Cohesion (from Latincohaerere "stick or stay together") or cohesive attraction or cohesive force is the action or property of like molecules sticking together, being mutually attractive. It is an intrinsic property of a substance that is caused by the shape and structure of its molecules, which makes the distribution of orbiting electrons irregular when molecules get close to one another, creating electrical attraction that can maintain a microscopic structure such as a water drop. In other words, cohesion allows for surface tension, creating a "solid-like" state upon which light (in weight) or low-density materials can be placed.
Water, for example, is strongly cohesive as each molecule may make four hydrogen bonds to other water molecules in a tetrahedral configuration. This results in a relatively strong Coulomb force between molecules. In simple terms, the polarity (state of which a molecule is oppositely charged on its poles) of water molecules allows them to be attracted towards each other. The polarity is due to the electronegativity of the atom of oxygen ; oxygen is more electronegative than the atoms of hydrogen, so the electrons they share through the covalent bonds are more often close to oxygen rather than hydrogen: these are called polar covalent bonds, covalent bonds between atoms that thus become oppositely charged. In the case of a water molecule, the hydrogen atoms carry positive charges while the oxygen atom has a negative charge. This charge polarization within the molecule allows it to align with adjacent molecules through strong intermolecular hydrogen bonding, rendering the bulk liquid cohesive. Van der Waals gases such as methane, however, have weak cohesion due only to Van der Waals forces that operate by induced polarity in non-polar molecules.
Cohesion is the grammatical and lexical linking within a text or sentence that holds a text together and gives it meaning. It is related to the broader concept of coherence.
There are two main types of cohesion: grammatical cohesion which is based on structural content, and lexical cohesion which is based on lexical content and background knowledge. A cohesive text is created in many different ways. In Cohesion in English, M.A.K. Halliday and Ruqaiya Hasan identify five general categories of cohesive devices that create coherence in texts: reference, ellipsis, substitution, lexical cohesion and conjunction.
Conjunction and transitions
A conjunction sets up a relationship between two clauses. The most basic but least cohesive is the conjunction and. Transitions are conjunctions that add cohesion to text and include then, however, in fact, and consequently. Conjunctions can also be implicit and deduced from correctly interpreting the text.
Referencing
There are two referential devices that can create cohesion:
In computer programming, cohesion refers to the degree to which the elements of a module belong together. Thus, cohesion measures the strength of relationship between pieces of functionality within a given module. For example, in highly cohesive systems functionality is strongly related.
Cohesion is an ordinal type of measurement and is usually described as “high cohesion” or “low cohesion”. Modules with high cohesion tend to be preferable because high cohesion is associated with several desirable traits of software including robustness, reliability, reusability, and understandability whereas low cohesion is associated with undesirable traits such as being difficult to maintain, test, reuse, or even understand.
Cohesion is often contrasted with coupling, a different concept. High cohesion often correlates with loose coupling, and vice versa. The software metrics of coupling and cohesion were invented by Larry Constantine in the late 1960s as part of Structured Design, based on characteristics of “good” programming practices that reduced maintenance and modification costs. Structured Design, cohesion and coupling were published in the article Stevens, Myers & Constantine (1974) and the book Yourdon & Constantine (1979); the latter two subsequently became standard terms in software engineering.
Group cohesiveness (also called group cohesion and social cohesion) arises when bonds link members of a social group to one another and to the group as a whole. Although cohesion is a multi-faceted process, it can be broken down into four main components: social relations, task relations, perceived unity, and emotions. Members of strongly cohesive groups are more inclined to participate readily and to stay with the group.
Definition
There are different ways to define group cohesion, depending on how researchers conceptualize this concept. However, most researchers define cohesion to be task commitment and interpersonal attraction to the group.
Cohesion can be more specifically defined as the tendency for a group to be in unity while working towards a goal or to satisfy the emotional needs of its members. This definition includes important aspects of cohesiveness, including its multidimensionality, dynamic nature, instrumental basis, and emotional dimension. Its multidimensionality refers to how cohesion is based on many factors. Its dynamic nature refers to how it gradually changes over time in its strength and form from the time a group is formed to when a group is disbanded. Its instrumental basis refers to how people cohere for some purpose, whether it be for a task or for social reasons. Its emotional dimension refers to how cohesion is pleasing to its group members. This definition can be generalized to most groups characterized by the group definition discussed above. These groups include sports teams, work groups, military units, fraternity groups, and social groups. However, it is important to note that other researchers claim that cohesion cannot be generalized across many groups.
In the history of science, the etymology of the word chemistry is debatable. It is agreed that the word derives from the word alchemy, which is a European one, derived from the Arabic al-kīmīā (الكيمياء). The Arabic term is derived from the Greek χημία or χημεία. However, the ultimate origin of the root word, chem, is uncertain.
According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the majority theory is that al-kīmīā is derived from χημία, which is derived from the ancient Egyptian name of Egypt (khem, khame, or khmi, meaning "black earth", contrasting with the surrounding desert.) Therefore, alchemy is the "Egyptian art". However, it is also possible that al-kīmīā derived from χημεία, meaning "cast together".
Traditionally, the science of alchemy was once considered to have sprung from great Egyptian figure named by the Greeks "Hermes Trismegistus" (the "thrice-great" Hermes, celebrated as priest, king, and scholar), who is thought to have been the founder of the art. Reputed to have lived about 1900 BC, he was highly celebrated for his wisdom and skill in the operations of nature. In 1614 Isaac Casaubon demonstrated that the works attributed to Hermes – the so-called "Hermetic corpus" – were actually written pseudonymously during the first three centuries of the Common Era.
Three years after the second season of Batman: The Animated Series ended production, the show was moved (as The New Batman Adventures) from Fox to The WB channel, which was airing and producing Superman: The Animated Series. These shows were merged as part of an hour-long segment called The New Batman/Superman Adventures. The WB wanted more episodes of Batman, so 24 new episodes were produced, which featured a different format and more focus on Batman's supporting cast.
In addition to the network's demands, the producers decided to make the show match the graphic style of Superman: The Animated Series, so all the characters and objects were redesigned as more "animation friendly" with fewer lines, usually referred to by the fans and creative staff as the "revamp" (or alternately, the "new look"). A similar graphic style was used in the rest of the DCAU later on.
The DVD box set of the series is labeled Batman: The Animated Series – Volume Four (from The New Batman Adventures), most likely to establish the connection with the original series.
Recurring guest stars include Will Chase as actor Michael Swift.
One of the cover songs already announced is "Shake It Out" by Florence + the Machine performed by Katharine McPhee. Additionally, "History is Made at Night" performed by Megan Hilty, Chase and the cast of Marilyn will make a reappearance in this episode, having first been heard in the episode "The Cost of Art", and Hilty's solo version of "Let Me Be Your Star" first heard in the pilot will be heard in the episode. Also, Hilty's version of Jessie J's "Who You Are" was also in the episode. Only "History is Made at Night" was made available as a single on iTunes.
2 ... 20 ... When the Sooners and Midshipmen meet at Amon G ... Preparing for the game and building chemistry for next season ... “It's been great for the staff, from a cohesion standpoint and chemistry standpoint, getting to know one another,” Venables said ... OU vs.
6 that he realized exactly what he'd lost ... 5 ... 10, 2023 ... "I think the future is still very, very bright, and it's about sticking together, playing together, building that cohesion, that chemistry, that continuity, and just keep growing." ... 23 ... 19, 2024. .
6 that he realized exactly what he'd lost ... 5 ... 10, 2023 ... "I think the future is still very, very bright, and it's about sticking together, playing together, building that cohesion, that chemistry, that continuity, and just keep growing." ... 23 ... 19, 2024 ... .
The cohesion and team chemistry built during that time together remained throughout the 2024 campaign ... “Just the fact that we were all best friends gave us so much chemistry on the court that it ...
Just a few days into the 2024-25 basketball season, it looks like one of the state’s top girls teams is again coming from the Mt. HoodConference...Barlow Bruins ... “The group is fast and athletic,” said Landolt, “and plays with cohesion and chemistry ... ....
This was supposed to be Cummings’ season to shine ... Atwell ... Leonard “Truck” Cummings Jr ... No ... That group was determined to master the blocking schemes of Navy’s new Wing-T offense while building chemistry and cohesion among all the offensive linemen.
“There is already chemistry on the court, and we have infinite potential to get better as we build a strong, cohesive team.” ..... confidence and chemistry, and to fight until the final each night ...
And there was plenty of emotion ... "We've only been together for like 11 or 12 days into the season, but you can see they are just really cohesive and that helps ... These girls have a lot of chemistry together." ... "She had faith in us." ... I love that ...
It’s a bit of a catch-22 for the San Jose Sharks or any team, frankly ...LouisBlues on Thursday ... 12 – Apr ... COHESIVENESS. Beyond the numbers, though, is the fact that the Sharks are building chemistry, caring for each other, and having some fun.
Hebron are in 3A South RegionI ... (Note...Coach ... Adjustments will occur on a regular basis until we have cohesiveness; more well-rounded, depth and better chemistry; defense first and foremost; great group of girls with lots of promise.” Wilde Lake.
Cincinnati (4-7) hosts the AFC North-leading Pittsburgh Steelers (8-3) on Sunday at Paycor Stadium in the first of their two matchups this season ... 1 ... 2 ... Credit. AP ... AP. 3 ... “They play with good team chemistry and cohesion, and it’s a really difficult group.
"I thought we were way more cohesive than we've been," Neptune said ... The improved chemistry comes at a critical time for the Wildcats (3-3), who face a high-powered Maryland squad at the Empire Classic on Sunday afternoon in Newark, N.J ... .
Vince Williams Jr. was lying on the FedExForum hardwood, attempting to get back to his feet ...Williams was helped off the floor and did not return in the Grizzlies’ 122-110 loss against the Nuggets (8-5) ... Injuries, chemistry and cohesiveness.
Just going back to the hard work and the chemistry that these kids were able to get in sync with, throughout not just this season, but the last two, three or four years,” Hunsicker said.
Baltimore Sun
08 Dec 2024
Baltimore Sun
08 Dec 2024