The bottom quark or b quark, also known as the beauty quark, is a third-generation quark with a charge of −1⁄3e. Although all quarks are described in a similar way by quantum chromodynamics, the bottom quark's large bare mass (around 7000420000000000000♠4.2GeV/c2, a bit more than four times the mass of a proton), combined with low values of the CKM matrix elements Vub and Vcb, gives it a distinctive signature that makes it relatively easy to identify experimentally (using a technique called B-tagging). Because three generations of quark are required for CP violation (see CKM matrix), mesons containing the bottom quark are the easiest particles to use to investigate the phenomenon; such experiments are being performed at the BaBar, Belle and LHCb experiments.
The bottom quark is also notable because it is a product in almost all top quark decays, and is a frequent decay product for the Higgs boson. The bottom quark was theorized in 1973 by physicists Makoto Kobayashi and Toshihide Maskawa to explain CP violation. The name "bottom" was introduced in 1975 by Haim Harari. The bottom quark was discovered in 1977 by the Fermilab E288 experiment team led by Leon M. Lederman, when collisions produced bottomonium. Kobayashi and Maskawa won the 2008 Nobel Prize in Physics for their explanation of CP-violation. On its discovery, there were efforts to name the bottom quark "beauty", but "bottom" became the predominant usage.
But the size of this asymmetry in the Standard Model is not large enough to account for the imbalance and the asymmetry has so far been observed only in certain decays of particles called mesons, which are made of a quark and an antiquark.
The protons and neutrons found in all atoms are made up of quarks. Without quarks, it’s impossible to imagine an atomic nucleus. ... Decoding the science of quark mixing. Quarks are of six types; up, down, charm, strange, top, and bottom.
They have observed top quarks in the collision between lead ions for the very first time ... At that point, the whole cosmos was in a state called the quark-gluon plasma ... There are six types of quarks ... Top quarks decay into a W boson and a bottom quark.
Probing QGP and top quark detection ... “The top quark, in particular, is a very promising probe of QGP’s evolution over time ... They noticed the formation of top quarks and their quick decay into other particles, including a bottom quark and a W boson.
Physicists love a particle accelerator, and we have since taken a good look at the six flavors of quarks (up, down, strange, charm, bottom, and top) and the eight different types of gluons. .
So what are quarks? ...There are six types of quark in total ... The fifth quark, the "beauty" or "bottom" quark, is about four-and-a-half times heavier than a proton, and when we found it we thought it was very heavy.
... the process involving a Higgs boson decaying into bottom quarks with large missing transverse momentum, and the process involving a charged Higgs boson with top and bottom quark final states.
With new bespoke jet (or "flavor") tagging techniques for charm and bottom quarks, ATLAS researchers managed to significantly increase the sensitivity of their analyses ... into a pair of bottom quarks.
In the book “A History of Time”, Stephen Hawking It indicates that the word “Quarks” Comes from the novel Ulysses by James JoyceSpecifically, from the passage where they ask ...Quark arrives And two Bottom quarks.
Researchers from the HEFTY Topical Collaboration investigated the recombination of charm and bottom quarks into Bc mesons in the quark-gluon plasma (QGP) ... and bottom quarks diffusing through the QGP.
A novelty of the work was to take into account the effect of bottom-quark masses, leading to a small but noticeable shift of about 1% ... particles consisting of two up quarks and one down quark.
quarks, leptons, and bosons. ... Now we know that particles like neutrons and protons can be further divided into quarks, one of the three fundamental particles ... Cush/Wikimedia Commons Quarks. There are six types of quarks.
For example, the most probable di-Higgs decay mode is into four bottom quarks. However, Standard ModelQCD processes are also likely to create four bottom quarks, making it difficult to differentiate a di-Higgs event from this background process.
"A single charm (c) quark has a mass about one-and-a-half times that of a proton, and a bottom (b) quark is about five times heavier than a proton, whereas individual u and d quarks are less than about 0.5% of the mass of a proton.".
