A howitzer/ˈhaʊw.ɪts.ər/ is a type of artillery piece characterized by a relatively short barrel and the use of comparatively small propellant charges to propel projectiles at relatively high trajectories, with a steep angle of descent.
In the taxonomies of artillery pieces used by European (and European-style) armies in the 17th, 18th, 19th, and 20th centuries, the howitzer stood between the "gun" (characterized by a longer barrel, larger propelling charges, smaller shells, higher velocities, and flatter trajectories) and the "mortar" (which was meant to fire at even higher angles of ascent and descent). Howitzers, like other artillery equipments, are usually organized in groups called batteries.
Etymology
The English word howitzer comes from the Czech word houfnice, from houf, "crowd", and houf is in turn a borrowing from the Middle High German word Hūfe or Houfe (modern German Haufen), meaning "heap". Haufen, sometimes in the compound Gewalthaufen, also designated a pike square formation in German.
The Ordnance QF 4.5-inch howitzer was the standard British Empire field (or ‘light’) howitzer of the First World War era. It replaced the BL 5-inch howitzer and equipped some 25% of the field artillery. It entered service in 1910 and remained in service through the interwar period and was last used in the field by British forces in early 1942. It was generally horse drawn until mechanisation in the 1930s.
The QF 4.5-inch howitzer was used by British and Commonwealth forces in most theatres, by Russia and by British troops in Russia in 1919. Its calibre (114mm) and hence shell weight were greater than those of the equivalent German field howitzer (105mm); France did not have an equivalent. In the Second World War it equipped some units of the BEF and British, Australian, New Zealand and South African batteries in East Africa and the Middle and Far East.
History
Origin and use
During the Second Boer War (1899–1902) the British government realised its field artillery was being overtaken by the more modern "quick firing" guns and howitzers of other major powers. The Krupp field howitzers used by the Boers had particularly impressed the British. The usefulness of field howitzers and the need for them to form part of an infantry division’s artillery were reinforced by reports from the Russo-Japanese War in 1904. In 1900, the British Cabinet ordered Field MarshalLord Roberts, the commander-in-chief in South Africa, to send home artillery brigade and battery commanders “selected for their eminence and experience” to form an equipment committee. The committee was chaired by General Sir George Marshall, who had been artillery commander in South Africa. It formed in January 1901 with wide ranging terms of reference concerning artillery equipment from guns and howitzers to harness design and instruments.
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Al-Fashir -- The SixthInfantry Division said that the warplanes launched an air strike on Sunday targeting the rebellious Al-Dagalo militia bases east of Al-Fashir, destroying a howitzer cannon and killing (87) rebels ....
The functional test firing allows the military to assess the performance and accuracy of the howitzers, ensuring that any issues from recent repairs were identified and addressed before the weapons are deployed for future operations.
Hanwha Aerospace today announced it has shipped a fresh batch of four K9 Self-Propelled Howitzers and eight K10 Ammunition Resupply Vehicles to Norway, a key commitment to supporting the Norwegian defence capability.
Daedalus will transport the howitzer to its facility in Watertown for the nine-month restoration ... Built in 1904 by the Krupp factory in Essen, Germany, the howitzer is one of only about two dozen of its kind still in existence, Plummer said.
(MENAFN) A Russian Msta-B self-propelled howitzer reportedly destroyed a Ukrainian drone crew hiding in an abandoned building in Kherson, according to a Wednesday statement from Moscow–s Defense... .
