A back walkover is an acrobatic maneuver in which a person transitions from a standing position to a back bridge and then back to a standing position again, undergoing a complete revolution of the body in the process. Back walkovers are commonly performed in a variety of athletic activities, including acro dance, cheerleading, and rhythmic gymnastics. In artistic gymnastics, back walkovers are performed in floor exercises and on the balance beam.
Technique
The back walkover performer begins in a standing position. The back is increasingly arched and abdominal muscles are stretched until the hands touch the floor and all hands and feet are flat on the floor, thus forming a gymnastic back bridge. While in the bridge position, one leg (the leading leg) is rapidly raised from the floor so as to impart momentum to the lower body. This momentum lifts the trailing leg from the floor so that only the hands are left touching the floor. Both hands remain on the floor while the body revolves backward through a handstand position, until the foot of the leading leg, followed by the foot of the trailing leg, reach the floor. When both feet are on the floor, the performer returns to an erect standing position.
Ashland Oil Company Diesel Fuel Spill 1988 Allegheny County, Pennsylvania
This fuel spill in Pennsylvanis in 1988 and that of the Exxon Valdez a year later led to the passage of the Oil Pollution Act (OPA) in 1990. The OPA improved the United States ability to prevent and respond to oil spills. Just past five o'clock p.m. on January 2, 1988, a large aboveground fuel storage tank located in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania suddenly and without warning collapsed as its shell rent completely from base to roof. The tank collapse unleashed a tsunami of petroleum product as almost 3.9 million gallons of diesel fuel surged out of the failed structure. The crest of this wave washed over nearby earthen dikes, intended to containing a gradual release of petroleum products. As much as three-quarters of a million gallons of fuel escaped the property of the storage termina...
This fuel spill in Pennsylvanis in 1988 and that of the Exxon Valdez a year later led to the passage of the Oil Pollution Act (OPA) in 1990. The OPA improved t...
This fuel spill in Pennsylvanis in 1988 and that of the Exxon Valdez a year later led to the passage of the Oil Pollution Act (OPA) in 1990. The OPA improved the United States ability to prevent and respond to oil spills. Just past five o'clock p.m. on January 2, 1988, a large aboveground fuel storage tank located in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania suddenly and without warning collapsed as its shell rent completely from base to roof. The tank collapse unleashed a tsunami of petroleum product as almost 3.9 million gallons of diesel fuel surged out of the failed structure. The crest of this wave washed over nearby earthen dikes, intended to containing a gradual release of petroleum products. As much as three-quarters of a million gallons of fuel escaped the property of the storage terminal, owned and operated by Ashland Oil, Inc.. Much of the uncontained oil rushed into the nearby Monongahela River. As the Monongahela flows north and then west towards Pittsburgh, it provides drinking water for a number of municipal water suppliers of varying size. Affected communities went without normal water service from January 4 until, for some, January 12. The oil slick reached Pittsburgh, where the Monongahela joins with the Allegheny River to form the Ohio River. Concentrations of diesel fuel remained high enough in the Ohio to require vigilance and counter-measures in West Virginia and, weeks later, Ohio. The most reliable data now available suggest that more than 511,000 gallons of diesel fuel from the spill, one of the largest inland incidents ever to have occurred, remain unrecovered and are presumed in the rivers. The known acute effects of the introduction of the diesel fuel into the riverine environment already include the death of at least 11,000 fish and 2,000 birds, and the contamination of dozens of miles of shoreline. The instantaneous causes of the collapse of a recently reconstructed four million gallon Ashland Oil, Inc., diesel fuel tank were a flaw located near the top edge of a steel plate in the first level, ambient temperatures cold enough that the steel in use was prone to react brittlely and static stress from filling the tank to its permissible capacity with product. The flaw had been introduced into the steel plate decades ago but remained undetected. The collapse could have been and should have been averted. Both the existence of the flaw and the tendency of the tank steel to react brittlely under normal regional climatic and service conditions were discoverable through the application of good engineering, construction, and inspection practices and by compliance with applicable industry and governmental standards. The failure by Ashland to find the flaw and establish relevant material properties are the two most serious excursions from sound practice and code compliance by the company, but they are by no means the only ones. Ashland, its employees, and some contractors displayed a pervasive pattern of negligence and ignorance in selecting, assigning, constructing, supervising, and inspecting the reconstruction project. The negligent conduct by Ashland which allowed the tank to collapse not only caused extensive environmental damage and widespread community dislocations, but also risked serious or fatal bodily injury. A company employee mounted the roof of the tank less than five minutes before its collapse in order to measure the product level, and routine weekday work assignments brought other employees into the vicinity of the tank. For more on this spill, go to http://www.depweb.state.pa.us/heritage/cwp/view.asp?a=3&q=444629 . For more on the OPA, go to the USEPA site at http://www.epa.gov/OEM/content/lawsregs/opaover.htm This is clipped from the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 1994 video Spill Prevention Control and Countermeasure Training Series, Highlights: Protecting the Environment from Oil Spills. The entire video is available at the Internet Archives.
This fuel spill in Pennsylvanis in 1988 and that of the Exxon Valdez a year later led to the passage of the Oil Pollution Act (OPA) in 1990. The OPA improved the United States ability to prevent and respond to oil spills. Just past five o'clock p.m. on January 2, 1988, a large aboveground fuel storage tank located in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania suddenly and without warning collapsed as its shell rent completely from base to roof. The tank collapse unleashed a tsunami of petroleum product as almost 3.9 million gallons of diesel fuel surged out of the failed structure. The crest of this wave washed over nearby earthen dikes, intended to containing a gradual release of petroleum products. As much as three-quarters of a million gallons of fuel escaped the property of the storage terminal, owned and operated by Ashland Oil, Inc.. Much of the uncontained oil rushed into the nearby Monongahela River. As the Monongahela flows north and then west towards Pittsburgh, it provides drinking water for a number of municipal water suppliers of varying size. Affected communities went without normal water service from January 4 until, for some, January 12. The oil slick reached Pittsburgh, where the Monongahela joins with the Allegheny River to form the Ohio River. Concentrations of diesel fuel remained high enough in the Ohio to require vigilance and counter-measures in West Virginia and, weeks later, Ohio. The most reliable data now available suggest that more than 511,000 gallons of diesel fuel from the spill, one of the largest inland incidents ever to have occurred, remain unrecovered and are presumed in the rivers. The known acute effects of the introduction of the diesel fuel into the riverine environment already include the death of at least 11,000 fish and 2,000 birds, and the contamination of dozens of miles of shoreline. The instantaneous causes of the collapse of a recently reconstructed four million gallon Ashland Oil, Inc., diesel fuel tank were a flaw located near the top edge of a steel plate in the first level, ambient temperatures cold enough that the steel in use was prone to react brittlely and static stress from filling the tank to its permissible capacity with product. The flaw had been introduced into the steel plate decades ago but remained undetected. The collapse could have been and should have been averted. Both the existence of the flaw and the tendency of the tank steel to react brittlely under normal regional climatic and service conditions were discoverable through the application of good engineering, construction, and inspection practices and by compliance with applicable industry and governmental standards. The failure by Ashland to find the flaw and establish relevant material properties are the two most serious excursions from sound practice and code compliance by the company, but they are by no means the only ones. Ashland, its employees, and some contractors displayed a pervasive pattern of negligence and ignorance in selecting, assigning, constructing, supervising, and inspecting the reconstruction project. The negligent conduct by Ashland which allowed the tank to collapse not only caused extensive environmental damage and widespread community dislocations, but also risked serious or fatal bodily injury. A company employee mounted the roof of the tank less than five minutes before its collapse in order to measure the product level, and routine weekday work assignments brought other employees into the vicinity of the tank. For more on this spill, go to http://www.depweb.state.pa.us/heritage/cwp/view.asp?a=3&q=444629 . For more on the OPA, go to the USEPA site at http://www.epa.gov/OEM/content/lawsregs/opaover.htm This is clipped from the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 1994 video Spill Prevention Control and Countermeasure Training Series, Highlights: Protecting the Environment from Oil Spills. The entire video is available at the Internet Archives.
This fuel spill in Pennsylvanis in 1988 and that of the Exxon Valdez a year later led to the passage of the Oil Pollution Act (OPA) in 1990. The OPA improved the United States ability to prevent and respond to oil spills. Just past five o'clock p.m. on January 2, 1988, a large aboveground fuel storage tank located in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania suddenly and without warning collapsed as its shell rent completely from base to roof. The tank collapse unleashed a tsunami of petroleum product as almost 3.9 million gallons of diesel fuel surged out of the failed structure. The crest of this wave washed over nearby earthen dikes, intended to containing a gradual release of petroleum products. As much as three-quarters of a million gallons of fuel escaped the property of the storage terminal, owned and operated by Ashland Oil, Inc.. Much of the uncontained oil rushed into the nearby Monongahela River. As the Monongahela flows north and then west towards Pittsburgh, it provides drinking water for a number of municipal water suppliers of varying size. Affected communities went without normal water service from January 4 until, for some, January 12. The oil slick reached Pittsburgh, where the Monongahela joins with the Allegheny River to form the Ohio River. Concentrations of diesel fuel remained high enough in the Ohio to require vigilance and counter-measures in West Virginia and, weeks later, Ohio. The most reliable data now available suggest that more than 511,000 gallons of diesel fuel from the spill, one of the largest inland incidents ever to have occurred, remain unrecovered and are presumed in the rivers. The known acute effects of the introduction of the diesel fuel into the riverine environment already include the death of at least 11,000 fish and 2,000 birds, and the contamination of dozens of miles of shoreline. The instantaneous causes of the collapse of a recently reconstructed four million gallon Ashland Oil, Inc., diesel fuel tank were a flaw located near the top edge of a steel plate in the first level, ambient temperatures cold enough that the steel in use was prone to react brittlely and static stress from filling the tank to its permissible capacity with product. The flaw had been introduced into the steel plate decades ago but remained undetected. The collapse could have been and should have been averted. Both the existence of the flaw and the tendency of the tank steel to react brittlely under normal regional climatic and service conditions were discoverable through the application of good engineering, construction, and inspection practices and by compliance with applicable industry and governmental standards. The failure by Ashland to find the flaw and establish relevant material properties are the two most serious excursions from sound practice and code compliance by the company, but they are by no means the only ones. Ashland, its employees, and some contractors displayed a pervasive pattern of negligence and ignorance in selecting, assigning, constructing, supervising, and inspecting the reconstruction project. The negligent conduct by Ashland which allowed the tank to collapse not only caused extensive environmental damage and widespread community dislocations, but also risked serious or fatal bodily injury. A company employee mounted the roof of the tank less than five minutes before its collapse in order to measure the product level, and routine weekday work assignments brought other employees into the vicinity of the tank. For more on this spill, go to http://www.depweb.state.pa.us/heritage/cwp/view.asp?a=3&q=444629 . For more on the OPA, go to the USEPA site at http://www.epa.gov/OEM/content/lawsregs/opaover.htm This is clipped from the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 1994 video Spill Prevention Control and Countermeasure Training Series, Highlights: Protecting the Environment from Oil Spills. The entire video is available at the Internet Archives.
Former RiversideMayor Ron Loveridge, for whom she worked as an assistant, said Valdez-Yeager “was without rival the No ...Ofelia Valdez-Yeager led the campaign to erect a statue of Cesar E.
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