In genetic algorithms, a chromosome (also sometimes called a genotype) is a set of parameters which define a proposed solution to the problem that the genetic algorithm is trying to solve. The set of all solutions is known as the population. The chromosome is often represented as a binary string, although a wide variety of other data structures are also used.
Chromosome design
The design of the chromosome and its parameters is by necessity specific to the problem to be solved. Traditionally, chromosomes are represented in binary as strings of 0s and 1s, however other encodings are also possible; almost any representation which allows the solution to be represented as a finite-length string can be used. Finding a suitable representation of the problem domain for a chromosome is an important consideration, as a good representation will make the search easier by limiting the search space; similarly, a poorer representation will allow a larger search space. The mutationoperator and crossover operator employed by the genetic algorithm must also take into account the chromosome's design.
Chromosome 19 is one of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans. People normally have two copies of this chromosome. Chromosome 19 spans more than 58.6 million base pairs, the building material of DNA.
Identifying genes on each chromosome is an active area of genetic research. Because researchers use different approaches to predict the number of genes on each chromosome, the estimated number of genes varies. Depending on the genome annotation used, chromosome 19 contains 2,188 or 2,670 genes, and chromosome 19 thereby has the highest gene density of all the 23 chromosomes.
Genes
The following are some of the genes located on chromosome 19:
Chromosome 11 is one of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans. Humans normally have two copies of this chromosome. Chromosome 11 spans about 135 million base pairs (the building material of DNA) and represents between 4 and 4.5 percent of the total DNA in cells. It is one of the most gene- and disease-rich chromosomes in the human genome.
Identifying genes on each chromosome is an active area of genetic research. Because researchers use different approaches to predict the number of genes on each chromosome, the estimated number of genes varies. Chromosome 11 likely contains between 1,300 and 1,700 genes.
A recent study shows that 11.6 genes per megabase, including 1,524 protein-coding genes and 765 pseudogenes can be found on chromosome 11.
More than 40% of the 856 olfactory receptor genes in the human genome are located in 28 single- and multi-gene clusters along this chromosome.
Genes
The following are some of the genes located on chromosome 11:
ACAT1: acetyl-Coenzyme A acetyltransferase 1 (acetoacetyl Coenzyme A thiolase)
In order to survive and grow, organisms require a constant supply of new cells. In this video we explore how these cells are generated through the cell cycle, with a particular focus on mitosis. We will also look at the role chromosomes play and the different forms they take.
In this video, we'll look at:
- How new cells are generated by the cell cycle
- What mitosis is, and how it works
- The role of chromosomes, and the different forms they take
published: 24 Sep 2018
What is a Chromosome?
https://www.patreon.com/statedclearly Ever get confused about the difference between DNA, genes, and Chromosomes? If so, don't worry. We straighten it all out here!
Arabic CC by Mustafa Farqad and Mohammed Baset
#chromosome #gene #biology
GCSE workbooks https://www.amazon.co.uk/Dr-Shaun-Donnelly/e/B084FH9JPF?ref_=dbs_p_pbk_r00_abau_000000&_encoding=UTF8&tag=freesciencele-21&linkCode=ur2&linkId=1fbc0f5c3e7450e895637b56ee343168&camp=1634&creative=6738
School licenses from 40p per copy https://www.freesciencelessons.co.uk/school-licences/
In this video, we start by looking at chromosomes. We then explore the cell-cycle involving mitosis and why this is important.
This video is based on the AQA spec. If you are following a different exam board then you should check your specification. The Amazon link above is an affiliate link. This provides a small commission which helps to support freesciencelessons. The cost remains the same to you. If you prefer not to use this, you can search Amazon for the Freesciencelessons workbooks.
...
published: 20 Aug 2017
Chromosomes
Provided to YouTube by EMPIRE Distribution
Chromosomes · Key Glock
Glockoma 2
℗ 2023 Paper Route EMPIRE
Released on: 2023-02-24
Producer: BandPlay
Composer: BandPlay
Lyricist: Markeyvius LaShun Cathey
Lyricist: Jerry Marlon Beach
Auto-generated by YouTube.
published: 24 Feb 2023
What Are Chromosomes | Genetics | Biology | FuseSchool
In the nucleus of each eukaryotic cell, the DNA is packaged together into chromosomes.
Each chromosome is made up of DNA that is tightly coiled around proteins that give it the structure.
Chromosomes usually occur in pairs, except for gametes (eggs and sperm cells) but the number of chromosomes changes depending upon species. Humans have 23 pairs, elephants have 28 pairs and carrot plants have 9 pairs.
Chromosomes are made from long, coiled molecules of DNA known as a double helix. Within this long chain, there are shorter regions that carry the genetic code for particular proteins that are known as genes.
Chromosomes carry all of the information that help a cell grow, survive and reproduce.
Each chromosome has a centromere, which divides the chromosome into 2 sections, or arms. ...
published: 22 Dec 2016
Chromosome Live Lab Presents Devilman
Chromosome Live Lab 12
Web: http://www.chromosomerecords.com
Enquires: [email protected]
Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/Chromosomelivelab
Twitter: @c_Livelab
Original song "100 Degrees" http://soundcloud.com/tmpuk/devilman-100-degrees
Drums: Chris Brown
Bass: Cornelius Wynter
Keys: Andre Bassing
published: 31 Jan 2012
Chromosomes and Karyotypes
Explore chromosomes and karyotypes with the Amoeba Sisters! This video explains chromosome structure, how chromosomes are counted, why chromosomes are important, and how they can be arranged in a karyotype! This video also tackles a few misconceptions about how chromosomes.
Table of Contents:
00:00 Intro
1:15 What makes up a chromosome?
2:18 Understanding replicated vs. unreplicated chromosome
3:28 Introducing a Karyotype
4:01 Potential Misconception with Karyotype
5:28 XX and XY Chromosomes
* As we mention in our video about Punnett squares with sex-linked traits, we want to add this here too: there is more detail to sex determination than just sex chromosomes and more combinations possible than XX and XY combinations. We have some further reading links you can check out linked in the ...
published: 04 Apr 2018
Chromatids | sister Chromatids | Non sister chromatids | Chromosome
This video is about a term chromatids and its related terms sister chromatids and non sister chromatids .
#chromatids
#sisterChromatids
#NonsisterChromatids
#chromosome
#structureofchromosome
published: 22 Jul 2023
Chromosome Structure and Organization
We've all seen pictures of chromosomes, and we know that they contain DNA. But how do we get from the double helix of DNA to the X-looking shape of a chromosome? Is it just DNA, or are there other things in there? How much DNA is in each chromosome? Chromosomal structure is incredibly complicated, but now that we've learned about DNA and proteins, as well as Mendelian genetics for a little context, we are finally ready to get a more sophisticated view of what's inside a chromosome.
Watch the whole Biology/Genetics playlist: http://bit.ly/ProfDaveBio
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Biopsyc...
In order to survive and grow, organisms require a constant supply of new cells. In this video we explore how these cells are generated through the cell cycle, w...
In order to survive and grow, organisms require a constant supply of new cells. In this video we explore how these cells are generated through the cell cycle, with a particular focus on mitosis. We will also look at the role chromosomes play and the different forms they take.
In this video, we'll look at:
- How new cells are generated by the cell cycle
- What mitosis is, and how it works
- The role of chromosomes, and the different forms they take
In order to survive and grow, organisms require a constant supply of new cells. In this video we explore how these cells are generated through the cell cycle, with a particular focus on mitosis. We will also look at the role chromosomes play and the different forms they take.
In this video, we'll look at:
- How new cells are generated by the cell cycle
- What mitosis is, and how it works
- The role of chromosomes, and the different forms they take
https://www.patreon.com/statedclearly Ever get confused about the difference between DNA, genes, and Chromosomes? If so, don't worry. We straighten it all out h...
https://www.patreon.com/statedclearly Ever get confused about the difference between DNA, genes, and Chromosomes? If so, don't worry. We straighten it all out here!
Arabic CC by Mustafa Farqad and Mohammed Baset
#chromosome #gene #biology
https://www.patreon.com/statedclearly Ever get confused about the difference between DNA, genes, and Chromosomes? If so, don't worry. We straighten it all out here!
Arabic CC by Mustafa Farqad and Mohammed Baset
#chromosome #gene #biology
Listen to the Album “Glockoma 2". Out Now!
Stream: https://music.empi.re/glockoma2
#KeyGlock #Glockoma2 #EMPIRE
Official Visualizer by Key Glock - "Gloc...
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School licenses from 40p per copy https://www.freesciencelessons.co.uk/school-licences/
In this video, we start by looking at chromosomes. We then explore the cell-cycle involving mitosis and why this is important.
This video is based on the AQA spec. If you are following a different exam board then you should check your specification. The Amazon link above is an affiliate link. This provides a small commission which helps to support freesciencelessons. The cost remains the same to you. If you prefer not to use this, you can search Amazon for the Freesciencelessons workbooks.
Image credits: All images were created by and are the property of Autonomy Education Ltd.
GCSE workbooks https://www.amazon.co.uk/Dr-Shaun-Donnelly/e/B084FH9JPF?ref_=dbs_p_pbk_r00_abau_000000&_encoding=UTF8&tag=freesciencele-21&linkCode=ur2&linkId=1fbc0f5c3e7450e895637b56ee343168&camp=1634&creative=6738
School licenses from 40p per copy https://www.freesciencelessons.co.uk/school-licences/
In this video, we start by looking at chromosomes. We then explore the cell-cycle involving mitosis and why this is important.
This video is based on the AQA spec. If you are following a different exam board then you should check your specification. The Amazon link above is an affiliate link. This provides a small commission which helps to support freesciencelessons. The cost remains the same to you. If you prefer not to use this, you can search Amazon for the Freesciencelessons workbooks.
Image credits: All images were created by and are the property of Autonomy Education Ltd.
Provided to YouTube by EMPIRE Distribution
Chromosomes · Key Glock
Glockoma 2
℗ 2023 Paper Route EMPIRE
Released on: 2023-02-24
Producer: BandPlay
Composer...
Provided to YouTube by EMPIRE Distribution
Chromosomes · Key Glock
Glockoma 2
℗ 2023 Paper Route EMPIRE
Released on: 2023-02-24
Producer: BandPlay
Composer: BandPlay
Lyricist: Markeyvius LaShun Cathey
Lyricist: Jerry Marlon Beach
Auto-generated by YouTube.
Provided to YouTube by EMPIRE Distribution
Chromosomes · Key Glock
Glockoma 2
℗ 2023 Paper Route EMPIRE
Released on: 2023-02-24
Producer: BandPlay
Composer: BandPlay
Lyricist: Markeyvius LaShun Cathey
Lyricist: Jerry Marlon Beach
Auto-generated by YouTube.
In the nucleus of each eukaryotic cell, the DNA is packaged together into chromosomes.
Each chromosome is made up of DNA that is tightly coiled around protein...
In the nucleus of each eukaryotic cell, the DNA is packaged together into chromosomes.
Each chromosome is made up of DNA that is tightly coiled around proteins that give it the structure.
Chromosomes usually occur in pairs, except for gametes (eggs and sperm cells) but the number of chromosomes changes depending upon species. Humans have 23 pairs, elephants have 28 pairs and carrot plants have 9 pairs.
Chromosomes are made from long, coiled molecules of DNA known as a double helix. Within this long chain, there are shorter regions that carry the genetic code for particular proteins that are known as genes.
Chromosomes carry all of the information that help a cell grow, survive and reproduce.
Each chromosome has a centromere, which divides the chromosome into 2 sections, or arms. The location of the centromere on each chromosome is what gives it it’s characteristic shape. The p arm are the short arms, and the q arms are the long arm structure.
Chromosomes are made up of DNA and proteins - with the DNA being coiled around the histone proteins that support the structure.
Chromosomes are passed from parents to offspring, and play an important role that ensures DNA is copied and distributed accurately in the process of cell division.
Chromosomes are not usually visible in the cell’s nucleus, and can only be seen when the cell is dividing. During cell division, the chromosomes are duplicated. We will look at this in more detail in future videos, such as ‘what is mitosis’. When the chromosomes are duplicated, they condense into short structures which can then be stained and observed under a microscope. The centromere holds the duplicated chromosomes together. Duplicated chromosomes are commonly called sister chromatids. Note that one chromosome is just one half, but the X-shape is that duplicated chromosome joined at the centromere.
SUBSCRIBE to the FuseSchool YouTube channel for many more educational videos. Our teachers and animators come together to make fun & easy-to-understand videos in Chemistry, Biology, Physics, Maths & ICT.
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This Open Educational Resource is free of charge, under a Creative Commons License: Attribution-NonCommercial CC BY-NC ( View License Deed: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ ). You are allowed to download the video for nonprofit, educational use. If you would like to modify the video, please contact us: [email protected]
In the nucleus of each eukaryotic cell, the DNA is packaged together into chromosomes.
Each chromosome is made up of DNA that is tightly coiled around proteins that give it the structure.
Chromosomes usually occur in pairs, except for gametes (eggs and sperm cells) but the number of chromosomes changes depending upon species. Humans have 23 pairs, elephants have 28 pairs and carrot plants have 9 pairs.
Chromosomes are made from long, coiled molecules of DNA known as a double helix. Within this long chain, there are shorter regions that carry the genetic code for particular proteins that are known as genes.
Chromosomes carry all of the information that help a cell grow, survive and reproduce.
Each chromosome has a centromere, which divides the chromosome into 2 sections, or arms. The location of the centromere on each chromosome is what gives it it’s characteristic shape. The p arm are the short arms, and the q arms are the long arm structure.
Chromosomes are made up of DNA and proteins - with the DNA being coiled around the histone proteins that support the structure.
Chromosomes are passed from parents to offspring, and play an important role that ensures DNA is copied and distributed accurately in the process of cell division.
Chromosomes are not usually visible in the cell’s nucleus, and can only be seen when the cell is dividing. During cell division, the chromosomes are duplicated. We will look at this in more detail in future videos, such as ‘what is mitosis’. When the chromosomes are duplicated, they condense into short structures which can then be stained and observed under a microscope. The centromere holds the duplicated chromosomes together. Duplicated chromosomes are commonly called sister chromatids. Note that one chromosome is just one half, but the X-shape is that duplicated chromosome joined at the centromere.
SUBSCRIBE to the FuseSchool YouTube channel for many more educational videos. Our teachers and animators come together to make fun & easy-to-understand videos in Chemistry, Biology, Physics, Maths & ICT.
VISIT us at www.fuseschool.org, where all of our videos are carefully organised into topics and specific orders, and to see what else we have on offer. Comment, like and share with other learners. You can both ask and answer questions, and teachers will get back to you.
These videos can be used in a flipped classroom model or as a revision aid.
Find all of our Chemistry videos here:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cRnpKjHpFyg&list=PLW0gavSzhMlReKGMVfUt6YuNQsO0bqSMV
Find all of our Biology videos here:
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Access a deeper Learning Experience in the FuseSchool platform and app: www.fuseschool.org
Follow us: http://www.youtube.com/fuseschool
Friend us: http://www.facebook.com/fuseschool
This Open Educational Resource is free of charge, under a Creative Commons License: Attribution-NonCommercial CC BY-NC ( View License Deed: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ ). You are allowed to download the video for nonprofit, educational use. If you would like to modify the video, please contact us: [email protected]
Chromosome Live Lab 12
Web: http://www.chromosomerecords.com
Enquires: [email protected]
Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/Chromosomelivelab
Twitter: @c_Livelab
Original song "100 Degrees" http://soundcloud.com/tmpuk/devilman-100-degrees
Drums: Chris Brown
Bass: Cornelius Wynter
Keys: Andre Bassing
Chromosome Live Lab 12
Web: http://www.chromosomerecords.com
Enquires: [email protected]
Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/Chromosomelivelab
Twitter: @c_Livelab
Original song "100 Degrees" http://soundcloud.com/tmpuk/devilman-100-degrees
Drums: Chris Brown
Bass: Cornelius Wynter
Keys: Andre Bassing
Explore chromosomes and karyotypes with the Amoeba Sisters! This video explains chromosome structure, how chromosomes are counted, why chromosomes are important...
Explore chromosomes and karyotypes with the Amoeba Sisters! This video explains chromosome structure, how chromosomes are counted, why chromosomes are important, and how they can be arranged in a karyotype! This video also tackles a few misconceptions about how chromosomes.
Table of Contents:
00:00 Intro
1:15 What makes up a chromosome?
2:18 Understanding replicated vs. unreplicated chromosome
3:28 Introducing a Karyotype
4:01 Potential Misconception with Karyotype
5:28 XX and XY Chromosomes
* As we mention in our video about Punnett squares with sex-linked traits, we want to add this here too: there is more detail to sex determination than just sex chromosomes and more combinations possible than XX and XY combinations. We have some further reading links you can check out linked in the other video and we also want to paste in some of the examples from that description here:
XXY: https://www.genome.gov/Genetic-Disorders/Klinefelter-Syndrome
XYY: https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/47xyy-syndrome/
X: https://www.genome.gov/Genetic-Disorders/Turner-Syndrome
Info about SRY gene & also conditions related to variants in SRY gene:
https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/gene/sry/
Vocabulary includes chromosome, centromere, sister chromatids, chromatin, nucleosome, haploid, diploid, homologous chromosomes, gametes, autosomes, and sex chromosomes!
Reference: OpenStax, Biology. OpenStax CNX. Mar 21, 2018 http://cnx.org/contents/[email protected].
Special thanks to Dr. Brian Davis for his expertise in verifying that a typical karyotype would show 2 chromatids per chromosome. (This has been a misconception we've seen in the classroom from many diagrams)
A real life karyotype from NIH (in public domain) https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:NHGRI_human_male_karyotype.png can be excellent for viewing alongside this video.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The Amoeba Sisters videos demystify science with humor and relevance. The videos center on Pinky's certification and experience in teaching biology at the high school level. For more information about The Amoeba Sisters, visit:
http://www.amoebasisters.com/about-us.html
⭐We have a menu of our resources that complement our videos! Visit https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1b3kmAzFEjWgoMKCrkeNCKFYunWk04IuLY93jI4OY0gY/edit?usp=sharing
We cover the basics in biology concepts at the secondary level. If you are looking to discover more about biology and go into depth beyond these basics, our recommended reference is the FREE, peer reviewed, open source OpenStax biology textbook: https://openstax.org/details/books/biology
Support Us? https://www.amoebasisters.com/support-us
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MUSIC:
Music in this video is listed free to use/no attribution required from the YouTube audio library https://www.youtube.com/audiolibrary/music?feature=blog
COMMUNITY:
We take pride in our AWESOME community, and we welcome feedback and discussion. However, please remember that this is an education channel. See YouTube's community guidelines and how YouTube handles comments that are reported by the community. We also reserve the right to remove comments.
TRANSLATIONS:
Hindi Subtitles Credit: Alisha Aggarwal
While we don't allow dubbing of our videos, we do gladly accept subtitle translations from our community. Some translated subtitles on our videos were translated by the community using YouTube's community-contributed subtitle feature. After the feature was discontinued by YouTube, we have another option for submitting translated subtitles here: https://www.amoebasisters.com/pinkys-ed-tech-favorites/community-contributed-subtitles We want to thank our amazing community for the generosity of their time in continuing to create translated subtitles. If you have a concern about community contributed contributions, please contact us.
Explore chromosomes and karyotypes with the Amoeba Sisters! This video explains chromosome structure, how chromosomes are counted, why chromosomes are important, and how they can be arranged in a karyotype! This video also tackles a few misconceptions about how chromosomes.
Table of Contents:
00:00 Intro
1:15 What makes up a chromosome?
2:18 Understanding replicated vs. unreplicated chromosome
3:28 Introducing a Karyotype
4:01 Potential Misconception with Karyotype
5:28 XX and XY Chromosomes
* As we mention in our video about Punnett squares with sex-linked traits, we want to add this here too: there is more detail to sex determination than just sex chromosomes and more combinations possible than XX and XY combinations. We have some further reading links you can check out linked in the other video and we also want to paste in some of the examples from that description here:
XXY: https://www.genome.gov/Genetic-Disorders/Klinefelter-Syndrome
XYY: https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/47xyy-syndrome/
X: https://www.genome.gov/Genetic-Disorders/Turner-Syndrome
Info about SRY gene & also conditions related to variants in SRY gene:
https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/gene/sry/
Vocabulary includes chromosome, centromere, sister chromatids, chromatin, nucleosome, haploid, diploid, homologous chromosomes, gametes, autosomes, and sex chromosomes!
Reference: OpenStax, Biology. OpenStax CNX. Mar 21, 2018 http://cnx.org/contents/[email protected].
Special thanks to Dr. Brian Davis for his expertise in verifying that a typical karyotype would show 2 chromatids per chromosome. (This has been a misconception we've seen in the classroom from many diagrams)
A real life karyotype from NIH (in public domain) https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:NHGRI_human_male_karyotype.png can be excellent for viewing alongside this video.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The Amoeba Sisters videos demystify science with humor and relevance. The videos center on Pinky's certification and experience in teaching biology at the high school level. For more information about The Amoeba Sisters, visit:
http://www.amoebasisters.com/about-us.html
⭐We have a menu of our resources that complement our videos! Visit https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1b3kmAzFEjWgoMKCrkeNCKFYunWk04IuLY93jI4OY0gY/edit?usp=sharing
We cover the basics in biology concepts at the secondary level. If you are looking to discover more about biology and go into depth beyond these basics, our recommended reference is the FREE, peer reviewed, open source OpenStax biology textbook: https://openstax.org/details/books/biology
Support Us? https://www.amoebasisters.com/support-us
Our Resources:
Biology Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLwL0Myd7Dk1F0iQPGrjehze3eDpco1eVz
GIFs: https://www.amoebasisters.com/gifs.html
Handouts: https://www.amoebasisters.com/handouts.html
Comics: https://www.amoebasisters.com/parameciumparlorcomics
Unlectured Series: https://www.amoebasisters.com/unlectured
Connect with us!
Website: http://www.AmoebaSisters.com
Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/AmoebaSisters
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Want to learn tips for viewing edu YouTube videos including changing the speed, language, viewing the transcript, etc? https://www.amoebasisters.com/pinkys-ed-tech-favorites/10-youtube-tips-from-an-edu-youtuber-duo
MUSIC:
Music in this video is listed free to use/no attribution required from the YouTube audio library https://www.youtube.com/audiolibrary/music?feature=blog
COMMUNITY:
We take pride in our AWESOME community, and we welcome feedback and discussion. However, please remember that this is an education channel. See YouTube's community guidelines and how YouTube handles comments that are reported by the community. We also reserve the right to remove comments.
TRANSLATIONS:
Hindi Subtitles Credit: Alisha Aggarwal
While we don't allow dubbing of our videos, we do gladly accept subtitle translations from our community. Some translated subtitles on our videos were translated by the community using YouTube's community-contributed subtitle feature. After the feature was discontinued by YouTube, we have another option for submitting translated subtitles here: https://www.amoebasisters.com/pinkys-ed-tech-favorites/community-contributed-subtitles We want to thank our amazing community for the generosity of their time in continuing to create translated subtitles. If you have a concern about community contributed contributions, please contact us.
This video is about a term chromatids and its related terms sister chromatids and non sister chromatids .
#chromatids
#sisterChromatids
#NonsisterChromatids
#c...
This video is about a term chromatids and its related terms sister chromatids and non sister chromatids .
#chromatids
#sisterChromatids
#NonsisterChromatids
#chromosome
#structureofchromosome
This video is about a term chromatids and its related terms sister chromatids and non sister chromatids .
#chromatids
#sisterChromatids
#NonsisterChromatids
#chromosome
#structureofchromosome
We've all seen pictures of chromosomes, and we know that they contain DNA. But how do we get from the double helix of DNA to the X-looking shape of a chromosome...
We've all seen pictures of chromosomes, and we know that they contain DNA. But how do we get from the double helix of DNA to the X-looking shape of a chromosome? Is it just DNA, or are there other things in there? How much DNA is in each chromosome? Chromosomal structure is incredibly complicated, but now that we've learned about DNA and proteins, as well as Mendelian genetics for a little context, we are finally ready to get a more sophisticated view of what's inside a chromosome.
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We've all seen pictures of chromosomes, and we know that they contain DNA. But how do we get from the double helix of DNA to the X-looking shape of a chromosome? Is it just DNA, or are there other things in there? How much DNA is in each chromosome? Chromosomal structure is incredibly complicated, but now that we've learned about DNA and proteins, as well as Mendelian genetics for a little context, we are finally ready to get a more sophisticated view of what's inside a chromosome.
Watch the whole Biology/Genetics playlist: http://bit.ly/ProfDaveBio
General Chemistry Tutorials: http://bit.ly/ProfDaveGenChem
Organic Chemistry Tutorials: http://bit.ly/ProfDaveOrgChem
Biochemistry Tutorials: http://bit.ly/ProfDaveBiochem
Anatomy & Physiology Tutorials: http://bit.ly/ProfDaveAnatPhys
Biopsychology Tutorials: http://bit.ly/ProfDaveBiopsych
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Pharmacology Tutorials: http://bit.ly/ProfDavePharma
History of Drugs Videos: http://bit.ly/ProfDaveHistoryDrugs
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Check out "Is This Wi-Fi Organic?", my book on disarming pseudoscience!
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Bookshop: https://bit.ly/39cKADM
Barnes and Noble: https://bit.ly/3pUjmrn
Book Depository: http://bit.ly/3aOVDlT
In order to survive and grow, organisms require a constant supply of new cells. In this video we explore how these cells are generated through the cell cycle, with a particular focus on mitosis. We will also look at the role chromosomes play and the different forms they take.
In this video, we'll look at:
- How new cells are generated by the cell cycle
- What mitosis is, and how it works
- The role of chromosomes, and the different forms they take
https://www.patreon.com/statedclearly Ever get confused about the difference between DNA, genes, and Chromosomes? If so, don't worry. We straighten it all out here!
Arabic CC by Mustafa Farqad and Mohammed Baset
#chromosome #gene #biology
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In this video, we start by looking at chromosomes. We then explore the cell-cycle involving mitosis and why this is important.
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Chromosomes · Key Glock
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In the nucleus of each eukaryotic cell, the DNA is packaged together into chromosomes.
Each chromosome is made up of DNA that is tightly coiled around proteins that give it the structure.
Chromosomes usually occur in pairs, except for gametes (eggs and sperm cells) but the number of chromosomes changes depending upon species. Humans have 23 pairs, elephants have 28 pairs and carrot plants have 9 pairs.
Chromosomes are made from long, coiled molecules of DNA known as a double helix. Within this long chain, there are shorter regions that carry the genetic code for particular proteins that are known as genes.
Chromosomes carry all of the information that help a cell grow, survive and reproduce.
Each chromosome has a centromere, which divides the chromosome into 2 sections, or arms. The location of the centromere on each chromosome is what gives it it’s characteristic shape. The p arm are the short arms, and the q arms are the long arm structure.
Chromosomes are made up of DNA and proteins - with the DNA being coiled around the histone proteins that support the structure.
Chromosomes are passed from parents to offspring, and play an important role that ensures DNA is copied and distributed accurately in the process of cell division.
Chromosomes are not usually visible in the cell’s nucleus, and can only be seen when the cell is dividing. During cell division, the chromosomes are duplicated. We will look at this in more detail in future videos, such as ‘what is mitosis’. When the chromosomes are duplicated, they condense into short structures which can then be stained and observed under a microscope. The centromere holds the duplicated chromosomes together. Duplicated chromosomes are commonly called sister chromatids. Note that one chromosome is just one half, but the X-shape is that duplicated chromosome joined at the centromere.
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Chromosome Live Lab 12
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Explore chromosomes and karyotypes with the Amoeba Sisters! This video explains chromosome structure, how chromosomes are counted, why chromosomes are important, and how they can be arranged in a karyotype! This video also tackles a few misconceptions about how chromosomes.
Table of Contents:
00:00 Intro
1:15 What makes up a chromosome?
2:18 Understanding replicated vs. unreplicated chromosome
3:28 Introducing a Karyotype
4:01 Potential Misconception with Karyotype
5:28 XX and XY Chromosomes
* As we mention in our video about Punnett squares with sex-linked traits, we want to add this here too: there is more detail to sex determination than just sex chromosomes and more combinations possible than XX and XY combinations. We have some further reading links you can check out linked in the other video and we also want to paste in some of the examples from that description here:
XXY: https://www.genome.gov/Genetic-Disorders/Klinefelter-Syndrome
XYY: https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/47xyy-syndrome/
X: https://www.genome.gov/Genetic-Disorders/Turner-Syndrome
Info about SRY gene & also conditions related to variants in SRY gene:
https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/gene/sry/
Vocabulary includes chromosome, centromere, sister chromatids, chromatin, nucleosome, haploid, diploid, homologous chromosomes, gametes, autosomes, and sex chromosomes!
Reference: OpenStax, Biology. OpenStax CNX. Mar 21, 2018 http://cnx.org/contents/[email protected].
Special thanks to Dr. Brian Davis for his expertise in verifying that a typical karyotype would show 2 chromatids per chromosome. (This has been a misconception we've seen in the classroom from many diagrams)
A real life karyotype from NIH (in public domain) https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:NHGRI_human_male_karyotype.png can be excellent for viewing alongside this video.
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This video is about a term chromatids and its related terms sister chromatids and non sister chromatids .
#chromatids
#sisterChromatids
#NonsisterChromatids
#chromosome
#structureofchromosome
We've all seen pictures of chromosomes, and we know that they contain DNA. But how do we get from the double helix of DNA to the X-looking shape of a chromosome? Is it just DNA, or are there other things in there? How much DNA is in each chromosome? Chromosomal structure is incredibly complicated, but now that we've learned about DNA and proteins, as well as Mendelian genetics for a little context, we are finally ready to get a more sophisticated view of what's inside a chromosome.
Watch the whole Biology/Genetics playlist: http://bit.ly/ProfDaveBio
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Microbiology/Infectious Diseases Tutorials: http://bit.ly/ProfDaveMicrobio
Pharmacology Tutorials: http://bit.ly/ProfDavePharma
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Check out "Is This Wi-Fi Organic?", my book on disarming pseudoscience!
Amazon: https://amzn.to/2HtNpVH
Bookshop: https://bit.ly/39cKADM
Barnes and Noble: https://bit.ly/3pUjmrn
Book Depository: http://bit.ly/3aOVDlT
In genetic algorithms, a chromosome (also sometimes called a genotype) is a set of parameters which define a proposed solution to the problem that the genetic algorithm is trying to solve. The set of all solutions is known as the population. The chromosome is often represented as a binary string, although a wide variety of other data structures are also used.
Chromosome design
The design of the chromosome and its parameters is by necessity specific to the problem to be solved. Traditionally, chromosomes are represented in binary as strings of 0s and 1s, however other encodings are also possible; almost any representation which allows the solution to be represented as a finite-length string can be used. Finding a suitable representation of the problem domain for a chromosome is an important consideration, as a good representation will make the search easier by limiting the search space; similarly, a poorer representation will allow a larger search space. The mutationoperator and crossover operator employed by the genetic algorithm must also take into account the chromosome's design.
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... legal action in response to the latest reports in France claiming the gold-medal winner in the women’s welterweight division has male XY chromosomes, the International Olympic Committee has said.
DANVILLE — Increased risk for autism appears to be linked to the Y chromosome, a Geisinger study found, offering a new explanation for the greater prevalence of autism in males ....
A new study conducted in roundworms finds that a common plastic ingredient causes breaks in DNA strands, resulting in egg cells with the wrong number of chromosomes ... .
Increased risk for autism appears to be linked to the Y chromosome, a study has found, offering a new explanation for the greater prevalence of autism in males ... .