corporation. It was a powerful company, possessing quasi-governmental powers, including the ability to wage war, imprison and execute convicts, negotiate treaties, strike its own coins, and establish colonies.
Statistically, the VOC eclipsed all of its rivals in the Asia trade. Between 1602 and 1796 the VOC sent almost a million Europeans to work in the Asia trade on 4,785 ships, and netted for their efforts more than 2.5 million tons of Asian trade goods. By contrast, the rest of Europe combined sent only 882,412 people from 1500 to 1795, and the fleet of the English (later British) East India Company, the VOC's nearest competitor, was a distant second to its total traffic with 2,690 ships and a mere one-fifth the tonnage of goods carried by the VOC. The VOC enjoyed huge profits from its spice monopoly through most of the 17th century.
Having been set up in 1602 to profit from the Malukan spice trade, the VOC established a capital in the port city of Jayakarta in 1609 and changed its name to Batavia (now Jakarta). Over the next two centuries the company acquired additional ports as trading bases and safeguarded their interests by taking over surrounding territory. It remained an important trading concern and paid an 18% annual dividend for almost 200 years. Much of the labour that built its colonies was from people it had enslaved.
Weighed down by smuggling, corruption and growing administrative costs in the late 18th century, the company went bankrupt and was formally dissolved in 1799. Its possessions and debt were taken over by the government of the Dutch Batavian Republic. The former territories owned by the VOC went on to become the Dutch East Indies and were expanded over the course of the 19th century to include the entirety of the Indonesian archipelago. In the 20th century, these islands would form the Republic of Indonesia.
- published: 12 Mar 2023
- views: 640222
2:54
East Indies (1931)
No titles.
Formosa, East Indies.
Shots of children climbing up into a house on stilts. They eat a meal together. A group of boys sits around a carve...
No titles.
Formosa, East Indies.
Shots of children climbing up into a house on stilts. They eat a meal together. A group of boys sits around a carved wooden boat. World map with dotted line animated from San Francisco to Formosa. C/U of boys carving wooden models. Young boy shows his finished model to the camera. C/U of small round discs being pounded with a stone tool. C/U of flat piece of shiny material (straw?) being pounded then held against a triangular construction in progress. The triangular creations are lifted up and placed on the head - very large, strange looking hats! Group of women perform a traditional dance on the beach which involves throwing their heads backwards and forwards quite vigorously. Same dance performed at night.
Nicely shot material.
FILM ID:762.15
A VIDEO FROM BRITISH PATHÉ. EXPLORE OUR ONLINE CHANNEL, BRITISH PATHÉ TV. IT'S FULL OF GREAT DOCUMENTARIES, FASCINATING INTERVIEWS, AND CLASSIC MOVIES. http://www.britishpathe.tv/
FOR LICENSING ENQUIRIES VISIT http://www.britishpathe.com/
British Pathé also represents the Reuters historical collection, which includes more than 136,000 items from the news agencies Gaumont Graphic (1910-1932), Empire News Bulletin (1926-1930), British Paramount (1931-1957), and Gaumont British (1934-1959), as well as Visnews content from 1957 to the end of 1984. All footage can be viewed on the British Pathé website. https://www.britishpathe.com/
https://wn.com/East_Indies_(1931)
No titles.
Formosa, East Indies.
Shots of children climbing up into a house on stilts. They eat a meal together. A group of boys sits around a carved wooden boat. World map with dotted line animated from San Francisco to Formosa. C/U of boys carving wooden models. Young boy shows his finished model to the camera. C/U of small round discs being pounded with a stone tool. C/U of flat piece of shiny material (straw?) being pounded then held against a triangular construction in progress. The triangular creations are lifted up and placed on the head - very large, strange looking hats! Group of women perform a traditional dance on the beach which involves throwing their heads backwards and forwards quite vigorously. Same dance performed at night.
Nicely shot material.
FILM ID:762.15
A VIDEO FROM BRITISH PATHÉ. EXPLORE OUR ONLINE CHANNEL, BRITISH PATHÉ TV. IT'S FULL OF GREAT DOCUMENTARIES, FASCINATING INTERVIEWS, AND CLASSIC MOVIES. http://www.britishpathe.tv/
FOR LICENSING ENQUIRIES VISIT http://www.britishpathe.com/
British Pathé also represents the Reuters historical collection, which includes more than 136,000 items from the news agencies Gaumont Graphic (1910-1932), Empire News Bulletin (1926-1930), British Paramount (1931-1957), and Gaumont British (1934-1959), as well as Visnews content from 1957 to the end of 1984. All footage can be viewed on the British Pathé website. https://www.britishpathe.com/
- published: 27 Aug 2014
- views: 1116
2:19
Dutch East Indies/Netherlands East-Indies (1816–1949) "Het Wilhelmus"
The Dutch East Indies (or Netherlands East-Indies; Dutch: Nederlands(ch)-Indië; Indonesian: Hindia Belanda) was a Dutch colony consisting of what is now Indones...
The Dutch East Indies (or Netherlands East-Indies; Dutch: Nederlands(ch)-Indië; Indonesian: Hindia Belanda) was a Dutch colony consisting of what is now Indonesia. It was formed from the nationalised colonies of the Dutch East India Company, which came under the administration of the Dutch government in 1800.
During the 19th century, the Dutch possessions and hegemony were expanded, reaching their greatest territorial extent in the early 20th century. This colony was one of the most valuable European colonies under the Dutch Empire's rule, and contributed to Dutch global prominence in spice and cash crop trade in the 19th to early 20th century.The colonial social order was based on rigid racial and social structures with a Dutch elite living separate from but linked to their native subjects. The term Indonesia came into use for the geographical location after 1880. In the early 20th century, local intellectuals began developing the concept of Indonesia as a nation state, and set the stage for an independence movement.
Japan's World War II occupation dismantled much of the Dutch colonial state and economy. Following the Japanese surrender in August 1945, Indonesian nationalists declared independence which they fought to secure during the subsequent Indonesian National Revolution. The Netherlands formally recognised Indonesian sovereignty at the 1949 Dutch–Indonesian Round Table Conference with the exception of the Netherlands New Guinea (Western New Guinea), which was ceded to Indonesia 14 years later in 1963 under the provisions of the New York Agreement.
https://wn.com/Dutch_East_Indies_Netherlands_East_Indies_(1816–1949)_Het_Wilhelmus
The Dutch East Indies (or Netherlands East-Indies; Dutch: Nederlands(ch)-Indië; Indonesian: Hindia Belanda) was a Dutch colony consisting of what is now Indonesia. It was formed from the nationalised colonies of the Dutch East India Company, which came under the administration of the Dutch government in 1800.
During the 19th century, the Dutch possessions and hegemony were expanded, reaching their greatest territorial extent in the early 20th century. This colony was one of the most valuable European colonies under the Dutch Empire's rule, and contributed to Dutch global prominence in spice and cash crop trade in the 19th to early 20th century.The colonial social order was based on rigid racial and social structures with a Dutch elite living separate from but linked to their native subjects. The term Indonesia came into use for the geographical location after 1880. In the early 20th century, local intellectuals began developing the concept of Indonesia as a nation state, and set the stage for an independence movement.
Japan's World War II occupation dismantled much of the Dutch colonial state and economy. Following the Japanese surrender in August 1945, Indonesian nationalists declared independence which they fought to secure during the subsequent Indonesian National Revolution. The Netherlands formally recognised Indonesian sovereignty at the 1949 Dutch–Indonesian Round Table Conference with the exception of the Netherlands New Guinea (Western New Guinea), which was ceded to Indonesia 14 years later in 1963 under the provisions of the New York Agreement.
- published: 25 May 2018
- views: 237311