A spurious relationship is a perceived relationship between an independent variable and a dependent variable that has been estimated incorrectly because the estimate fails to account for a confounding factor. The incorrect estimation suffers from omitted-variable bias.
While specific definitions may vary, in essence a confounding variable fits the following four criteria, here given in a hypothetical situation with variable of interest "V", confounding variable "C" and outcome of interest "O":
C is associated (inversely or directly) with O
C is associated with O, independent of V
C is associated (inversely or directly) with V
C is not in the causal pathway of V to O (C is not a direct consequence of V, not a way by which V produces O)
The preceding correlation-based definition, however, is metaphorical at best – a growing number of analysts agree that confounding is a causal concept, and as such, cannot be described in terms of correlations nor associations (see causal definition).
Watch this whiteboard tutorial describing confounding bias, its impact on epidemiologic studies, and approaches to detect it in research.
published: 22 Feb 2017
What does statistical CONFOUNDING mean?? GREAT VIDEO!
See all my videos at http://www.zstatistics.com/
0:00 Introduction to the Health IQ Series
0:46 Basics of confounding
4:32 Confounding in Coronavirus
7:54 Confounding by Indication
12:04 Randomised Control Trials
References:
Italian study (early COVID) showing 70% of mortalities are male:
https://www.epicentro.iss.it/coronavirus/bollettino/Bollettino-sorveglianza-integrata-COVID-19_12-marzo-2020.pdf
Australian study looking at health impacts of urban density
https://www.heartfoundation.org.au/images/uploads/publications/Increasing-density-in-Australia-Evidence-Review-2012-trevor.pdf
The Cardiovascular Health of Young Adults: Disparities along the Urban-Rural Continuum
Elizabeth Lawrence, Robert A. Hummer, Kathleen Mullan Harris
First Published June 23, 2017 Research Article Find in P...
published: 07 Apr 2020
Week 9 : CONFOUNDING: DEFINITION
published: 18 Dec 2012
Confounding | PSM lecture | Community Medicine lecture | PSM made easy | PSM rapid revision | Arpit
Research Methods: Extraneous and Confounding Variables
This episode explains extraneous variables in an experiment, and how certain variables can prove to be confounding to an experiment.
written by Dale Doty
produced by ByPass Publishing
copyright 2013
published: 27 Aug 2013
What is a Confounding Variable?
Definition of a confounding variable, with examples.
published: 19 Oct 2015
Wat is confounding?
Vertekening, verstoring, verdraaiing, allemaal andere woorden voor confounding. Maar wat houdt dit begrip nu precies in? Bekijk dit filmpje. (auteur: dr. Rolf Groenwold, LUMC).
Relevant en juist onderzoek herkennen?
Ga naar https://www.ntvg.nl/methodologie en koop de syllabus van het NTvG 'Hoe lees ik wetenschappelijk onderzoek'. Of volg de gratis online leermodule ‘Medische informatie de baas’ (https://www.ntvg.nl/qm) .
Het NTvG helpt u kaf van koren te scheiden. Dat scheelt tijd.
published: 21 Apr 2016
CONFOUNDING BY INDICATION MADE EASY - learn the basics in less than 5 minutes in this tutorial
Epidemiology made easy! In this video I will explain what confounding by indication in epidemiological data means, and how you can deal with it. I will cover the topics of adjustment for confounders, propensity scores and residual confounding.
These video's might also be interesting for you:
- Adjusting for confounding: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XHLB6ucH_Q8&t=540s
- What is a confounder? - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M-upG-4_Eyo&t=4s
About me:
I am a registered clinical epidemiologist and working as a fellow in medical oncology in the Netherlands. I have published over 50 manuscripts and have received several large research grants. I am particularly interested in research in geriatric oncology and am a an active member of the International Society for Geriatric Oncology.
Yo...
published: 25 Mar 2021
DOE-5: Fractional Factorial Designs, Confounding and Resolution Codes
In this video, Hemant Urdhwareshe explains basic concepts of Fractional Factorial Design, Confounding or Aliasing and Resolution of designs. Hemant is a Fellow of American Society for Quality (ASQ) and is certified by ASQ as Six Sigma Master Black Belt (CMBB), Black Belt (CSSBB), Reliability Engineer (CRE), Quality Engineer (CQE) and Manager of Quality and Organizational Excellence (CMQ/OE). The video would be useful to all those who wish to learn about use of fractional factorial designs to reduce number of runs in experiments. It will be also be greatly useful for preparing ASQ certification exams!
See all my videos at http://www.zstatistics.com/
0:00 Introduction to the Health IQ Series
0:46 Basics of confounding
4:32 Confounding in Coronavirus
7:54 Conf...
See all my videos at http://www.zstatistics.com/
0:00 Introduction to the Health IQ Series
0:46 Basics of confounding
4:32 Confounding in Coronavirus
7:54 Confounding by Indication
12:04 Randomised Control Trials
References:
Italian study (early COVID) showing 70% of mortalities are male:
https://www.epicentro.iss.it/coronavirus/bollettino/Bollettino-sorveglianza-integrata-COVID-19_12-marzo-2020.pdf
Australian study looking at health impacts of urban density
https://www.heartfoundation.org.au/images/uploads/publications/Increasing-density-in-Australia-Evidence-Review-2012-trevor.pdf
The Cardiovascular Health of Young Adults: Disparities along the Urban-Rural Continuum
Elizabeth Lawrence, Robert A. Hummer, Kathleen Mullan Harris
First Published June 23, 2017 Research Article Find in PubMed
https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716217711426
Data for population pyramid
https://www.populationpyramid.net/world/2019/
Caesarean section and maternal death
Why mothers die 2000–2002: The sixth report of the confidential enquiries into maternal deaths in the United Kingdom. RCOG Press. London 2004.
http://www.hqip.org.uk/assets/NCAPOP-Library/CMACE-Reports/33.-2004-Why-Mothers-Die-2000-2002-The-Sixth-Report-of-the-Confidential-Enquiries-into-Maternal-Deaths-in-the-UK.pdf
See all my videos at http://www.zstatistics.com/
0:00 Introduction to the Health IQ Series
0:46 Basics of confounding
4:32 Confounding in Coronavirus
7:54 Confounding by Indication
12:04 Randomised Control Trials
References:
Italian study (early COVID) showing 70% of mortalities are male:
https://www.epicentro.iss.it/coronavirus/bollettino/Bollettino-sorveglianza-integrata-COVID-19_12-marzo-2020.pdf
Australian study looking at health impacts of urban density
https://www.heartfoundation.org.au/images/uploads/publications/Increasing-density-in-Australia-Evidence-Review-2012-trevor.pdf
The Cardiovascular Health of Young Adults: Disparities along the Urban-Rural Continuum
Elizabeth Lawrence, Robert A. Hummer, Kathleen Mullan Harris
First Published June 23, 2017 Research Article Find in PubMed
https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716217711426
Data for population pyramid
https://www.populationpyramid.net/world/2019/
Caesarean section and maternal death
Why mothers die 2000–2002: The sixth report of the confidential enquiries into maternal deaths in the United Kingdom. RCOG Press. London 2004.
http://www.hqip.org.uk/assets/NCAPOP-Library/CMACE-Reports/33.-2004-Why-Mothers-Die-2000-2002-The-Sixth-Report-of-the-Confidential-Enquiries-into-Maternal-Deaths-in-the-UK.pdf
This episode explains extraneous variables in an experiment, and how certain variables can prove to be confounding to an experiment.
written by Dale Doty
produ...
This episode explains extraneous variables in an experiment, and how certain variables can prove to be confounding to an experiment.
written by Dale Doty
produced by ByPass Publishing
copyright 2013
This episode explains extraneous variables in an experiment, and how certain variables can prove to be confounding to an experiment.
written by Dale Doty
produced by ByPass Publishing
copyright 2013
Vertekening, verstoring, verdraaiing, allemaal andere woorden voor confounding. Maar wat houdt dit begrip nu precies in? Bekijk dit filmpje. (auteur: dr. Rolf G...
Vertekening, verstoring, verdraaiing, allemaal andere woorden voor confounding. Maar wat houdt dit begrip nu precies in? Bekijk dit filmpje. (auteur: dr. Rolf Groenwold, LUMC).
Relevant en juist onderzoek herkennen?
Ga naar https://www.ntvg.nl/methodologie en koop de syllabus van het NTvG 'Hoe lees ik wetenschappelijk onderzoek'. Of volg de gratis online leermodule ‘Medische informatie de baas’ (https://www.ntvg.nl/qm) .
Het NTvG helpt u kaf van koren te scheiden. Dat scheelt tijd.
Vertekening, verstoring, verdraaiing, allemaal andere woorden voor confounding. Maar wat houdt dit begrip nu precies in? Bekijk dit filmpje. (auteur: dr. Rolf Groenwold, LUMC).
Relevant en juist onderzoek herkennen?
Ga naar https://www.ntvg.nl/methodologie en koop de syllabus van het NTvG 'Hoe lees ik wetenschappelijk onderzoek'. Of volg de gratis online leermodule ‘Medische informatie de baas’ (https://www.ntvg.nl/qm) .
Het NTvG helpt u kaf van koren te scheiden. Dat scheelt tijd.
Epidemiology made easy! In this video I will explain what confounding by indication in epidemiological data means, and how you can deal with it. I will cover th...
Epidemiology made easy! In this video I will explain what confounding by indication in epidemiological data means, and how you can deal with it. I will cover the topics of adjustment for confounders, propensity scores and residual confounding.
These video's might also be interesting for you:
- Adjusting for confounding: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XHLB6ucH_Q8&t=540s
- What is a confounder? - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M-upG-4_Eyo&t=4s
About me:
I am a registered clinical epidemiologist and working as a fellow in medical oncology in the Netherlands. I have published over 50 manuscripts and have received several large research grants. I am particularly interested in research in geriatric oncology and am a an active member of the International Society for Geriatric Oncology.
You can find more information about my work on my linkedin page:
www.linkedin.com/in/nienke-de-glas
And here is my full bibliography:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=de+glas+N
Disclaimer:
Views and opinions are my own. Examples from clinical research will always include either my own work, or previously published research. I will include references in the description box.
Epidemiology made easy! In this video I will explain what confounding by indication in epidemiological data means, and how you can deal with it. I will cover the topics of adjustment for confounders, propensity scores and residual confounding.
These video's might also be interesting for you:
- Adjusting for confounding: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XHLB6ucH_Q8&t=540s
- What is a confounder? - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M-upG-4_Eyo&t=4s
About me:
I am a registered clinical epidemiologist and working as a fellow in medical oncology in the Netherlands. I have published over 50 manuscripts and have received several large research grants. I am particularly interested in research in geriatric oncology and am a an active member of the International Society for Geriatric Oncology.
You can find more information about my work on my linkedin page:
www.linkedin.com/in/nienke-de-glas
And here is my full bibliography:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=de+glas+N
Disclaimer:
Views and opinions are my own. Examples from clinical research will always include either my own work, or previously published research. I will include references in the description box.
In this video, Hemant Urdhwareshe explains basic concepts of Fractional Factorial Design, Confounding or Aliasing and Resolution of designs. Hemant is a Fellow ...
In this video, Hemant Urdhwareshe explains basic concepts of Fractional Factorial Design, Confounding or Aliasing and Resolution of designs. Hemant is a Fellow of American Society for Quality (ASQ) and is certified by ASQ as Six Sigma Master Black Belt (CMBB), Black Belt (CSSBB), Reliability Engineer (CRE), Quality Engineer (CQE) and Manager of Quality and Organizational Excellence (CMQ/OE). The video would be useful to all those who wish to learn about use of fractional factorial designs to reduce number of runs in experiments. It will be also be greatly useful for preparing ASQ certification exams!
In this video, Hemant Urdhwareshe explains basic concepts of Fractional Factorial Design, Confounding or Aliasing and Resolution of designs. Hemant is a Fellow of American Society for Quality (ASQ) and is certified by ASQ as Six Sigma Master Black Belt (CMBB), Black Belt (CSSBB), Reliability Engineer (CRE), Quality Engineer (CQE) and Manager of Quality and Organizational Excellence (CMQ/OE). The video would be useful to all those who wish to learn about use of fractional factorial designs to reduce number of runs in experiments. It will be also be greatly useful for preparing ASQ certification exams!
See all my videos at http://www.zstatistics.com/
0:00 Introduction to the Health IQ Series
0:46 Basics of confounding
4:32 Confounding in Coronavirus
7:54 Confounding by Indication
12:04 Randomised Control Trials
References:
Italian study (early COVID) showing 70% of mortalities are male:
https://www.epicentro.iss.it/coronavirus/bollettino/Bollettino-sorveglianza-integrata-COVID-19_12-marzo-2020.pdf
Australian study looking at health impacts of urban density
https://www.heartfoundation.org.au/images/uploads/publications/Increasing-density-in-Australia-Evidence-Review-2012-trevor.pdf
The Cardiovascular Health of Young Adults: Disparities along the Urban-Rural Continuum
Elizabeth Lawrence, Robert A. Hummer, Kathleen Mullan Harris
First Published June 23, 2017 Research Article Find in PubMed
https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716217711426
Data for population pyramid
https://www.populationpyramid.net/world/2019/
Caesarean section and maternal death
Why mothers die 2000–2002: The sixth report of the confidential enquiries into maternal deaths in the United Kingdom. RCOG Press. London 2004.
http://www.hqip.org.uk/assets/NCAPOP-Library/CMACE-Reports/33.-2004-Why-Mothers-Die-2000-2002-The-Sixth-Report-of-the-Confidential-Enquiries-into-Maternal-Deaths-in-the-UK.pdf
This episode explains extraneous variables in an experiment, and how certain variables can prove to be confounding to an experiment.
written by Dale Doty
produced by ByPass Publishing
copyright 2013
Vertekening, verstoring, verdraaiing, allemaal andere woorden voor confounding. Maar wat houdt dit begrip nu precies in? Bekijk dit filmpje. (auteur: dr. Rolf Groenwold, LUMC).
Relevant en juist onderzoek herkennen?
Ga naar https://www.ntvg.nl/methodologie en koop de syllabus van het NTvG 'Hoe lees ik wetenschappelijk onderzoek'. Of volg de gratis online leermodule ‘Medische informatie de baas’ (https://www.ntvg.nl/qm) .
Het NTvG helpt u kaf van koren te scheiden. Dat scheelt tijd.
Epidemiology made easy! In this video I will explain what confounding by indication in epidemiological data means, and how you can deal with it. I will cover the topics of adjustment for confounders, propensity scores and residual confounding.
These video's might also be interesting for you:
- Adjusting for confounding: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XHLB6ucH_Q8&t=540s
- What is a confounder? - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M-upG-4_Eyo&t=4s
About me:
I am a registered clinical epidemiologist and working as a fellow in medical oncology in the Netherlands. I have published over 50 manuscripts and have received several large research grants. I am particularly interested in research in geriatric oncology and am a an active member of the International Society for Geriatric Oncology.
You can find more information about my work on my linkedin page:
www.linkedin.com/in/nienke-de-glas
And here is my full bibliography:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=de+glas+N
Disclaimer:
Views and opinions are my own. Examples from clinical research will always include either my own work, or previously published research. I will include references in the description box.
In this video, Hemant Urdhwareshe explains basic concepts of Fractional Factorial Design, Confounding or Aliasing and Resolution of designs. Hemant is a Fellow of American Society for Quality (ASQ) and is certified by ASQ as Six Sigma Master Black Belt (CMBB), Black Belt (CSSBB), Reliability Engineer (CRE), Quality Engineer (CQE) and Manager of Quality and Organizational Excellence (CMQ/OE). The video would be useful to all those who wish to learn about use of fractional factorial designs to reduce number of runs in experiments. It will be also be greatly useful for preparing ASQ certification exams!
A spurious relationship is a perceived relationship between an independent variable and a dependent variable that has been estimated incorrectly because the estimate fails to account for a confounding factor. The incorrect estimation suffers from omitted-variable bias.
While specific definitions may vary, in essence a confounding variable fits the following four criteria, here given in a hypothetical situation with variable of interest "V", confounding variable "C" and outcome of interest "O":
C is associated (inversely or directly) with O
C is associated with O, independent of V
C is associated (inversely or directly) with V
C is not in the causal pathway of V to O (C is not a direct consequence of V, not a way by which V produces O)
The preceding correlation-based definition, however, is metaphorical at best – a growing number of analysts agree that confounding is a causal concept, and as such, cannot be described in terms of correlations nor associations (see causal definition).
Republican National Committee chairman Michael Whatley is hoping to stall the longstanding anti-incumbent midterm trends, which would hurt the GOP in 2026 ... MEET THE NEW CONGRESS. THE HOUSE AND SENATE FRESHMEN ELECTED TO SERVE NEXT YEAR ... CLICK HERE ....
AFP, EDGEWATER, New Jersey. A rash of unexplained drone sightings in the skies above New Jersey has left locals rattled and sent US officials scrambling for answers ...Multiple drones fly over Bernardsville, New Jersey, on Thursday last week ... 28 ... .
A pedestrian bridge near Carleton University that opened to excited users just six months ago has been closed for the winter, confounding the area's city councillor and people who use it ... .
A week ago, Jay Norvell stood in a small room in Fresno and spoke of the mentality he expects from his team ... Not going to lie, I did a bit of an internal eye roll. His point felt flat after a defeat in a huge game ... “I saw three perfect ‘V’s’ this week.