- published: 30 Aug 2023
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Capitulation of Alexandria (1801)
The Capitulation of Alexandria in August 1801 brought to an end the French expedition to Egypt.
French troops, defeated by British and Ottoman forces, had retreated to Alexandria where they were besieged. On 30 August 1801 the French general Abdullah Jacques-François Menou offered to surrender and proposed terms, which were considered, partly accepted and in many details amended, by the British general John Hely-Hutchinson and admiral Lord Keith. The text of the Capitulation is printed in full in Robert Thomas Wilson's History of the British expedition to Egypt. Each article as proposed by General Menou is followed by a comment: the proposed articles as amended by these comments form the capitulation as it was finally put into effect, bringing the conflict to a formal end on 2 September 1801. The document is signed by General in Chief Menou, Admiral Keith, Lt.-General Hely-Hutchinson, Lt.-Col. James Kempt, and "Hussim, Capitan Pacha", representing Ottoman forces.
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - https://wn.com/Capitulation_of_Alexandria_(1801)
Alexandria
Alexandria (/ˌælɪɡˈzændrɪə/ or /ˌælɪɡˈzɑːndrɪə/;Arabic: الإسكندرية al-Iskandariyyah; Egyptian Arabic: اسكندرية Eskendereyyah; Coptic: Ⲣⲁⲕⲟⲧⲉ Rakotə) is the second largest city and a major economic centre in Egypt, extending about 32 km (20 mi) along the coast of the Mediterranean Sea in the north central part of the country. It is also the largest city lying directly on the Mediterranean coast. Its low elevation on the Nile delta makes it highly vulnerable to rising sea levels. Alexandria is Egypt's largest seaport, serving approximately 80% of Egypt's imports and exports. It is an important industrial center because of its natural gas and oil pipelines from Suez. Alexandria is also an important tourist destination.
Alexandria was founded around a small Ancient Egyptian town c. 331 BC by Alexander the Great. It became an important center of the Hellenistic civilization and remained the capital of Hellenistic and Roman and Byzantine Egypt for almost 1000 years until the Muslim conquest of Egypt in AD 641, when a new capital was founded at Fustat (later absorbed into Cairo). Hellenistic Alexandria was best known for the Lighthouse of Alexandria (Pharos), one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World; its Great Library (the largest in the ancient world; now replaced by a modern one); and the Necropolis, one of the Seven Wonders of the Middle Ages. Alexandria was the second most powerful city of the ancient world after Rome. Ongoing maritime archaeology in the harbor of Alexandria, which began in 1994, is revealing details of Alexandria both before the arrival of Alexander, when a city named Rhacotis existed there, and during the Ptolemaic dynasty.
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - https://wn.com/Alexandria
Alexandria (schooner)
Alexandria was a cargo-carrying three-masted schooner built in 1929. Originally named Yngve, she was built at Björkenäs, Sweden, and fitted with a 58 H.P. auxiliary oil engine.
Around 1937 her Rigging was changed to ketch. In 1939, she was sold and renamed Lindö. She operated in Baltic waters as a coastal trader until 1975 when she crossed the Atlantic to New York. In early 1976, she was rebuilt and rerigged as a three-masted topsail schooner, her original rig. She took part in Operation Sail that July, and a similar event at Boston in 1980. In 1984, she was acquired by the Alexandria Seaport Foundation a non profit corporation in Alexandria, Virginia, and renamed Alexandria.
The foundation kept her as a live museum in Alexandria and sailed her as a goodwill ambassador for the city of Alexandria. She participated in several races and tall ship reunions sailing as far north as Boston and as far south as the Gulf of Mexico. During this time she was rigged with bowsprit, jib-boom, foremast, mainmast and mizzenmast, all three masts fitted with topmasts and gaffs for the gaff sails and the fore topmast fitted with three yards for the topsails. The sails were four headsails, three gaff sails and three gaff topsails (one on each mast), upper and lower square topsails on the foremast, a staysail between the fore and main masts and another staysail between the main and mizzen masts.
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - https://wn.com/Alexandria_(schooner)
Alexandra (provincial electoral district)
Alexandria is a former Alberta provincial electoral district.
Election results
1944 general election
Plebiscite results
1957 liquor plebiscite
On October 30, 1957 a stand alone plebiscite was held province wide in all 50 of the then current provincial electoral districts in Alberta. The government decided to consult Alberta voters to decide on liquor sales and mixed drinking after a divisive debate in the Legislature. The plebiscite was intended to deal with the growing demand for reforming antiquated liquor control laws.
The plebiscite was conducted in two parts. Question A asked in all districts, asked the voters if the sale of liquor should be expanded in Alberta, while Question B asked in a handful of districts within the corporate limits of Calgary and Edmonton asked if men and woman were allowed to drink together in establishments.
Province wide Question A of the plebiscite passed in 33 of the 50 districts while Question B passed in all five districts. Alexandra was divided on the issue, but voted against it. The district recorded a really low voter turnout. It was well below the province wide average of 46%.
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - https://wn.com/Alexandra_(provincial_electoral_district)
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Battle of Alexandria, last battle in the French invasion of Egypt #napoleonicwars #egypt #napoleon
for more information about the French invasion of Egypt and Syria you can watch : siege of acre https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ls-eVrY4imU The Jaffa Massacre: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CiFx1_bjVz4&t=0s The Battle of the Pyramids 1798: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SB3kl7l6beo&t=12s Battle of the Nile: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=59mX3k5gayE&t=27s
published: 30 Aug 2023 -
Battle of the Pyramids and Nile|| Napoleon 3rd War (1798-1801)
Napoleon Bonaparte's rapid ascent through the ranks of the French military had already made him a prominent figure in the tumultuous era of the French Revolution. Geopolitical Considerations Napoleon's decision to launch an expedition to Egypt was not purely motivated by territorial expansion. Several factors contributed to this audacious endeavor. Scientific and Cultural Exploration An often-overlooked aspect of the Egyptian Campaign was its strong emphasis on scientific and cultural exploration. Accompanying Napoleon's army were a group of savants (scholars) from various fields, including archaeology, botany, and engineering. The Departure and Arrival In May 1798, a massive French fleet under Napoleon's command, known as the "Armée d'Orient," set sail from Toulon, France, and embark...
published: 24 Oct 2023 -
Napoleon vs The Ottomans - The Siege of Alexandria
The Siege of Alexandria was fought between 17 August and 2 September 1801, during the French Revolutionary Wars, between French and British forces and was the last action of the Egyptian Campaign. The French had occupied Alexandria, a major fortified harbour city on the Nile Delta in northern Egypt, since 2 July 1798, and the garrison there surrendered on 2 September 1801. The battle between the British and French at Canope on 21 March 1801 resulted in a French repulse. The French under Menou, disheartened by this failure, retired to Alexandria. With Abercrombie's death, John Hely-Hutchinson succeeded as commander of the British force in August. He now intended to lay siege to Alexandria and bottle Menou up. Hutchinson left Coote with 6,000 men and then sent part of the reserve with Baro...
published: 15 May 2015 -
AMAZING DISCOVERY OF ANCIENT ROSETTA STONE | TOUR OF BRITISH MUSEUM | UK EXPERIENCE
AMAZING DISCOVERY OF ANCIENT ROSETTA STONE | TOUR OF BRITISH MUSEUM | UK EXPERIENCE The Rosetta Stone is a granodiorite stele inscribed with three versions of a decree issued in Memphis, Egypt in 196 BC during the Ptolemaic dynasty on behalf of King Ptolemy V Epiphanes. The top and middle texts are in Ancient Egyptian using hieroglyphic and Demotic scripts respectively, while the bottom is in Ancient Greek. The decree has only minor differences between the three versions, making the Rosetta Stone key to deciphering the Egyptian scripts. The stone was carved during the Hellenistic period and is believed to have originally been displayed within a temple, possibly at nearby Sais. It was probably moved in late antiquity or during the Mameluk period, and was eventually used as building mater...
published: 12 Jan 2021 -
The Rosetta Stone: What is it and Why is it so Important?
The discovery of the Rosetta Stone unlocked the secrets of Ancient Egypt with the Ancient Greek and Demotic texts being the key to translating the Hieroglyphics for the first time. So, if you want to know what the Rosetta Stone is, why it's so important and why it's so famous, make sure to stick around! The text carved onto the Rosetta Stone dates to the year 196 BCE, and we know this because the text is actually a very run-of-the-mill document, and each script outlines what King Ptolemy V Epiphanes had achieved in the year since his coronation. Where was the Rosetta Stone found, you may ask, and well, the answer is in the name! In 1799 Napoleon Bonaparte and his troops were in Egypt, and Lieutenant Pierre François Xavier Bouchard removed the Rosetta Stone from a section of an old wall o...
published: 13 Jul 2021 -
Bonaparte in Egypt #1. Start of the 1798 campaign
By the end of 1797, the French Republic was dominant in Western Europe, having defeated almost all its enemies in the War of the First Coalition. Only Great Britain remained at war; despite half-hearted overtures for peace in 1797, the British now displayed a renewed determination, as Prime Minister William Pitt the Younger looked to bankroll a second anti-French coalition. The French Directory, was equally determined to see the war to its conclusion and assembled a 120,000-man army for a daring invasion of Britain. Command of this Army of England was given to General Napoleon Bonaparte, who set out on a rapid tour of the dockyards to assess the feasibility of such an expedition. His disheartening conclusion was that British naval superiority doomed any attempted invasion to failure. Inste...
published: 01 Oct 2023 -
2705 The British Campaign in Egypt, 1801 - Part 2
The British now occupied the tip of the Aboukir peninsula directly opposite the French forces. The flanks of both armies were secured by the Mediterranean Sea on the one side, and the marshy ground of the dried up Lake Mareotis on the other. Following the landing on the 8 March, the British built defences, heaved supplies ashore and buried the dead. A short action took place on 13 March, during which the British repulsed an attack by French cavalry and horse-artillery. After this, the British paused to consider their next move. Dur: 28mins File: .mp3
published: 03 Nov 2019 -
The Rosetta Stone: Deciphering Hieroglyphics and Unlocking History. #Egypt #europe #shorts #facts
The Rosetta Stone, a marvel of ancient linguistics, was discovered in July 1799 by French officer Pierre-François Bouchard during the Napoleonic campaign in Egypt. It was the first Ancient Egyptian bilingual text recovered in modern times, and it aroused widespread public interest with its potential to decipher untranslated hieroglyphic scripts. This granite slab, inscribed with a decree in three scripts (Greek, Demotic, and hieroglyphic), became the key to deciphering ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs.
published: 13 Sep 2023 -
Ancient Mysteries: The Rosetta Stone
The Rosetta Stone is a granodiorite stele inscribed with a decree issued at Memphis, Egypt, in 196 BC on behalf of King Ptolemy V. The decree appears in three scripts: the upper text is Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs, the middle portion Demotic script, and the lowest Ancient Greek. Because it presents essentially the same text in all three scripts (with some minor differences among them), it provided the key to the modern understanding of Egyptian hieroglyphs. Although it is believed to have originally been displayed within a temple, possibly at nearby Sais, the stone was probably moved during the early Christian or medieval period and was eventually used as building material in the construction of Fort Julien near the town of Rashid (Rosetta) in the Nile Delta. It was rediscovered there in...
published: 14 Apr 2015 -
The Rosetta Stone
The ancient Egyptian civilization was one of the oldest civilizations that we know of on Earth. While there is much we know about them, knowledge of their system of writing, known as hieroglyphics had become lost by the middle ages. Where there were different theories as to what the writing meant, no one was really sure how to read hieroglyphics. All of this changed in 1799 when French troops under Napoleon Bonaparte discovered a stone that unlocked the secrets of the language. Learn more about the Rosetta Stone, and how it decrypted Egyptian Hieroglyphics, on this episode of Everything Everywhere Daily. http://www.audibletrial.com/EverythingEverywhere -------------------------------- Executive Producer James Makkyla Associate Producer Thor Thomsen Become a...
published: 20 Dec 2020
developed with YouTube
4:14
Battle of Alexandria, last battle in the French invasion of Egypt #napoleonicwars #egypt #napoleon
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:14
- Uploaded Date: 30 Aug 2023
- views: 124
for more information about the French invasion of Egypt and Syria you can watch :
siege of acre
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ls-eVrY4imU
The Jaffa Massac...
for more information about the French invasion of Egypt and Syria you can watch :
siege of acre
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ls-eVrY4imU
The Jaffa Massacre:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CiFx1_bjVz4&t=0s
The Battle of the Pyramids 1798:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SB3kl7l6beo&t=12s
Battle of the Nile:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=59mX3k5gayE&t=27s
https://wn.com/Battle_Of_Alexandria,_Last_Battle_In_The_French_Invasion_Of_Egypt_Napoleonicwars_Egypt_Napoleon
for more information about the French invasion of Egypt and Syria you can watch :
siege of acre
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ls-eVrY4imU
The Jaffa Massacre:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CiFx1_bjVz4&t=0s
The Battle of the Pyramids 1798:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SB3kl7l6beo&t=12s
Battle of the Nile:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=59mX3k5gayE&t=27s
11:05
Battle of the Pyramids and Nile|| Napoleon 3rd War (1798-1801)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 11:05
- Uploaded Date: 24 Oct 2023
- views: 35
Napoleon Bonaparte's rapid ascent through the ranks of the French military had already made him a prominent figure in the tumultuous era of the French Revolutio...
Napoleon Bonaparte's rapid ascent through the ranks of the French military had already made him a prominent figure in the tumultuous era of the French Revolution.
Geopolitical Considerations
Napoleon's decision to launch an expedition to Egypt was not purely motivated by territorial expansion. Several factors contributed to this audacious endeavor.
Scientific and Cultural Exploration
An often-overlooked aspect of the Egyptian Campaign was its strong emphasis on scientific and cultural exploration. Accompanying Napoleon's army were a group of savants (scholars) from various fields, including archaeology, botany, and engineering.
The Departure and Arrival
In May 1798, a massive French fleet under Napoleon's command, known as the "Armée d'Orient," set sail from Toulon, France, and embarked on the Egyptian Campaign. The French armada was an impressive sight, consisting of hundreds of ships and over 30,000 soldiers, including infantry, cavalry, and artillery.
Battle of the Pyramids
Napoleon's arrival in Egypt was met with little resistance. The local Mamluk rulers, who had long been in power, initially offered little opposition to the French invaders.
B. The Siege of Alexandria
With the Mamluks largely defeated, Napoleon turned his attention to the strategic city of Alexandria. In March 1799, the French laid siege to the city, which was under the control of the Ottoman Empire. The siege dragged on for several months and involved intense fighting and naval bombardments. However, in August 1799, the French finally captured the city, further solidifying their control over Egypt.
III. The Battle of the Nile
While Napoleon was consolidating his rule in Egypt, a significant naval engagement was unfolding in the Mediterranean. This battle would come to be known as the Battle of the Nile and would have far-reaching consequences for the French campaign in Egypt.
A. The British Challenge
The British Royal Navy, under the command of Admiral Horatio Nelson, was determined to thwart Napoleon's plans in Egypt. In August 1798, the British fleet intercepted the French armada in Aboukir Bay. The resulting Battle of the Nile was a pivotal moment in the campaign.
B. The Battle Unfolds
The Battle of the Nile was a brutal and hard-fought engagement. Nelson's innovative tactics, which involved a daring and unexpected approach, took the French by surprise. The battle raged for several hours, and both sides suffered heavy losses. Ultimately, the British emerged victorious, with the French fleet suffering significant damage and loss of life.
Napoleon's Egyptian Campaign was a daring and audacious venture that had profound and far-reaching consequences. It combined military objectives with cultural exploration, leaving an indelible mark on the history of Egypt and the broader geopolitical landscape of Europe. While the campaign did not result in a lasting French presence in Egypt, its impact on the study of Egyptology and the rise of Napoleon as a political force cannot be overstated. The Egyptian Campaign remains a captivating chapter in the annals of military history, a story of ambition, struggle, and discovery that continues to intrigue and inspire to this day.
https://wn.com/Battle_Of_The_Pyramids_And_Nile||_Napoleon_3Rd_War_(1798_1801)
Napoleon Bonaparte's rapid ascent through the ranks of the French military had already made him a prominent figure in the tumultuous era of the French Revolution.
Geopolitical Considerations
Napoleon's decision to launch an expedition to Egypt was not purely motivated by territorial expansion. Several factors contributed to this audacious endeavor.
Scientific and Cultural Exploration
An often-overlooked aspect of the Egyptian Campaign was its strong emphasis on scientific and cultural exploration. Accompanying Napoleon's army were a group of savants (scholars) from various fields, including archaeology, botany, and engineering.
The Departure and Arrival
In May 1798, a massive French fleet under Napoleon's command, known as the "Armée d'Orient," set sail from Toulon, France, and embarked on the Egyptian Campaign. The French armada was an impressive sight, consisting of hundreds of ships and over 30,000 soldiers, including infantry, cavalry, and artillery.
Battle of the Pyramids
Napoleon's arrival in Egypt was met with little resistance. The local Mamluk rulers, who had long been in power, initially offered little opposition to the French invaders.
B. The Siege of Alexandria
With the Mamluks largely defeated, Napoleon turned his attention to the strategic city of Alexandria. In March 1799, the French laid siege to the city, which was under the control of the Ottoman Empire. The siege dragged on for several months and involved intense fighting and naval bombardments. However, in August 1799, the French finally captured the city, further solidifying their control over Egypt.
III. The Battle of the Nile
While Napoleon was consolidating his rule in Egypt, a significant naval engagement was unfolding in the Mediterranean. This battle would come to be known as the Battle of the Nile and would have far-reaching consequences for the French campaign in Egypt.
A. The British Challenge
The British Royal Navy, under the command of Admiral Horatio Nelson, was determined to thwart Napoleon's plans in Egypt. In August 1798, the British fleet intercepted the French armada in Aboukir Bay. The resulting Battle of the Nile was a pivotal moment in the campaign.
B. The Battle Unfolds
The Battle of the Nile was a brutal and hard-fought engagement. Nelson's innovative tactics, which involved a daring and unexpected approach, took the French by surprise. The battle raged for several hours, and both sides suffered heavy losses. Ultimately, the British emerged victorious, with the French fleet suffering significant damage and loss of life.
Napoleon's Egyptian Campaign was a daring and audacious venture that had profound and far-reaching consequences. It combined military objectives with cultural exploration, leaving an indelible mark on the history of Egypt and the broader geopolitical landscape of Europe. While the campaign did not result in a lasting French presence in Egypt, its impact on the study of Egyptology and the rise of Napoleon as a political force cannot be overstated. The Egyptian Campaign remains a captivating chapter in the annals of military history, a story of ambition, struggle, and discovery that continues to intrigue and inspire to this day.
- published: 24 Oct 2023
- views: 35
4:38
Napoleon vs The Ottomans - The Siege of Alexandria
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:38
- Uploaded Date: 15 May 2015
- views: 104
The Siege of Alexandria was fought between 17 August and 2 September 1801, during the French Revolutionary Wars, between French and British forces and was the l...
The Siege of Alexandria was fought between 17 August and 2 September 1801, during the French Revolutionary Wars, between French and British forces and was the last action of the Egyptian Campaign. The French had occupied Alexandria, a major fortified harbour city on the Nile Delta in northern Egypt, since 2 July 1798, and the garrison there surrendered on 2 September 1801.
The battle between the British and French at Canope on 21 March 1801 resulted in a French repulse. The French under Menou, disheartened by this failure, retired to Alexandria. With Abercrombie's death, John Hely-Hutchinson succeeded as commander of the British force in August. He now intended to lay siege to Alexandria and bottle Menou up.
Hutchinson left Coote with 6,000 men and then sent part of the reserve with Baron Charles De Hompesh to capture Rosetta. He then advanced to Cairo, which he reached, after a few skirmishes, in mid June. Joined by a sizable Turkish force Hutchinson invested Cairo and on 27 June the 13,000-strong French garrison under General Augustin Daniel Belliard, out-manned and out-gunned, surrendered. General John Moore then escorted them to the coast via Rosetta.
The Siege
Hutchinson, with Cairo out of the way, now began the final reduction of Alexandria. He had thirty five battalions in total. While the reserve feinted to the east, Coote, with the Guards and two other brigades, landed on 16 August to its west where fierce opposition was encountered by the garrison of Fort Marabout, which the 54th Regiment of foot eventually stormed. Both sides mounted combined assaults but the French soldiers, unable to break out and with food shortages and disease taking their toll, became increasingly disillusioned with the campaign. Menou knew he had no hope and on 26 August asked for terms; on 26 August he proposed formal terms of capitulation. The terms as amended by British commanders and put into effect are known as the Capitulation of Alexandria.
Aftermath
By 2 September total of 10,000 French surrendered under terms which allowed them to keep their personal weapons and baggage, and to return to France on British ships. However, all French ships and cannons at Alexandria were surrendered to the British.
Of the warships captured in the harbour, the French frigates Égyptienne (50) and Régénérée (40), and the ex-Venetian frigate Léoben (26) went to Britain, while the French frigate Justice (44), the ex-Venetian ship of the line Causse (64) and frigate Mantoue (26), and the ex-Turkish corvettes Halil Bey, Momgo Balerie and Salâbetnümâ went to the Turks, under Capitan Pacha (sic).
Historians relate that the French garrison, feeling abandoned by an uncaring Republic, gradually abandoned the high standards of conduct and service characteristic of the French Revolutionary Army. Many soldiers refused to renew their oath to the Republic, or did so half-heartedly. In his memoirs, the surgeon-in-chief of Napoleon's Grand Army, Baron Dominique-Jean Larrey, remembers how the consumption of the meat of young Arab horses helped the French to curb an epidemic of scurvy. He would so start the 19th-century tradition of horse meat consumption in France.
The Rosetta Stone
After the surrender, a dispute arose over the fate of French archaeological and scientific discoveries in Egypt. One of the key artifacts was the Rosetta Stone which had been discovered in mid-July 1799 by French scientists of the Institut d'Égypte. Menou refused to hand them over, claiming they belonged to the institute. How exactly the stone came into British hands is disputed. Colonel Tomkyns Hilgrove Turner, who escorted the stone to Britain, claimed later that he had personally seized it from Menou and carried it away on a gun carriage.[6] Turner brought the stone to Britain aboard Egyptienne, landing in February 1802. On 11 March it was presented to the Society of Antiquaries of London. Later it was taken to the British Museum, where it remains to this day. Inscriptions painted in white on the artifact state "Captured in Egypt by the British Army in 1801" on the left side and "Presented by King George III" on the right.
https://wn.com/Napoleon_Vs_The_Ottomans_The_Siege_Of_Alexandria
The Siege of Alexandria was fought between 17 August and 2 September 1801, during the French Revolutionary Wars, between French and British forces and was the last action of the Egyptian Campaign. The French had occupied Alexandria, a major fortified harbour city on the Nile Delta in northern Egypt, since 2 July 1798, and the garrison there surrendered on 2 September 1801.
The battle between the British and French at Canope on 21 March 1801 resulted in a French repulse. The French under Menou, disheartened by this failure, retired to Alexandria. With Abercrombie's death, John Hely-Hutchinson succeeded as commander of the British force in August. He now intended to lay siege to Alexandria and bottle Menou up.
Hutchinson left Coote with 6,000 men and then sent part of the reserve with Baron Charles De Hompesh to capture Rosetta. He then advanced to Cairo, which he reached, after a few skirmishes, in mid June. Joined by a sizable Turkish force Hutchinson invested Cairo and on 27 June the 13,000-strong French garrison under General Augustin Daniel Belliard, out-manned and out-gunned, surrendered. General John Moore then escorted them to the coast via Rosetta.
The Siege
Hutchinson, with Cairo out of the way, now began the final reduction of Alexandria. He had thirty five battalions in total. While the reserve feinted to the east, Coote, with the Guards and two other brigades, landed on 16 August to its west where fierce opposition was encountered by the garrison of Fort Marabout, which the 54th Regiment of foot eventually stormed. Both sides mounted combined assaults but the French soldiers, unable to break out and with food shortages and disease taking their toll, became increasingly disillusioned with the campaign. Menou knew he had no hope and on 26 August asked for terms; on 26 August he proposed formal terms of capitulation. The terms as amended by British commanders and put into effect are known as the Capitulation of Alexandria.
Aftermath
By 2 September total of 10,000 French surrendered under terms which allowed them to keep their personal weapons and baggage, and to return to France on British ships. However, all French ships and cannons at Alexandria were surrendered to the British.
Of the warships captured in the harbour, the French frigates Égyptienne (50) and Régénérée (40), and the ex-Venetian frigate Léoben (26) went to Britain, while the French frigate Justice (44), the ex-Venetian ship of the line Causse (64) and frigate Mantoue (26), and the ex-Turkish corvettes Halil Bey, Momgo Balerie and Salâbetnümâ went to the Turks, under Capitan Pacha (sic).
Historians relate that the French garrison, feeling abandoned by an uncaring Republic, gradually abandoned the high standards of conduct and service characteristic of the French Revolutionary Army. Many soldiers refused to renew their oath to the Republic, or did so half-heartedly. In his memoirs, the surgeon-in-chief of Napoleon's Grand Army, Baron Dominique-Jean Larrey, remembers how the consumption of the meat of young Arab horses helped the French to curb an epidemic of scurvy. He would so start the 19th-century tradition of horse meat consumption in France.
The Rosetta Stone
After the surrender, a dispute arose over the fate of French archaeological and scientific discoveries in Egypt. One of the key artifacts was the Rosetta Stone which had been discovered in mid-July 1799 by French scientists of the Institut d'Égypte. Menou refused to hand them over, claiming they belonged to the institute. How exactly the stone came into British hands is disputed. Colonel Tomkyns Hilgrove Turner, who escorted the stone to Britain, claimed later that he had personally seized it from Menou and carried it away on a gun carriage.[6] Turner brought the stone to Britain aboard Egyptienne, landing in February 1802. On 11 March it was presented to the Society of Antiquaries of London. Later it was taken to the British Museum, where it remains to this day. Inscriptions painted in white on the artifact state "Captured in Egypt by the British Army in 1801" on the left side and "Presented by King George III" on the right.
- published: 15 May 2015
- views: 104
1:16
AMAZING DISCOVERY OF ANCIENT ROSETTA STONE | TOUR OF BRITISH MUSEUM | UK EXPERIENCE
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:16
- Uploaded Date: 12 Jan 2021
- views: 896
AMAZING DISCOVERY OF ANCIENT ROSETTA STONE | TOUR OF BRITISH MUSEUM | UK EXPERIENCE
The Rosetta Stone is a granodiorite stele inscribed with three versions of...
AMAZING DISCOVERY OF ANCIENT ROSETTA STONE | TOUR OF BRITISH MUSEUM | UK EXPERIENCE
The Rosetta Stone is a granodiorite stele inscribed with three versions of a decree issued in Memphis, Egypt in 196 BC during the Ptolemaic dynasty on behalf of King Ptolemy V Epiphanes. The top and middle texts are in Ancient Egyptian using hieroglyphic and Demotic scripts respectively, while the bottom is in Ancient Greek. The decree has only minor differences between the three versions, making the Rosetta Stone key to deciphering the Egyptian scripts.
The stone was carved during the Hellenistic period and is believed to have originally been displayed within a temple, possibly at nearby Sais. It was probably moved in late antiquity or during the Mameluk period, and was eventually used as building material in the construction of Fort Julien near the town of Rashid (Rosetta) in the Nile Delta. It was discovered there in July 1799 by French officer Pierre-François Bouchard during the Napoleonic campaign in Egypt. It was the first Ancient Egyptian bilingual text recovered in modern times, and it aroused widespread public interest with its potential to decipher this previously untranslated hieroglyphic script. Lithographic copies and plaster casts soon began circulating among European museums and scholars. When the British defeated the French they took the stone to London under the Capitulation of Alexandria in 1801. It has been on public display at the British Museum almost continuously since 1802 and is the most visited object there.
Study of the decree was already underway when the first complete translation of the Greek text was published in 1803. Jean-François Champollion announced the transliteration of the Egyptian scripts in Paris in 1822; it took longer still before scholars were able to read Ancient Egyptian inscriptions and literature confidently. Major advances in the decoding were recognition that the stone offered three versions of the same text (1799); that the demotic text used phonetic characters to spell foreign names (1802); that the hieroglyphic text did so as well, and had pervasive similarities to the demotic (1814); and that phonetic characters were also used to spell native Egyptian words (1822–1824).
Three other fragmentary copies of the same decree were discovered later, and several similar Egyptian bilingual or trilingual inscriptions are now known, including three slightly earlier Ptolemaic decrees: the Decree of Alexandria in 243 BC, the Decree of Canopus in 238 BC, and the Memphis decree of Ptolemy IV, c. 218 BC. The Rosetta Stone is no longer unique, but it was the essential key to the modern understanding of ancient Egyptian literature and civilisation. The term 'Rosetta Stone' is now used to refer to the essential clue to a new field of knowledge.
BRITISH MUSEUM
The British Museum, in the Bloomsbury area of London, England, is a public institution dedicated to human history, art and culture. Its permanent collection of some eight million works is among the largest and most comprehensive in existence having been widely collected during the era of the British Empire. It documents the story of human culture from its beginnings to the present.It was the first public national museum in the world
The British Museum was established in 1753, largely based on the collections of the Irish physician and scientist Sir Hans Sloane. It first opened to the public in 1759, in Montagu House, on the site of the current building. Its expansion over the following 250 years was largely a result of expanding British colonisation and has resulted in the creation of several branch institutions, the first being the Natural History Museum in 1881.
In 1973, the British Library Act 1972 detached the library department from the British Museum, but it continued to host the now separated British Library in the same Reading Room and building as the museum until 1997. The museum is a non-departmental public body sponsored by the Department for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport, and as with all national museums in the UK it charges no admission fee, except for loan exhibitions.
Its ownership of some of its most famous objects originating in other countries is disputed and remains the subject of international controversy, most notably in the case of the Elgin Marbles of Greece and the Rosetta Stone[8] of Egypt.
SOURCE: Wikipedia
https://wn.com/Amazing_Discovery_Of_Ancient_Rosetta_Stone_|_Tour_Of_British_Museum_|_UK_Experience
AMAZING DISCOVERY OF ANCIENT ROSETTA STONE | TOUR OF BRITISH MUSEUM | UK EXPERIENCE
The Rosetta Stone is a granodiorite stele inscribed with three versions of a decree issued in Memphis, Egypt in 196 BC during the Ptolemaic dynasty on behalf of King Ptolemy V Epiphanes. The top and middle texts are in Ancient Egyptian using hieroglyphic and Demotic scripts respectively, while the bottom is in Ancient Greek. The decree has only minor differences between the three versions, making the Rosetta Stone key to deciphering the Egyptian scripts.
The stone was carved during the Hellenistic period and is believed to have originally been displayed within a temple, possibly at nearby Sais. It was probably moved in late antiquity or during the Mameluk period, and was eventually used as building material in the construction of Fort Julien near the town of Rashid (Rosetta) in the Nile Delta. It was discovered there in July 1799 by French officer Pierre-François Bouchard during the Napoleonic campaign in Egypt. It was the first Ancient Egyptian bilingual text recovered in modern times, and it aroused widespread public interest with its potential to decipher this previously untranslated hieroglyphic script. Lithographic copies and plaster casts soon began circulating among European museums and scholars. When the British defeated the French they took the stone to London under the Capitulation of Alexandria in 1801. It has been on public display at the British Museum almost continuously since 1802 and is the most visited object there.
Study of the decree was already underway when the first complete translation of the Greek text was published in 1803. Jean-François Champollion announced the transliteration of the Egyptian scripts in Paris in 1822; it took longer still before scholars were able to read Ancient Egyptian inscriptions and literature confidently. Major advances in the decoding were recognition that the stone offered three versions of the same text (1799); that the demotic text used phonetic characters to spell foreign names (1802); that the hieroglyphic text did so as well, and had pervasive similarities to the demotic (1814); and that phonetic characters were also used to spell native Egyptian words (1822–1824).
Three other fragmentary copies of the same decree were discovered later, and several similar Egyptian bilingual or trilingual inscriptions are now known, including three slightly earlier Ptolemaic decrees: the Decree of Alexandria in 243 BC, the Decree of Canopus in 238 BC, and the Memphis decree of Ptolemy IV, c. 218 BC. The Rosetta Stone is no longer unique, but it was the essential key to the modern understanding of ancient Egyptian literature and civilisation. The term 'Rosetta Stone' is now used to refer to the essential clue to a new field of knowledge.
BRITISH MUSEUM
The British Museum, in the Bloomsbury area of London, England, is a public institution dedicated to human history, art and culture. Its permanent collection of some eight million works is among the largest and most comprehensive in existence having been widely collected during the era of the British Empire. It documents the story of human culture from its beginnings to the present.It was the first public national museum in the world
The British Museum was established in 1753, largely based on the collections of the Irish physician and scientist Sir Hans Sloane. It first opened to the public in 1759, in Montagu House, on the site of the current building. Its expansion over the following 250 years was largely a result of expanding British colonisation and has resulted in the creation of several branch institutions, the first being the Natural History Museum in 1881.
In 1973, the British Library Act 1972 detached the library department from the British Museum, but it continued to host the now separated British Library in the same Reading Room and building as the museum until 1997. The museum is a non-departmental public body sponsored by the Department for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport, and as with all national museums in the UK it charges no admission fee, except for loan exhibitions.
Its ownership of some of its most famous objects originating in other countries is disputed and remains the subject of international controversy, most notably in the case of the Elgin Marbles of Greece and the Rosetta Stone[8] of Egypt.
SOURCE: Wikipedia
- published: 12 Jan 2021
- views: 896
6:12
The Rosetta Stone: What is it and Why is it so Important?
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:12
- Uploaded Date: 13 Jul 2021
- views: 18869
The discovery of the Rosetta Stone unlocked the secrets of Ancient Egypt with the Ancient Greek and Demotic texts being the key to translating the Hieroglyphics...
The discovery of the Rosetta Stone unlocked the secrets of Ancient Egypt with the Ancient Greek and Demotic texts being the key to translating the Hieroglyphics for the first time. So, if you want to know what the Rosetta Stone is, why it's so important and why it's so famous, make sure to stick around! The text carved onto the Rosetta Stone dates to the year 196 BCE, and we know this because the text is actually a very run-of-the-mill document, and each script outlines what King Ptolemy V Epiphanes had achieved in the year since his coronation.
Where was the Rosetta Stone found, you may ask, and well, the answer is in the name! In 1799 Napoleon Bonaparte and his troops were in Egypt, and Lieutenant Pierre François Xavier Bouchard removed the Rosetta Stone from a section of an old wall of a building that was being demolished. The beginning of the decipherment began with the Englishman Thomas Young who worked out the direction in which the hieroglyphics were meant to be read, and identified some of the hieroglyphs which related to Ptolemy V Epiphanes. It was then in the early 1820s that the script was fully deciphered by the French linguist and scholar Jean-François Champollion.
— BUY OUR MERCH —
https://www.worldhistory.store/
— SUPPORT US VIA OUR PATREON—
https://www.worldhistory.org/patreon/
— CHAPTERS —
0:00 Introduction
0:39 What is the Rosetta Stone?
1:42 Where was the Rosetta Stone Found?
2:43 Why is the Rosetta Stone so Important?
5:35 Outro
— WANT TO KNOW MORE? —
The Rosetta Stone https://www.worldhistory.org/Rosetta_Stone/
Egyptian Hieroglyphs https://www.worldhistory.org/Egyptian_Hieroglyphs/
Ancient Egyptian Writing https://www.worldhistory.org/Egyptian_Writing/
Ancient Egypt https://www.worldhistory.org/Egypt/
— WATCH NEXT —
Ancient Egyptian Religion: How were the Ancient Egyptian Gods and Goddesses Worshipped? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QvZxqD4e4iU
The Battle of Kadesh: Ancient Egypt vs. The Hittites https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A4G9tFzl85o
Comparing Two Ancient Civilisations: Ancient Egypt vs. Mesopotamia https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EwY-ziBL1Jw
Osiris: Egyptian God of the Underworld and Judge of the Dead https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vDdD1k7JQWQ
— ATTRIBUTIONS —
You can find all attribution and credits for images, animations, graphics and music here - https://worldhistory.typehut.com/the-rosetta-stone-what-is-it-and-why-is-it-so-important-images-and-attributions-5448
The music used in this recording is the intellectual copyright of Michael Levy, a prolific composer for the recreated lyres of antiquity, and used with the creator's permission. Michael Levy's music is available to stream at all the major digital music platforms. Find out more on:
https://www.ancientlyre.com
https://open.spotify.com/artist/7Dx2vFEg8DmOJ5YCRm4A5v?si=emacIH9CRieFNGXRUyJ9
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCJ1X6F7lGMEadnNETSzTv8A
— THUMBNAIL IMAGE —
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Rosetta_Stone.JPG
© Hans Hillewaert / CC BY-SA 4.0
World History Encyclopedia
www.worldhistory.org
#therosettastone #rosettastone #egyptianhieroglyphs
https://wn.com/The_Rosetta_Stone_What_Is_It_And_Why_Is_It_So_Important
The discovery of the Rosetta Stone unlocked the secrets of Ancient Egypt with the Ancient Greek and Demotic texts being the key to translating the Hieroglyphics for the first time. So, if you want to know what the Rosetta Stone is, why it's so important and why it's so famous, make sure to stick around! The text carved onto the Rosetta Stone dates to the year 196 BCE, and we know this because the text is actually a very run-of-the-mill document, and each script outlines what King Ptolemy V Epiphanes had achieved in the year since his coronation.
Where was the Rosetta Stone found, you may ask, and well, the answer is in the name! In 1799 Napoleon Bonaparte and his troops were in Egypt, and Lieutenant Pierre François Xavier Bouchard removed the Rosetta Stone from a section of an old wall of a building that was being demolished. The beginning of the decipherment began with the Englishman Thomas Young who worked out the direction in which the hieroglyphics were meant to be read, and identified some of the hieroglyphs which related to Ptolemy V Epiphanes. It was then in the early 1820s that the script was fully deciphered by the French linguist and scholar Jean-François Champollion.
— BUY OUR MERCH —
https://www.worldhistory.store/
— SUPPORT US VIA OUR PATREON—
https://www.worldhistory.org/patreon/
— CHAPTERS —
0:00 Introduction
0:39 What is the Rosetta Stone?
1:42 Where was the Rosetta Stone Found?
2:43 Why is the Rosetta Stone so Important?
5:35 Outro
— WANT TO KNOW MORE? —
The Rosetta Stone https://www.worldhistory.org/Rosetta_Stone/
Egyptian Hieroglyphs https://www.worldhistory.org/Egyptian_Hieroglyphs/
Ancient Egyptian Writing https://www.worldhistory.org/Egyptian_Writing/
Ancient Egypt https://www.worldhistory.org/Egypt/
— WATCH NEXT —
Ancient Egyptian Religion: How were the Ancient Egyptian Gods and Goddesses Worshipped? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QvZxqD4e4iU
The Battle of Kadesh: Ancient Egypt vs. The Hittites https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A4G9tFzl85o
Comparing Two Ancient Civilisations: Ancient Egypt vs. Mesopotamia https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EwY-ziBL1Jw
Osiris: Egyptian God of the Underworld and Judge of the Dead https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vDdD1k7JQWQ
— ATTRIBUTIONS —
You can find all attribution and credits for images, animations, graphics and music here - https://worldhistory.typehut.com/the-rosetta-stone-what-is-it-and-why-is-it-so-important-images-and-attributions-5448
The music used in this recording is the intellectual copyright of Michael Levy, a prolific composer for the recreated lyres of antiquity, and used with the creator's permission. Michael Levy's music is available to stream at all the major digital music platforms. Find out more on:
https://www.ancientlyre.com
https://open.spotify.com/artist/7Dx2vFEg8DmOJ5YCRm4A5v?si=emacIH9CRieFNGXRUyJ9
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCJ1X6F7lGMEadnNETSzTv8A
— THUMBNAIL IMAGE —
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Rosetta_Stone.JPG
© Hans Hillewaert / CC BY-SA 4.0
World History Encyclopedia
www.worldhistory.org
#therosettastone #rosettastone #egyptianhieroglyphs
- published: 13 Jul 2021
- views: 18869
18:01
Bonaparte in Egypt #1. Start of the 1798 campaign
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 18:01
- Uploaded Date: 01 Oct 2023
- views: 13678
By the end of 1797, the French Republic was dominant in Western Europe, having defeated almost all its enemies in the War of the First Coalition. Only Great Bri...
By the end of 1797, the French Republic was dominant in Western Europe, having defeated almost all its enemies in the War of the First Coalition. Only Great Britain remained at war; despite half-hearted overtures for peace in 1797, the British now displayed a renewed determination, as Prime Minister William Pitt the Younger looked to bankroll a second anti-French coalition. The French Directory, was equally determined to see the war to its conclusion and assembled a 120,000-man army for a daring invasion of Britain. Command of this Army of England was given to General Napoleon Bonaparte, who set out on a rapid tour of the dockyards to assess the feasibility of such an expedition. His disheartening conclusion was that British naval superiority doomed any attempted invasion to failure. Instead, Bonaparte offered an alternative path to victory, suggesting that the French could threaten Britain's empire by establishing a colony in Egypt.
Among the sources we have used are the following:
«The Campaigns of Napoleon» (David Chandler)
«Napoléon Bonaparte Correspondance générale»
Bonaparte in Egypt - J. Christopher Herold
Music: EpidemicSound.com
https://wn.com/Bonaparte_In_Egypt_1._Start_Of_The_1798_Campaign
By the end of 1797, the French Republic was dominant in Western Europe, having defeated almost all its enemies in the War of the First Coalition. Only Great Britain remained at war; despite half-hearted overtures for peace in 1797, the British now displayed a renewed determination, as Prime Minister William Pitt the Younger looked to bankroll a second anti-French coalition. The French Directory, was equally determined to see the war to its conclusion and assembled a 120,000-man army for a daring invasion of Britain. Command of this Army of England was given to General Napoleon Bonaparte, who set out on a rapid tour of the dockyards to assess the feasibility of such an expedition. His disheartening conclusion was that British naval superiority doomed any attempted invasion to failure. Instead, Bonaparte offered an alternative path to victory, suggesting that the French could threaten Britain's empire by establishing a colony in Egypt.
Among the sources we have used are the following:
«The Campaigns of Napoleon» (David Chandler)
«Napoléon Bonaparte Correspondance générale»
Bonaparte in Egypt - J. Christopher Herold
Music: EpidemicSound.com
- published: 01 Oct 2023
- views: 13678
27:33
2705 The British Campaign in Egypt, 1801 - Part 2
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 27:33
- Uploaded Date: 03 Nov 2019
- views: 107
The British now occupied the tip of the Aboukir peninsula directly opposite the French forces. The flanks of both armies were secured by the Mediterranean Sea o...
The British now occupied the tip of the Aboukir peninsula directly opposite the French forces. The flanks of both armies were secured by the Mediterranean Sea on the one side, and the marshy ground of the dried up Lake Mareotis on the other. Following the landing on the 8 March, the British built defences, heaved supplies ashore and buried the dead. A short action took place on 13 March, during which the British repulsed an attack by French cavalry and horse-artillery. After this, the British paused to consider their next move. Dur: 28mins File: .mp3
https://wn.com/2705_The_British_Campaign_In_Egypt,_1801_Part_2
The British now occupied the tip of the Aboukir peninsula directly opposite the French forces. The flanks of both armies were secured by the Mediterranean Sea on the one side, and the marshy ground of the dried up Lake Mareotis on the other. Following the landing on the 8 March, the British built defences, heaved supplies ashore and buried the dead. A short action took place on 13 March, during which the British repulsed an attack by French cavalry and horse-artillery. After this, the British paused to consider their next move. Dur: 28mins File: .mp3
- published: 03 Nov 2019
- views: 107
0:59
The Rosetta Stone: Deciphering Hieroglyphics and Unlocking History. #Egypt #europe #shorts #facts
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:59
- Uploaded Date: 13 Sep 2023
- views: 1037
The Rosetta Stone, a marvel of ancient linguistics, was discovered in July 1799 by French officer Pierre-François Bouchard during the Napoleonic campaign in Egy...
The Rosetta Stone, a marvel of ancient linguistics, was discovered in July 1799 by French officer Pierre-François Bouchard during the Napoleonic campaign in Egypt.
It was the first Ancient Egyptian bilingual text recovered in modern times, and it aroused widespread public interest with its potential to decipher untranslated hieroglyphic scripts. This granite slab, inscribed with a decree in three scripts (Greek, Demotic, and hieroglyphic), became the key to deciphering ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs.
https://wn.com/The_Rosetta_Stone_Deciphering_Hieroglyphics_And_Unlocking_History._Egypt_Europe_Shorts_Facts
The Rosetta Stone, a marvel of ancient linguistics, was discovered in July 1799 by French officer Pierre-François Bouchard during the Napoleonic campaign in Egypt.
It was the first Ancient Egyptian bilingual text recovered in modern times, and it aroused widespread public interest with its potential to decipher untranslated hieroglyphic scripts. This granite slab, inscribed with a decree in three scripts (Greek, Demotic, and hieroglyphic), became the key to deciphering ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs.
- published: 13 Sep 2023
- views: 1037
45:55
Ancient Mysteries: The Rosetta Stone
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 45:55
- Uploaded Date: 14 Apr 2015
- views: 3797
The Rosetta Stone is a granodiorite stele inscribed with a decree issued at Memphis, Egypt, in 196 BC on behalf of King Ptolemy V. The decree appears in three s...
The Rosetta Stone is a granodiorite stele inscribed with a decree issued at Memphis, Egypt, in 196 BC on behalf of King Ptolemy V. The decree appears in three scripts: the upper text is Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs, the middle portion Demotic script, and the lowest Ancient Greek. Because it presents essentially the same text in all three scripts (with some minor differences among them), it provided the key to the modern understanding of Egyptian hieroglyphs.
Although it is believed to have originally been displayed within a temple, possibly at nearby Sais, the stone was probably moved during the early Christian or medieval period and was eventually used as building material in the construction of Fort Julien near the town of Rashid (Rosetta) in the Nile Delta. It was rediscovered there in 1799 by a soldier, Pierre-François Bouchard, of the Napoleonic expedition to Egypt. As the first Ancient Egyptian bilingual text recovered in modern times, the Rosetta Stone aroused widespread public interest with its potential to decipher this previously untranslated ancient language. Lithographic copies and plaster casts began circulating among European museums and scholars. Meanwhile, British troops defeated the French in Egypt in 1801, and the original stone came into British possession under the Capitulation of Alexandria. Transported to London, it has been on public display at the British Museum since 1802. It is the most-visited object in the British Museum.
Study of the decree was already under way as the first full translation of the Greek text appeared in 1803. It was 20 years, however, before the transliteration of the Egyptian scripts was announced by Jean-François Champollion in Paris in 1822; it took longer still before scholars were able to read Ancient Egyptian inscriptions and literature confidently. Major advances in the decoding were recognition that the stone offered three versions of the same text (1799); that the demotic text used phonetic characters to spell foreign names (1802); that the hieroglyphic text did so as well, and had pervasive similarities to the demotic (Thomas Young, 1814); and that, in addition to being used for foreign names, phonetic characters were also used to spell native Egyptian words (Champollion, 1822–1824).
Ever since its rediscovery, the stone has been the focus of nationalist rivalries, including its transfer from French to British possession during the Napoleonic Wars, a long-running dispute over the relative value of Young and Champollion's contributions to the decipherment, and since 2003, demands for the stone's return to Egypt.
Two other fragmentary copies of the same decree were discovered later, and several similar Egyptian bilingual or trilingual inscriptions are now known, including two slightly earlier Ptolemaic decrees (the Decree of Canopus in 238 BC, and the Memphis decree of Ptolemy IV, ca. 218 BC). The Rosetta Stone is, therefore, no longer unique, but it was the essential key to modern understanding of Ancient Egyptian literature and civilization. The term Rosetta Stone is now used in other contexts as the name for the essential clue to a new field of knowledge.
Website: http://bestfreedocumentaries.org
Blog: http://documentarydesire.blogspot.co.uk/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/bestfreedocu...
Twitter: https://twitter.com/DocuDesire
https://wn.com/Ancient_Mysteries_The_Rosetta_Stone
The Rosetta Stone is a granodiorite stele inscribed with a decree issued at Memphis, Egypt, in 196 BC on behalf of King Ptolemy V. The decree appears in three scripts: the upper text is Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs, the middle portion Demotic script, and the lowest Ancient Greek. Because it presents essentially the same text in all three scripts (with some minor differences among them), it provided the key to the modern understanding of Egyptian hieroglyphs.
Although it is believed to have originally been displayed within a temple, possibly at nearby Sais, the stone was probably moved during the early Christian or medieval period and was eventually used as building material in the construction of Fort Julien near the town of Rashid (Rosetta) in the Nile Delta. It was rediscovered there in 1799 by a soldier, Pierre-François Bouchard, of the Napoleonic expedition to Egypt. As the first Ancient Egyptian bilingual text recovered in modern times, the Rosetta Stone aroused widespread public interest with its potential to decipher this previously untranslated ancient language. Lithographic copies and plaster casts began circulating among European museums and scholars. Meanwhile, British troops defeated the French in Egypt in 1801, and the original stone came into British possession under the Capitulation of Alexandria. Transported to London, it has been on public display at the British Museum since 1802. It is the most-visited object in the British Museum.
Study of the decree was already under way as the first full translation of the Greek text appeared in 1803. It was 20 years, however, before the transliteration of the Egyptian scripts was announced by Jean-François Champollion in Paris in 1822; it took longer still before scholars were able to read Ancient Egyptian inscriptions and literature confidently. Major advances in the decoding were recognition that the stone offered three versions of the same text (1799); that the demotic text used phonetic characters to spell foreign names (1802); that the hieroglyphic text did so as well, and had pervasive similarities to the demotic (Thomas Young, 1814); and that, in addition to being used for foreign names, phonetic characters were also used to spell native Egyptian words (Champollion, 1822–1824).
Ever since its rediscovery, the stone has been the focus of nationalist rivalries, including its transfer from French to British possession during the Napoleonic Wars, a long-running dispute over the relative value of Young and Champollion's contributions to the decipherment, and since 2003, demands for the stone's return to Egypt.
Two other fragmentary copies of the same decree were discovered later, and several similar Egyptian bilingual or trilingual inscriptions are now known, including two slightly earlier Ptolemaic decrees (the Decree of Canopus in 238 BC, and the Memphis decree of Ptolemy IV, ca. 218 BC). The Rosetta Stone is, therefore, no longer unique, but it was the essential key to modern understanding of Ancient Egyptian literature and civilization. The term Rosetta Stone is now used in other contexts as the name for the essential clue to a new field of knowledge.
Website: http://bestfreedocumentaries.org
Blog: http://documentarydesire.blogspot.co.uk/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/bestfreedocu...
Twitter: https://twitter.com/DocuDesire
- published: 14 Apr 2015
- views: 3797
10:54
The Rosetta Stone
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:54
- Uploaded Date: 20 Dec 2020
- views: 23
The ancient Egyptian civilization was one of the oldest civilizations that we know of on Earth. While there is much we know about them, knowledge of their syste...
The ancient Egyptian civilization was one of the oldest civilizations that we know of on Earth. While there is much we know about them, knowledge of their system of writing, known as hieroglyphics had become lost by the middle ages. Where there were different theories as to what the writing meant, no one was really sure how to read hieroglyphics.
All of this changed in 1799 when French troops under Napoleon Bonaparte discovered a stone that unlocked the secrets of the language. Learn more about the Rosetta Stone, and how it decrypted Egyptian Hieroglyphics, on this episode of Everything Everywhere Daily.
http://www.audibletrial.com/EverythingEverywhere
--------------------------------
Executive Producer James Makkyla
Associate Producer Thor Thomsen
Become a supporter on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/everythingeverywhere
Discord Server: https://discord.gg/UkRUJFh
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Website: https://everything-everywhere.com/everything-everywhere-daily-podcast/
https://wn.com/The_Rosetta_Stone
The ancient Egyptian civilization was one of the oldest civilizations that we know of on Earth. While there is much we know about them, knowledge of their system of writing, known as hieroglyphics had become lost by the middle ages. Where there were different theories as to what the writing meant, no one was really sure how to read hieroglyphics.
All of this changed in 1799 when French troops under Napoleon Bonaparte discovered a stone that unlocked the secrets of the language. Learn more about the Rosetta Stone, and how it decrypted Egyptian Hieroglyphics, on this episode of Everything Everywhere Daily.
http://www.audibletrial.com/EverythingEverywhere
--------------------------------
Executive Producer James Makkyla
Associate Producer Thor Thomsen
Become a supporter on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/everythingeverywhere
Discord Server: https://discord.gg/UkRUJFh
Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/everythingeverywhere/
Twitter: https://twitter.com/everywheretrip
Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/EEDailyPodcast/
Website: https://everything-everywhere.com/everything-everywhere-daily-podcast/
- published: 20 Dec 2020
- views: 23
4:14
Battle of Alexandria, last battle in the French invasion of Egypt #napoleonicwars #egypt #napoleon
for more information about the French invasion of Egypt and Syria you can watch :
siege o...
published: 30 Aug 2023
Battle of Alexandria, last battle in the French invasion of Egypt #napoleonicwars #egypt #napoleon
Battle of Alexandria, last battle in the French invasion of Egypt #napoleonicwars #egypt #napoleon
- Report rights infringement
- published: 30 Aug 2023
- views: 124
for more information about the French invasion of Egypt and Syria you can watch :
siege of acre
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ls-eVrY4imU
The Jaffa Massacre:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CiFx1_bjVz4&t=0s
The Battle of the Pyramids 1798:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SB3kl7l6beo&t=12s
Battle of the Nile:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=59mX3k5gayE&t=27s
11:05
Battle of the Pyramids and Nile|| Napoleon 3rd War (1798-1801)
Napoleon Bonaparte's rapid ascent through the ranks of the French military had already mad...
published: 24 Oct 2023
Battle of the Pyramids and Nile|| Napoleon 3rd War (1798-1801)
Battle of the Pyramids and Nile|| Napoleon 3rd War (1798-1801)
- Report rights infringement
- published: 24 Oct 2023
- views: 35
Napoleon Bonaparte's rapid ascent through the ranks of the French military had already made him a prominent figure in the tumultuous era of the French Revolution.
Geopolitical Considerations
Napoleon's decision to launch an expedition to Egypt was not purely motivated by territorial expansion. Several factors contributed to this audacious endeavor.
Scientific and Cultural Exploration
An often-overlooked aspect of the Egyptian Campaign was its strong emphasis on scientific and cultural exploration. Accompanying Napoleon's army were a group of savants (scholars) from various fields, including archaeology, botany, and engineering.
The Departure and Arrival
In May 1798, a massive French fleet under Napoleon's command, known as the "Armée d'Orient," set sail from Toulon, France, and embarked on the Egyptian Campaign. The French armada was an impressive sight, consisting of hundreds of ships and over 30,000 soldiers, including infantry, cavalry, and artillery.
Battle of the Pyramids
Napoleon's arrival in Egypt was met with little resistance. The local Mamluk rulers, who had long been in power, initially offered little opposition to the French invaders.
B. The Siege of Alexandria
With the Mamluks largely defeated, Napoleon turned his attention to the strategic city of Alexandria. In March 1799, the French laid siege to the city, which was under the control of the Ottoman Empire. The siege dragged on for several months and involved intense fighting and naval bombardments. However, in August 1799, the French finally captured the city, further solidifying their control over Egypt.
III. The Battle of the Nile
While Napoleon was consolidating his rule in Egypt, a significant naval engagement was unfolding in the Mediterranean. This battle would come to be known as the Battle of the Nile and would have far-reaching consequences for the French campaign in Egypt.
A. The British Challenge
The British Royal Navy, under the command of Admiral Horatio Nelson, was determined to thwart Napoleon's plans in Egypt. In August 1798, the British fleet intercepted the French armada in Aboukir Bay. The resulting Battle of the Nile was a pivotal moment in the campaign.
B. The Battle Unfolds
The Battle of the Nile was a brutal and hard-fought engagement. Nelson's innovative tactics, which involved a daring and unexpected approach, took the French by surprise. The battle raged for several hours, and both sides suffered heavy losses. Ultimately, the British emerged victorious, with the French fleet suffering significant damage and loss of life.
Napoleon's Egyptian Campaign was a daring and audacious venture that had profound and far-reaching consequences. It combined military objectives with cultural exploration, leaving an indelible mark on the history of Egypt and the broader geopolitical landscape of Europe. While the campaign did not result in a lasting French presence in Egypt, its impact on the study of Egyptology and the rise of Napoleon as a political force cannot be overstated. The Egyptian Campaign remains a captivating chapter in the annals of military history, a story of ambition, struggle, and discovery that continues to intrigue and inspire to this day.
4:38
Napoleon vs The Ottomans - The Siege of Alexandria
The Siege of Alexandria was fought between 17 August and 2 September 1801, during the Fren...
published: 15 May 2015
Napoleon vs The Ottomans - The Siege of Alexandria
Napoleon vs The Ottomans - The Siege of Alexandria
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The Siege of Alexandria was fought between 17 August and 2 September 1801, during the French Revolutionary Wars, between French and British forces and was the last action of the Egyptian Campaign. The French had occupied Alexandria, a major fortified harbour city on the Nile Delta in northern Egypt, since 2 July 1798, and the garrison there surrendered on 2 September 1801.
The battle between the British and French at Canope on 21 March 1801 resulted in a French repulse. The French under Menou, disheartened by this failure, retired to Alexandria. With Abercrombie's death, John Hely-Hutchinson succeeded as commander of the British force in August. He now intended to lay siege to Alexandria and bottle Menou up.
Hutchinson left Coote with 6,000 men and then sent part of the reserve with Baron Charles De Hompesh to capture Rosetta. He then advanced to Cairo, which he reached, after a few skirmishes, in mid June. Joined by a sizable Turkish force Hutchinson invested Cairo and on 27 June the 13,000-strong French garrison under General Augustin Daniel Belliard, out-manned and out-gunned, surrendered. General John Moore then escorted them to the coast via Rosetta.
The Siege
Hutchinson, with Cairo out of the way, now began the final reduction of Alexandria. He had thirty five battalions in total. While the reserve feinted to the east, Coote, with the Guards and two other brigades, landed on 16 August to its west where fierce opposition was encountered by the garrison of Fort Marabout, which the 54th Regiment of foot eventually stormed. Both sides mounted combined assaults but the French soldiers, unable to break out and with food shortages and disease taking their toll, became increasingly disillusioned with the campaign. Menou knew he had no hope and on 26 August asked for terms; on 26 August he proposed formal terms of capitulation. The terms as amended by British commanders and put into effect are known as the Capitulation of Alexandria.
Aftermath
By 2 September total of 10,000 French surrendered under terms which allowed them to keep their personal weapons and baggage, and to return to France on British ships. However, all French ships and cannons at Alexandria were surrendered to the British.
Of the warships captured in the harbour, the French frigates Égyptienne (50) and Régénérée (40), and the ex-Venetian frigate Léoben (26) went to Britain, while the French frigate Justice (44), the ex-Venetian ship of the line Causse (64) and frigate Mantoue (26), and the ex-Turkish corvettes Halil Bey, Momgo Balerie and Salâbetnümâ went to the Turks, under Capitan Pacha (sic).
Historians relate that the French garrison, feeling abandoned by an uncaring Republic, gradually abandoned the high standards of conduct and service characteristic of the French Revolutionary Army. Many soldiers refused to renew their oath to the Republic, or did so half-heartedly. In his memoirs, the surgeon-in-chief of Napoleon's Grand Army, Baron Dominique-Jean Larrey, remembers how the consumption of the meat of young Arab horses helped the French to curb an epidemic of scurvy. He would so start the 19th-century tradition of horse meat consumption in France.
The Rosetta Stone
After the surrender, a dispute arose over the fate of French archaeological and scientific discoveries in Egypt. One of the key artifacts was the Rosetta Stone which had been discovered in mid-July 1799 by French scientists of the Institut d'Égypte. Menou refused to hand them over, claiming they belonged to the institute. How exactly the stone came into British hands is disputed. Colonel Tomkyns Hilgrove Turner, who escorted the stone to Britain, claimed later that he had personally seized it from Menou and carried it away on a gun carriage.[6] Turner brought the stone to Britain aboard Egyptienne, landing in February 1802. On 11 March it was presented to the Society of Antiquaries of London. Later it was taken to the British Museum, where it remains to this day. Inscriptions painted in white on the artifact state "Captured in Egypt by the British Army in 1801" on the left side and "Presented by King George III" on the right.
1:16
AMAZING DISCOVERY OF ANCIENT ROSETTA STONE | TOUR OF BRITISH MUSEUM | UK EXPERIENCE
AMAZING DISCOVERY OF ANCIENT ROSETTA STONE | TOUR OF BRITISH MUSEUM | UK EXPERIENCE
The ...
published: 12 Jan 2021
AMAZING DISCOVERY OF ANCIENT ROSETTA STONE | TOUR OF BRITISH MUSEUM | UK EXPERIENCE
AMAZING DISCOVERY OF ANCIENT ROSETTA STONE | TOUR OF BRITISH MUSEUM | UK EXPERIENCE
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AMAZING DISCOVERY OF ANCIENT ROSETTA STONE | TOUR OF BRITISH MUSEUM | UK EXPERIENCE
The Rosetta Stone is a granodiorite stele inscribed with three versions of a decree issued in Memphis, Egypt in 196 BC during the Ptolemaic dynasty on behalf of King Ptolemy V Epiphanes. The top and middle texts are in Ancient Egyptian using hieroglyphic and Demotic scripts respectively, while the bottom is in Ancient Greek. The decree has only minor differences between the three versions, making the Rosetta Stone key to deciphering the Egyptian scripts.
The stone was carved during the Hellenistic period and is believed to have originally been displayed within a temple, possibly at nearby Sais. It was probably moved in late antiquity or during the Mameluk period, and was eventually used as building material in the construction of Fort Julien near the town of Rashid (Rosetta) in the Nile Delta. It was discovered there in July 1799 by French officer Pierre-François Bouchard during the Napoleonic campaign in Egypt. It was the first Ancient Egyptian bilingual text recovered in modern times, and it aroused widespread public interest with its potential to decipher this previously untranslated hieroglyphic script. Lithographic copies and plaster casts soon began circulating among European museums and scholars. When the British defeated the French they took the stone to London under the Capitulation of Alexandria in 1801. It has been on public display at the British Museum almost continuously since 1802 and is the most visited object there.
Study of the decree was already underway when the first complete translation of the Greek text was published in 1803. Jean-François Champollion announced the transliteration of the Egyptian scripts in Paris in 1822; it took longer still before scholars were able to read Ancient Egyptian inscriptions and literature confidently. Major advances in the decoding were recognition that the stone offered three versions of the same text (1799); that the demotic text used phonetic characters to spell foreign names (1802); that the hieroglyphic text did so as well, and had pervasive similarities to the demotic (1814); and that phonetic characters were also used to spell native Egyptian words (1822–1824).
Three other fragmentary copies of the same decree were discovered later, and several similar Egyptian bilingual or trilingual inscriptions are now known, including three slightly earlier Ptolemaic decrees: the Decree of Alexandria in 243 BC, the Decree of Canopus in 238 BC, and the Memphis decree of Ptolemy IV, c. 218 BC. The Rosetta Stone is no longer unique, but it was the essential key to the modern understanding of ancient Egyptian literature and civilisation. The term 'Rosetta Stone' is now used to refer to the essential clue to a new field of knowledge.
BRITISH MUSEUM
The British Museum, in the Bloomsbury area of London, England, is a public institution dedicated to human history, art and culture. Its permanent collection of some eight million works is among the largest and most comprehensive in existence having been widely collected during the era of the British Empire. It documents the story of human culture from its beginnings to the present.It was the first public national museum in the world
The British Museum was established in 1753, largely based on the collections of the Irish physician and scientist Sir Hans Sloane. It first opened to the public in 1759, in Montagu House, on the site of the current building. Its expansion over the following 250 years was largely a result of expanding British colonisation and has resulted in the creation of several branch institutions, the first being the Natural History Museum in 1881.
In 1973, the British Library Act 1972 detached the library department from the British Museum, but it continued to host the now separated British Library in the same Reading Room and building as the museum until 1997. The museum is a non-departmental public body sponsored by the Department for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport, and as with all national museums in the UK it charges no admission fee, except for loan exhibitions.
Its ownership of some of its most famous objects originating in other countries is disputed and remains the subject of international controversy, most notably in the case of the Elgin Marbles of Greece and the Rosetta Stone[8] of Egypt.
SOURCE: Wikipedia
6:12
The Rosetta Stone: What is it and Why is it so Important?
The discovery of the Rosetta Stone unlocked the secrets of Ancient Egypt with the Ancient ...
published: 13 Jul 2021
The Rosetta Stone: What is it and Why is it so Important?
The Rosetta Stone: What is it and Why is it so Important?
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The discovery of the Rosetta Stone unlocked the secrets of Ancient Egypt with the Ancient Greek and Demotic texts being the key to translating the Hieroglyphics for the first time. So, if you want to know what the Rosetta Stone is, why it's so important and why it's so famous, make sure to stick around! The text carved onto the Rosetta Stone dates to the year 196 BCE, and we know this because the text is actually a very run-of-the-mill document, and each script outlines what King Ptolemy V Epiphanes had achieved in the year since his coronation.
Where was the Rosetta Stone found, you may ask, and well, the answer is in the name! In 1799 Napoleon Bonaparte and his troops were in Egypt, and Lieutenant Pierre François Xavier Bouchard removed the Rosetta Stone from a section of an old wall of a building that was being demolished. The beginning of the decipherment began with the Englishman Thomas Young who worked out the direction in which the hieroglyphics were meant to be read, and identified some of the hieroglyphs which related to Ptolemy V Epiphanes. It was then in the early 1820s that the script was fully deciphered by the French linguist and scholar Jean-François Champollion.
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— CHAPTERS —
0:00 Introduction
0:39 What is the Rosetta Stone?
1:42 Where was the Rosetta Stone Found?
2:43 Why is the Rosetta Stone so Important?
5:35 Outro
— WANT TO KNOW MORE? —
The Rosetta Stone https://www.worldhistory.org/Rosetta_Stone/
Egyptian Hieroglyphs https://www.worldhistory.org/Egyptian_Hieroglyphs/
Ancient Egyptian Writing https://www.worldhistory.org/Egyptian_Writing/
Ancient Egypt https://www.worldhistory.org/Egypt/
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Ancient Egyptian Religion: How were the Ancient Egyptian Gods and Goddesses Worshipped? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QvZxqD4e4iU
The Battle of Kadesh: Ancient Egypt vs. The Hittites https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A4G9tFzl85o
Comparing Two Ancient Civilisations: Ancient Egypt vs. Mesopotamia https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EwY-ziBL1Jw
Osiris: Egyptian God of the Underworld and Judge of the Dead https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vDdD1k7JQWQ
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The music used in this recording is the intellectual copyright of Michael Levy, a prolific composer for the recreated lyres of antiquity, and used with the creator's permission. Michael Levy's music is available to stream at all the major digital music platforms. Find out more on:
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18:01
Bonaparte in Egypt #1. Start of the 1798 campaign
By the end of 1797, the French Republic was dominant in Western Europe, having defeated al...
published: 01 Oct 2023
Bonaparte in Egypt #1. Start of the 1798 campaign
Bonaparte in Egypt #1. Start of the 1798 campaign
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By the end of 1797, the French Republic was dominant in Western Europe, having defeated almost all its enemies in the War of the First Coalition. Only Great Britain remained at war; despite half-hearted overtures for peace in 1797, the British now displayed a renewed determination, as Prime Minister William Pitt the Younger looked to bankroll a second anti-French coalition. The French Directory, was equally determined to see the war to its conclusion and assembled a 120,000-man army for a daring invasion of Britain. Command of this Army of England was given to General Napoleon Bonaparte, who set out on a rapid tour of the dockyards to assess the feasibility of such an expedition. His disheartening conclusion was that British naval superiority doomed any attempted invasion to failure. Instead, Bonaparte offered an alternative path to victory, suggesting that the French could threaten Britain's empire by establishing a colony in Egypt.
Among the sources we have used are the following:
«The Campaigns of Napoleon» (David Chandler)
«Napoléon Bonaparte Correspondance générale»
Bonaparte in Egypt - J. Christopher Herold
Music: EpidemicSound.com
27:33
2705 The British Campaign in Egypt, 1801 - Part 2
The British now occupied the tip of the Aboukir peninsula directly opposite the French for...
published: 03 Nov 2019
2705 The British Campaign in Egypt, 1801 - Part 2
2705 The British Campaign in Egypt, 1801 - Part 2
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The British now occupied the tip of the Aboukir peninsula directly opposite the French forces. The flanks of both armies were secured by the Mediterranean Sea on the one side, and the marshy ground of the dried up Lake Mareotis on the other. Following the landing on the 8 March, the British built defences, heaved supplies ashore and buried the dead. A short action took place on 13 March, during which the British repulsed an attack by French cavalry and horse-artillery. After this, the British paused to consider their next move. Dur: 28mins File: .mp3
0:59
The Rosetta Stone: Deciphering Hieroglyphics and Unlocking History. #Egypt #europe #shorts #facts
The Rosetta Stone, a marvel of ancient linguistics, was discovered in July 1799 by French ...
published: 13 Sep 2023
The Rosetta Stone: Deciphering Hieroglyphics and Unlocking History. #Egypt #europe #shorts #facts
The Rosetta Stone: Deciphering Hieroglyphics and Unlocking History. #Egypt #europe #shorts #facts
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The Rosetta Stone, a marvel of ancient linguistics, was discovered in July 1799 by French officer Pierre-François Bouchard during the Napoleonic campaign in Egypt.
It was the first Ancient Egyptian bilingual text recovered in modern times, and it aroused widespread public interest with its potential to decipher untranslated hieroglyphic scripts. This granite slab, inscribed with a decree in three scripts (Greek, Demotic, and hieroglyphic), became the key to deciphering ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs.
45:55
Ancient Mysteries: The Rosetta Stone
The Rosetta Stone is a granodiorite stele inscribed with a decree issued at Memphis, Egypt...
published: 14 Apr 2015
Ancient Mysteries: The Rosetta Stone
Ancient Mysteries: The Rosetta Stone
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The Rosetta Stone is a granodiorite stele inscribed with a decree issued at Memphis, Egypt, in 196 BC on behalf of King Ptolemy V. The decree appears in three scripts: the upper text is Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs, the middle portion Demotic script, and the lowest Ancient Greek. Because it presents essentially the same text in all three scripts (with some minor differences among them), it provided the key to the modern understanding of Egyptian hieroglyphs.
Although it is believed to have originally been displayed within a temple, possibly at nearby Sais, the stone was probably moved during the early Christian or medieval period and was eventually used as building material in the construction of Fort Julien near the town of Rashid (Rosetta) in the Nile Delta. It was rediscovered there in 1799 by a soldier, Pierre-François Bouchard, of the Napoleonic expedition to Egypt. As the first Ancient Egyptian bilingual text recovered in modern times, the Rosetta Stone aroused widespread public interest with its potential to decipher this previously untranslated ancient language. Lithographic copies and plaster casts began circulating among European museums and scholars. Meanwhile, British troops defeated the French in Egypt in 1801, and the original stone came into British possession under the Capitulation of Alexandria. Transported to London, it has been on public display at the British Museum since 1802. It is the most-visited object in the British Museum.
Study of the decree was already under way as the first full translation of the Greek text appeared in 1803. It was 20 years, however, before the transliteration of the Egyptian scripts was announced by Jean-François Champollion in Paris in 1822; it took longer still before scholars were able to read Ancient Egyptian inscriptions and literature confidently. Major advances in the decoding were recognition that the stone offered three versions of the same text (1799); that the demotic text used phonetic characters to spell foreign names (1802); that the hieroglyphic text did so as well, and had pervasive similarities to the demotic (Thomas Young, 1814); and that, in addition to being used for foreign names, phonetic characters were also used to spell native Egyptian words (Champollion, 1822–1824).
Ever since its rediscovery, the stone has been the focus of nationalist rivalries, including its transfer from French to British possession during the Napoleonic Wars, a long-running dispute over the relative value of Young and Champollion's contributions to the decipherment, and since 2003, demands for the stone's return to Egypt.
Two other fragmentary copies of the same decree were discovered later, and several similar Egyptian bilingual or trilingual inscriptions are now known, including two slightly earlier Ptolemaic decrees (the Decree of Canopus in 238 BC, and the Memphis decree of Ptolemy IV, ca. 218 BC). The Rosetta Stone is, therefore, no longer unique, but it was the essential key to modern understanding of Ancient Egyptian literature and civilization. The term Rosetta Stone is now used in other contexts as the name for the essential clue to a new field of knowledge.
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10:54
The Rosetta Stone
The ancient Egyptian civilization was one of the oldest civilizations that we know of on E...
published: 20 Dec 2020
The Rosetta Stone
The Rosetta Stone
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The ancient Egyptian civilization was one of the oldest civilizations that we know of on Earth. While there is much we know about them, knowledge of their system of writing, known as hieroglyphics had become lost by the middle ages. Where there were different theories as to what the writing meant, no one was really sure how to read hieroglyphics.
All of this changed in 1799 when French troops under Napoleon Bonaparte discovered a stone that unlocked the secrets of the language. Learn more about the Rosetta Stone, and how it decrypted Egyptian Hieroglyphics, on this episode of Everything Everywhere Daily.
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Capitulation of Alexandria (1801)
The Capitulation of Alexandria in August 1801 brought to an end the French expedition to Egypt.
French troops, defeated by British and Ottoman forces, had retreated to Alexandria where they were besieged. On 30 August 1801 the French general Abdullah Jacques-François Menou offered to surrender and proposed terms, which were considered, partly accepted and in many details amended, by the British general John Hely-Hutchinson and admiral Lord Keith. The text of the Capitulation is printed in full in Robert Thomas Wilson's History of the British expedition to Egypt. Each article as proposed by General Menou is followed by a comment: the proposed articles as amended by these comments form the capitulation as it was finally put into effect, bringing the conflict to a formal end on 2 September 1801. The document is signed by General in Chief Menou, Admiral Keith, Lt.-General Hely-Hutchinson, Lt.-Col. James Kempt, and "Hussim, Capitan Pacha", representing Ottoman forces.
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - https://wn.com/Capitulation_of_Alexandria_(1801)
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