Ploidy is the number of sets of chromosomes in a cell. Usually a gamete (sperm or egg, which fuse into a single cell during the fertilization phase of sexual reproduction) carries a full set of chromosomes that includes a single copy of each chromosome, as aneuploidy generally leads to severe genetic disease in the offspring. The gametic or haploid number (n) is the number of chromosomes in a gamete. Two gametes form a diploid zygote with twice this number (2n, the zygotic or diploid number) i.e. two copies of autosomal chromosomes. For humans, a diploid species, n=23. A typical human somatic cell contains 46 chromosomes: 2 complete haploid sets, which make up 23 homologous chromosome pairs.
Because chromosome number is generally reduced only by the specialized process of meiosis, the somatic cells of the body inherit and maintain the chromosome number of the zygote. However, in many situations somatic cells double their copy number by means of endoreduplication as an aspect of cellular differentiation. For example, the hearts of two-year-old children contain 85% diploid and 15% tetraploid nuclei, but by 12 years of age the proportions become approximately equal, and adults examined contained 27% diploid, 71% tetraploid and 2% octaploid nuclei.
Today, I'll be teaching you the difference between ploidy and haploid number!
If you want to support me, feel free to donate here: https://paypal.me/olgaandreeva1 :)
~Math links~
Geometry: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL5FpXdbp3GElHdRm0FQmi13Zp1ZrhwIr6
Algebra 2: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL5FpXdbp3GEkayzRVLgJzC6VL6lLa5knh
Precalc: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL5FpXdbp3GEmTX3DscdT62NyK1pddJlOe
Calc: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL5FpXdbp3GElFnm9-95_TmPwOgJHpE3Fs
Popular videos: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCpkW-YCSZsLTaqx-1rOrKuw/videos?sort=p&shelf_id=2&view=0
published: 30 Jan 2017
NUMERICAL CHROMOSOMAL ABERRATIONS | PLOIDY
Numerical chromosomal aberrations:
Each species of an organism has a specific number of chromosomes in its somatic cells. These chromosomes are found in pairs. At the time of formation of gametes the chromosome number is reduced. Hence, the gemetes carry haploid set of chromosomes. Alterations in the number of
chromosomes from the diploid set is called numerical chromosomal aberration. It is also known as ploidy. There are two types of ploidy –
euploidy and aneuploidy.
Euploidy:
Euploidy is the variation in the chromosome number that occurs due to increase or decrease of full set of chromosomes. Monoploidy, diploidy and polyploidy are the types in euploidy.
Diploidy:
In most of the plants and animals, the somatic cells contain two sets of chromosome. Diploidy is formed by the union of tw...
published: 09 Jan 2020
Diploid Cell vs Haploid Cell
Learn the difference between a Diploid Cell and a Haploid cell. A diploid cell contains pairs of chromosomes and is represented with 2n. A haploid cell contains a single chromosome and is represented by n.
For more information on Diploid and Haploid Cells
http://www.moomoomathblog.com/2022/02/diploid-cell-vs-haploid-cells.html
published: 01 Feb 2022
Ploidy and Haploid Number Example
Today, I'll be teaching you how to find the ploidy and haploid number of a cell!
If you want to support me, feel free to donate here: https://paypal.me/olgaandreeva1 :)
~Math Links~
Geometry: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL5FpXdbp3GElHdRm0FQmi13Zp1ZrhwIr6
Algebra 2: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL5FpXdbp3GEkayzRVLgJzC6VL6lLa5knh
Precalc: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL5FpXdbp3GEmTX3DscdT62NyK1pddJlOe
Calc: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL5FpXdbp3GElFnm9-95_TmPwOgJHpE3Fs
Popular videos: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCpkW-YCSZsLTaqx-1rOrKuw/videos?sort=p&shelf_id=2&view=0
published: 01 Feb 2017
Ploidy and the Cell Cycle
0:00 Human chromosome number and ploidy
0:57 Where did our two sets of chromosomes come from?
2:01 Cell cycle and variation in chromosome number
5:02 Plotting DNA content of a cell over the cell cycle
7:01 G1 is when ploidy is determined
7:24 Exercise for class
published: 18 Jan 2017
5.2.1 Haploid v. Diploid
http://braingenie.com
published: 25 Aug 2011
Chromosomes, genes and ploidy
What is a "homologous" chromosome? What is a gene? What is an allele? What is a gamete? What is the difference between a haploid cell and a diploid cell? How does sexual reproduction produce offspring with genetic material from each parent?
This video lecture was recorded at the University of Wisconsin -- Stout in the fall of 2019. It accompanies my BIO 136 Molecular Cell Biology course, which was taught with Freeman's "Biological Science."
published: 05 Sep 2022
Chromosome Numbers During Division: Demystified!
Confused with how chromosome numbers change in mitosis and meiosis? The Amoeba Sisters walk you through the mystery of chromosome and chromatid counting in mitosis and meiosis. Video has handout: http://www.amoebasisters.com/handouts.html 👇Expand details for table of contents.
Tale of Contents:
Number of Chromosomes in Humans 0:53
Basics of a Chromosome 1:03
Chromosome vs. Chromatid 1:31
Counting Chromosomes in Interphase 2:13
Mitosis Chromosome Chart 3:08
Meiosis Chromosome Chart 4:02
Correction:
2:36 We should have said centromere REGION instead of just centromere. The reason is that if going by the sequence definition of a centromere (more updated definition than older definitions), there would be one centromere per chromatid. Please see pinned comment. When sister chromatids are att...
Today, I'll be teaching you the difference between ploidy and haploid number!
If you want to support me, feel free to donate here: https://paypal.me/olgaandree...
Today, I'll be teaching you the difference between ploidy and haploid number!
If you want to support me, feel free to donate here: https://paypal.me/olgaandreeva1 :)
~Math links~
Geometry: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL5FpXdbp3GElHdRm0FQmi13Zp1ZrhwIr6
Algebra 2: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL5FpXdbp3GEkayzRVLgJzC6VL6lLa5knh
Precalc: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL5FpXdbp3GEmTX3DscdT62NyK1pddJlOe
Calc: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL5FpXdbp3GElFnm9-95_TmPwOgJHpE3Fs
Popular videos: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCpkW-YCSZsLTaqx-1rOrKuw/videos?sort=p&shelf_id=2&view=0
Today, I'll be teaching you the difference between ploidy and haploid number!
If you want to support me, feel free to donate here: https://paypal.me/olgaandreeva1 :)
~Math links~
Geometry: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL5FpXdbp3GElHdRm0FQmi13Zp1ZrhwIr6
Algebra 2: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL5FpXdbp3GEkayzRVLgJzC6VL6lLa5knh
Precalc: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL5FpXdbp3GEmTX3DscdT62NyK1pddJlOe
Calc: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL5FpXdbp3GElFnm9-95_TmPwOgJHpE3Fs
Popular videos: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCpkW-YCSZsLTaqx-1rOrKuw/videos?sort=p&shelf_id=2&view=0
Numerical chromosomal aberrations:
Each species of an organism has a specific number of chromosomes in its somatic cells. These chromosomes are found in pairs. ...
Numerical chromosomal aberrations:
Each species of an organism has a specific number of chromosomes in its somatic cells. These chromosomes are found in pairs. At the time of formation of gametes the chromosome number is reduced. Hence, the gemetes carry haploid set of chromosomes. Alterations in the number of
chromosomes from the diploid set is called numerical chromosomal aberration. It is also known as ploidy. There are two types of ploidy –
euploidy and aneuploidy.
Euploidy:
Euploidy is the variation in the chromosome number that occurs due to increase or decrease of full set of chromosomes. Monoploidy, diploidy and polyploidy are the types in euploidy.
Diploidy:
In most of the plants and animals, the somatic cells contain two sets of chromosome. Diploidy is formed by the union of two gametes during fertilization.
Polyploidy:
Addition of one or more sets of chromosomes to the diploid set results in polyploidy. It is commonly noticed in plants and rare in animals. They are of two kinds – autopolyploidy and allopolyploidy.
Autopolyploidy:
Addition of one or more haploid set of its own genome in an organism results in autopolyploidy. Watermelon, grapes and banana are autotriploids,
whereas apple is an autotetraploid.
Allopolyploidy:
Increase in one or more haploid set of chromosomes from two different species result in allopolyploidy. Triticale is the first man made cereal. It
is obtained by crossing a wheat Triticum durum (2n = 4x = 28) and a rye Secale cereale (2n = 2x = 14). The F1 hybrid (2n = 3x = 21) is sterile. Then the chromosome number is doubled using colchicine and it becomes an hexaploid.
Aneuploidy:
Variation that involves one or two chromosomes within the diploid set of an organism results in aneuploidy. It is of two types – hypoploidy and hyperploidy.
Hypoploidy:
Decrease in one or two chromosomes from the diploid set is described as hypoploidy. There are two types of hypoploidy – monosomy and nullisomy. Monosomy is due to loss of a chromosome from the diploid set i.e. 2n – 1. Nullisomy is the condition in which a pair of homologous chromosomes is lost from the diploid set i.e. 2n – 2.
Hyperploidy:
Addition of one or two chromosomes to the diploid set of chromosome results in hyperploidy. There are two types of hyperploidy – trisomy and
tetrasomy. Trisomy results due to the addition of one chromosome to diploid set of chromosomes. It is represented by 2n + 1. Trisomics are observed in Datura stramonium. Tetrasomy results due to the addition of two chromosomes to diploid set of chromosome. It is represented by 2n+2.
Significance of ploidy:
1. Polyploidy plays an important role in plant breeding and horticulture.
2. Polyploidy has more vigorous effect than the diploids and results in the production of large sized flowers and fruits. Hence, it has economical significance.
3. It plays significant role in the evolution of new species.
4. Polyploidy results in the changes in the season of flowering and
fruiting.
5. Polyploids are vigorous invaders of new habitats.
6. It leads to the formation of new varieties which show high resistance
to disease and increase in yield.
7. Tetraploid cabbages and tomatoes contain more ascorbic acid whereas
tetraploid corn contains more vitamin A.
8. Both euploidy and aneuploidy in man cause congenital diseases.
9. Polyploidy varieties like apple, pear, grape and watermelons are
cultivated because of their large size.
Disclaimer
This channel does not promote or encourage any illegal activities.
All contents provided by this channel for general and education purpose only.
Copyright disclaimer under section 107 of the copyright act 1976,allowance is made for "fair use policy" for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting,teaching,scholarship and research. Fair use is a use permitted by copyright statute that might otherwise be infringing. Non-profit, educational or personal use tips the balance in favor of fair use.
Numerical chromosomal aberrations:
Each species of an organism has a specific number of chromosomes in its somatic cells. These chromosomes are found in pairs. At the time of formation of gametes the chromosome number is reduced. Hence, the gemetes carry haploid set of chromosomes. Alterations in the number of
chromosomes from the diploid set is called numerical chromosomal aberration. It is also known as ploidy. There are two types of ploidy –
euploidy and aneuploidy.
Euploidy:
Euploidy is the variation in the chromosome number that occurs due to increase or decrease of full set of chromosomes. Monoploidy, diploidy and polyploidy are the types in euploidy.
Diploidy:
In most of the plants and animals, the somatic cells contain two sets of chromosome. Diploidy is formed by the union of two gametes during fertilization.
Polyploidy:
Addition of one or more sets of chromosomes to the diploid set results in polyploidy. It is commonly noticed in plants and rare in animals. They are of two kinds – autopolyploidy and allopolyploidy.
Autopolyploidy:
Addition of one or more haploid set of its own genome in an organism results in autopolyploidy. Watermelon, grapes and banana are autotriploids,
whereas apple is an autotetraploid.
Allopolyploidy:
Increase in one or more haploid set of chromosomes from two different species result in allopolyploidy. Triticale is the first man made cereal. It
is obtained by crossing a wheat Triticum durum (2n = 4x = 28) and a rye Secale cereale (2n = 2x = 14). The F1 hybrid (2n = 3x = 21) is sterile. Then the chromosome number is doubled using colchicine and it becomes an hexaploid.
Aneuploidy:
Variation that involves one or two chromosomes within the diploid set of an organism results in aneuploidy. It is of two types – hypoploidy and hyperploidy.
Hypoploidy:
Decrease in one or two chromosomes from the diploid set is described as hypoploidy. There are two types of hypoploidy – monosomy and nullisomy. Monosomy is due to loss of a chromosome from the diploid set i.e. 2n – 1. Nullisomy is the condition in which a pair of homologous chromosomes is lost from the diploid set i.e. 2n – 2.
Hyperploidy:
Addition of one or two chromosomes to the diploid set of chromosome results in hyperploidy. There are two types of hyperploidy – trisomy and
tetrasomy. Trisomy results due to the addition of one chromosome to diploid set of chromosomes. It is represented by 2n + 1. Trisomics are observed in Datura stramonium. Tetrasomy results due to the addition of two chromosomes to diploid set of chromosome. It is represented by 2n+2.
Significance of ploidy:
1. Polyploidy plays an important role in plant breeding and horticulture.
2. Polyploidy has more vigorous effect than the diploids and results in the production of large sized flowers and fruits. Hence, it has economical significance.
3. It plays significant role in the evolution of new species.
4. Polyploidy results in the changes in the season of flowering and
fruiting.
5. Polyploids are vigorous invaders of new habitats.
6. It leads to the formation of new varieties which show high resistance
to disease and increase in yield.
7. Tetraploid cabbages and tomatoes contain more ascorbic acid whereas
tetraploid corn contains more vitamin A.
8. Both euploidy and aneuploidy in man cause congenital diseases.
9. Polyploidy varieties like apple, pear, grape and watermelons are
cultivated because of their large size.
Disclaimer
This channel does not promote or encourage any illegal activities.
All contents provided by this channel for general and education purpose only.
Copyright disclaimer under section 107 of the copyright act 1976,allowance is made for "fair use policy" for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting,teaching,scholarship and research. Fair use is a use permitted by copyright statute that might otherwise be infringing. Non-profit, educational or personal use tips the balance in favor of fair use.
Learn the difference between a Diploid Cell and a Haploid cell. A diploid cell contains pairs of chromosomes and is represented with 2n. A haploid cell contains...
Learn the difference between a Diploid Cell and a Haploid cell. A diploid cell contains pairs of chromosomes and is represented with 2n. A haploid cell contains a single chromosome and is represented by n.
For more information on Diploid and Haploid Cells
http://www.moomoomathblog.com/2022/02/diploid-cell-vs-haploid-cells.html
Learn the difference between a Diploid Cell and a Haploid cell. A diploid cell contains pairs of chromosomes and is represented with 2n. A haploid cell contains a single chromosome and is represented by n.
For more information on Diploid and Haploid Cells
http://www.moomoomathblog.com/2022/02/diploid-cell-vs-haploid-cells.html
Today, I'll be teaching you how to find the ploidy and haploid number of a cell!
If you want to support me, feel free to donate here: https://paypal.me/olgaand...
Today, I'll be teaching you how to find the ploidy and haploid number of a cell!
If you want to support me, feel free to donate here: https://paypal.me/olgaandreeva1 :)
~Math Links~
Geometry: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL5FpXdbp3GElHdRm0FQmi13Zp1ZrhwIr6
Algebra 2: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL5FpXdbp3GEkayzRVLgJzC6VL6lLa5knh
Precalc: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL5FpXdbp3GEmTX3DscdT62NyK1pddJlOe
Calc: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL5FpXdbp3GElFnm9-95_TmPwOgJHpE3Fs
Popular videos: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCpkW-YCSZsLTaqx-1rOrKuw/videos?sort=p&shelf_id=2&view=0
Today, I'll be teaching you how to find the ploidy and haploid number of a cell!
If you want to support me, feel free to donate here: https://paypal.me/olgaandreeva1 :)
~Math Links~
Geometry: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL5FpXdbp3GElHdRm0FQmi13Zp1ZrhwIr6
Algebra 2: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL5FpXdbp3GEkayzRVLgJzC6VL6lLa5knh
Precalc: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL5FpXdbp3GEmTX3DscdT62NyK1pddJlOe
Calc: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL5FpXdbp3GElFnm9-95_TmPwOgJHpE3Fs
Popular videos: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCpkW-YCSZsLTaqx-1rOrKuw/videos?sort=p&shelf_id=2&view=0
0:00 Human chromosome number and ploidy
0:57 Where did our two sets of chromosomes come from?
2:01 Cell cycle and variation in chromosome number
5:02 Plotting D...
0:00 Human chromosome number and ploidy
0:57 Where did our two sets of chromosomes come from?
2:01 Cell cycle and variation in chromosome number
5:02 Plotting DNA content of a cell over the cell cycle
7:01 G1 is when ploidy is determined
7:24 Exercise for class
0:00 Human chromosome number and ploidy
0:57 Where did our two sets of chromosomes come from?
2:01 Cell cycle and variation in chromosome number
5:02 Plotting DNA content of a cell over the cell cycle
7:01 G1 is when ploidy is determined
7:24 Exercise for class
What is a "homologous" chromosome? What is a gene? What is an allele? What is a gamete? What is the difference between a haploid cell and a diploid cell? How do...
What is a "homologous" chromosome? What is a gene? What is an allele? What is a gamete? What is the difference between a haploid cell and a diploid cell? How does sexual reproduction produce offspring with genetic material from each parent?
This video lecture was recorded at the University of Wisconsin -- Stout in the fall of 2019. It accompanies my BIO 136 Molecular Cell Biology course, which was taught with Freeman's "Biological Science."
What is a "homologous" chromosome? What is a gene? What is an allele? What is a gamete? What is the difference between a haploid cell and a diploid cell? How does sexual reproduction produce offspring with genetic material from each parent?
This video lecture was recorded at the University of Wisconsin -- Stout in the fall of 2019. It accompanies my BIO 136 Molecular Cell Biology course, which was taught with Freeman's "Biological Science."
Confused with how chromosome numbers change in mitosis and meiosis? The Amoeba Sisters walk you through the mystery of chromosome and chromatid counting in mito...
Confused with how chromosome numbers change in mitosis and meiosis? The Amoeba Sisters walk you through the mystery of chromosome and chromatid counting in mitosis and meiosis. Video has handout: http://www.amoebasisters.com/handouts.html 👇Expand details for table of contents.
Tale of Contents:
Number of Chromosomes in Humans 0:53
Basics of a Chromosome 1:03
Chromosome vs. Chromatid 1:31
Counting Chromosomes in Interphase 2:13
Mitosis Chromosome Chart 3:08
Meiosis Chromosome Chart 4:02
Correction:
2:36 We should have said centromere REGION instead of just centromere. The reason is that if going by the sequence definition of a centromere (more updated definition than older definitions), there would be one centromere per chromatid. Please see pinned comment. When sister chromatids are attached at the centromere REGION, we count as one chromosome.
The Amoeba Sisters videos demystify science with humor and relevance. The videos center on Pinky's certification and experience in teaching biology at the high school level. For more information about The Amoeba Sisters, visit: http://www.amoebasisters.com/about-us.html
REFERENCE:
We cover the basics in biology concepts at the secondary level. If you are looking to discover more about biology and go into depth beyond these basics, our recommended reference is the FREE, peer reviewed, open source OpenStax biology textbook: https://openstax.org/details/books/biology
--------------------------------------------------------------------
⭐We have a menu of our resources that complement our videos! Visit https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1b3kmAzFEjWgoMKCrkeNCKFYunWk04IuLY93jI4OY0gY/edit?usp=sharing
Support Us? https://www.amoebasisters.com/support-us
Our Resources:
Biology Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLwL0Myd7Dk1F0iQPGrjehze3eDpco1eVz
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Handouts: https://www.amoebasisters.com/handouts.html
Comics: https://www.amoebasisters.com/parameciumparlorcomics
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MUSIC:
Music in this video is listed free to use/no attribution required from the YouTube audio library https://www.youtube.com/audiolibrary/music?feature=blog
COMMUNITY:
We take pride in our AWESOME community, and we welcome feedback and discussion. However, please remember that this is an education channel. See YouTube's community guidelines and how YouTube handles comments that are reported by the community. We also reserve the right to remove comments.
TRANSLATIONS:
Hindi Subtitles Credit: Alisha Aggarwal
While we don't allow dubbing of our videos, we do gladly accept subtitle translations from our community. Some translated subtitles on our videos were translated by the community using YouTube's community-contributed subtitle feature. After the feature was discontinued by YouTube, we have another option for submitting translated subtitles here: https://www.amoebasisters.com/pinkys-ed-tech-favorites/community-contributed-subtitles We want to thank our amazing community for the generosity of their time in continuing to create translated subtitles. If you have a concern about community contributed contributions, please contact us.
Confused with how chromosome numbers change in mitosis and meiosis? The Amoeba Sisters walk you through the mystery of chromosome and chromatid counting in mitosis and meiosis. Video has handout: http://www.amoebasisters.com/handouts.html 👇Expand details for table of contents.
Tale of Contents:
Number of Chromosomes in Humans 0:53
Basics of a Chromosome 1:03
Chromosome vs. Chromatid 1:31
Counting Chromosomes in Interphase 2:13
Mitosis Chromosome Chart 3:08
Meiosis Chromosome Chart 4:02
Correction:
2:36 We should have said centromere REGION instead of just centromere. The reason is that if going by the sequence definition of a centromere (more updated definition than older definitions), there would be one centromere per chromatid. Please see pinned comment. When sister chromatids are attached at the centromere REGION, we count as one chromosome.
The Amoeba Sisters videos demystify science with humor and relevance. The videos center on Pinky's certification and experience in teaching biology at the high school level. For more information about The Amoeba Sisters, visit: http://www.amoebasisters.com/about-us.html
REFERENCE:
We cover the basics in biology concepts at the secondary level. If you are looking to discover more about biology and go into depth beyond these basics, our recommended reference is the FREE, peer reviewed, open source OpenStax biology textbook: https://openstax.org/details/books/biology
--------------------------------------------------------------------
⭐We have a menu of our resources that complement our videos! Visit https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1b3kmAzFEjWgoMKCrkeNCKFYunWk04IuLY93jI4OY0gY/edit?usp=sharing
Support Us? https://www.amoebasisters.com/support-us
Our Resources:
Biology Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLwL0Myd7Dk1F0iQPGrjehze3eDpco1eVz
GIFs: https://www.amoebasisters.com/gifs.html
Handouts: https://www.amoebasisters.com/handouts.html
Comics: https://www.amoebasisters.com/parameciumparlorcomics
Unlectured Series: https://www.amoebasisters.com/unlectured
Connect with us!
Website: http://www.AmoebaSisters.com
Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/AmoebaSisters
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Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/amoebasistersofficial/
Visit our Redbubble store at https://www.amoebasisters.com/store
TIPS FOR VIEWING EDU YOUTUBE VIDEOS:
Want to learn tips for viewing edu YouTube videos including changing the speed, language, viewing the transcript, etc? https://www.amoebasisters.com/pinkys-ed-tech-favorites/10-youtube-tips-from-an-edu-youtuber-duo
MUSIC:
Music in this video is listed free to use/no attribution required from the YouTube audio library https://www.youtube.com/audiolibrary/music?feature=blog
COMMUNITY:
We take pride in our AWESOME community, and we welcome feedback and discussion. However, please remember that this is an education channel. See YouTube's community guidelines and how YouTube handles comments that are reported by the community. We also reserve the right to remove comments.
TRANSLATIONS:
Hindi Subtitles Credit: Alisha Aggarwal
While we don't allow dubbing of our videos, we do gladly accept subtitle translations from our community. Some translated subtitles on our videos were translated by the community using YouTube's community-contributed subtitle feature. After the feature was discontinued by YouTube, we have another option for submitting translated subtitles here: https://www.amoebasisters.com/pinkys-ed-tech-favorites/community-contributed-subtitles We want to thank our amazing community for the generosity of their time in continuing to create translated subtitles. If you have a concern about community contributed contributions, please contact us.
Today, I'll be teaching you the difference between ploidy and haploid number!
If you want to support me, feel free to donate here: https://paypal.me/olgaandreeva1 :)
~Math links~
Geometry: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL5FpXdbp3GElHdRm0FQmi13Zp1ZrhwIr6
Algebra 2: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL5FpXdbp3GEkayzRVLgJzC6VL6lLa5knh
Precalc: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL5FpXdbp3GEmTX3DscdT62NyK1pddJlOe
Calc: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL5FpXdbp3GElFnm9-95_TmPwOgJHpE3Fs
Popular videos: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCpkW-YCSZsLTaqx-1rOrKuw/videos?sort=p&shelf_id=2&view=0
Numerical chromosomal aberrations:
Each species of an organism has a specific number of chromosomes in its somatic cells. These chromosomes are found in pairs. At the time of formation of gametes the chromosome number is reduced. Hence, the gemetes carry haploid set of chromosomes. Alterations in the number of
chromosomes from the diploid set is called numerical chromosomal aberration. It is also known as ploidy. There are two types of ploidy –
euploidy and aneuploidy.
Euploidy:
Euploidy is the variation in the chromosome number that occurs due to increase or decrease of full set of chromosomes. Monoploidy, diploidy and polyploidy are the types in euploidy.
Diploidy:
In most of the plants and animals, the somatic cells contain two sets of chromosome. Diploidy is formed by the union of two gametes during fertilization.
Polyploidy:
Addition of one or more sets of chromosomes to the diploid set results in polyploidy. It is commonly noticed in plants and rare in animals. They are of two kinds – autopolyploidy and allopolyploidy.
Autopolyploidy:
Addition of one or more haploid set of its own genome in an organism results in autopolyploidy. Watermelon, grapes and banana are autotriploids,
whereas apple is an autotetraploid.
Allopolyploidy:
Increase in one or more haploid set of chromosomes from two different species result in allopolyploidy. Triticale is the first man made cereal. It
is obtained by crossing a wheat Triticum durum (2n = 4x = 28) and a rye Secale cereale (2n = 2x = 14). The F1 hybrid (2n = 3x = 21) is sterile. Then the chromosome number is doubled using colchicine and it becomes an hexaploid.
Aneuploidy:
Variation that involves one or two chromosomes within the diploid set of an organism results in aneuploidy. It is of two types – hypoploidy and hyperploidy.
Hypoploidy:
Decrease in one or two chromosomes from the diploid set is described as hypoploidy. There are two types of hypoploidy – monosomy and nullisomy. Monosomy is due to loss of a chromosome from the diploid set i.e. 2n – 1. Nullisomy is the condition in which a pair of homologous chromosomes is lost from the diploid set i.e. 2n – 2.
Hyperploidy:
Addition of one or two chromosomes to the diploid set of chromosome results in hyperploidy. There are two types of hyperploidy – trisomy and
tetrasomy. Trisomy results due to the addition of one chromosome to diploid set of chromosomes. It is represented by 2n + 1. Trisomics are observed in Datura stramonium. Tetrasomy results due to the addition of two chromosomes to diploid set of chromosome. It is represented by 2n+2.
Significance of ploidy:
1. Polyploidy plays an important role in plant breeding and horticulture.
2. Polyploidy has more vigorous effect than the diploids and results in the production of large sized flowers and fruits. Hence, it has economical significance.
3. It plays significant role in the evolution of new species.
4. Polyploidy results in the changes in the season of flowering and
fruiting.
5. Polyploids are vigorous invaders of new habitats.
6. It leads to the formation of new varieties which show high resistance
to disease and increase in yield.
7. Tetraploid cabbages and tomatoes contain more ascorbic acid whereas
tetraploid corn contains more vitamin A.
8. Both euploidy and aneuploidy in man cause congenital diseases.
9. Polyploidy varieties like apple, pear, grape and watermelons are
cultivated because of their large size.
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Learn the difference between a Diploid Cell and a Haploid cell. A diploid cell contains pairs of chromosomes and is represented with 2n. A haploid cell contains a single chromosome and is represented by n.
For more information on Diploid and Haploid Cells
http://www.moomoomathblog.com/2022/02/diploid-cell-vs-haploid-cells.html
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0:00 Human chromosome number and ploidy
0:57 Where did our two sets of chromosomes come from?
2:01 Cell cycle and variation in chromosome number
5:02 Plotting DNA content of a cell over the cell cycle
7:01 G1 is when ploidy is determined
7:24 Exercise for class
What is a "homologous" chromosome? What is a gene? What is an allele? What is a gamete? What is the difference between a haploid cell and a diploid cell? How does sexual reproduction produce offspring with genetic material from each parent?
This video lecture was recorded at the University of Wisconsin -- Stout in the fall of 2019. It accompanies my BIO 136 Molecular Cell Biology course, which was taught with Freeman's "Biological Science."
Confused with how chromosome numbers change in mitosis and meiosis? The Amoeba Sisters walk you through the mystery of chromosome and chromatid counting in mitosis and meiosis. Video has handout: http://www.amoebasisters.com/handouts.html 👇Expand details for table of contents.
Tale of Contents:
Number of Chromosomes in Humans 0:53
Basics of a Chromosome 1:03
Chromosome vs. Chromatid 1:31
Counting Chromosomes in Interphase 2:13
Mitosis Chromosome Chart 3:08
Meiosis Chromosome Chart 4:02
Correction:
2:36 We should have said centromere REGION instead of just centromere. The reason is that if going by the sequence definition of a centromere (more updated definition than older definitions), there would be one centromere per chromatid. Please see pinned comment. When sister chromatids are attached at the centromere REGION, we count as one chromosome.
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Ploidy is the number of sets of chromosomes in a cell. Usually a gamete (sperm or egg, which fuse into a single cell during the fertilization phase of sexual reproduction) carries a full set of chromosomes that includes a single copy of each chromosome, as aneuploidy generally leads to severe genetic disease in the offspring. The gametic or haploid number (n) is the number of chromosomes in a gamete. Two gametes form a diploid zygote with twice this number (2n, the zygotic or diploid number) i.e. two copies of autosomal chromosomes. For humans, a diploid species, n=23. A typical human somatic cell contains 46 chromosomes: 2 complete haploid sets, which make up 23 homologous chromosome pairs.
Because chromosome number is generally reduced only by the specialized process of meiosis, the somatic cells of the body inherit and maintain the chromosome number of the zygote. However, in many situations somatic cells double their copy number by means of endoreduplication as an aspect of cellular differentiation. For example, the hearts of two-year-old children contain 85% diploid and 15% tetraploid nuclei, but by 12 years of age the proportions become approximately equal, and adults examined contained 27% diploid, 71% tetraploid and 2% octaploid nuclei.
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