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Yucca filamentosa

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Yucca filamentosa

Secure  (NatureServe)
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Asparagales
Family: Asparagaceae
Subfamily: Agavoideae
Genus: Yucca
Species:
Y. filamentosa
Binomial name
Yucca filamentosa

Yucca filamentosa,[1] Adam's needle and thread,[2] is a species of flowering plant in the family Asparagaceae[3] native to the southeastern United States. Growing to 3 metres (10 feet) tall, it is an evergreen shrub valued in horticulture.

Description

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Usually trunkless, it is multisuckering with heads of 75 centimetres (30 inches) long, filamentous, blue-green, strappy leaves. Y. filamentosa is readily distinguished from other yucca species by white, thready filaments along the leaf margins.[4] Flower stems up to 3 metres (10 feet) tall bear masses of pendulous cream flowers in early summer.[5]

  • Close-up of buds atop stem
    Close-up of buds atop stem
  • Flower structure (buds in background)
    Flower structure (buds in background)
  • Close-up of hanging flowers
    Close-up of hanging flowers
  • Post-flowering
    Post-flowering

Taxonomy

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Y. filamentosa is closely related to Y. flaccida and it is possible they should be classified as a single species.[5]

Names

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Its common names include Adam's needle, common yucca, Spanish bayonet,[6] bear-grass, needle-palm, silk-grass, and spoon-leaf yucca.[7]

Distribution and habitat

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Yucca filamentosa is native from coastal Virginia south to Florida, and as far west as south and southeast Texas.[5] It has become naturalized along the Atlantic coastal plain north to Long Island Sound, and into areas of the lower Midwest. It is reportedly also naturalized in France, Germany, Poland, Italy and Turkey.[8]

In its native environment, Yucca filamentosa is most commonly found in sandy soils, especially in beach scrub and dunes, but also in fields, barrens, and rocky slopes, though it grows well also in silt or clay soils. Yucca filamentosa is hardy to USDA zone 5 to 12.

Ecology

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The plants are pollinated by the yucca moth Tegeticula yuccasella.[9][10] Other moth species, such as Tegeticula intermedia, also use this yucca as a host plant to lay their eggs.[11]

Cultivation

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Y. filamentosa is widely cultivated in mild temperate and subtropical climates. A fairly compact species, it nevertheless presents a striking appearance with its sword-like leaves and dramatic flowerheads. It is naturally a focal point in the landscape, also providing a tropical touch in temperate gardens. It needs full sun and a well-drained soil, preferring an acid or slightly alkaline pH range of 5.5 to 7.5. It develops a large, fleshy, white taproot with deep lateral roots. Once planted and established, it is difficult to remove, as the roots keep sending up new shoots for many years. It is normally hardy down to −29 °C (−20 °F), or U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) hardiness zones of 5 to 9: UK H7).

Cultivars

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'Bright Edge', a dwarf cultivar with yellow-margined foliage and creamy flowers tinged with green, has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.[12][13] 'Color Guard', with broad yellow stripes all year plus red stripes in the winter, has also won the award.[14]

Other cultivars include:

  • 'Golden Sword' - with yellow centered leaves and green margins.[15]
  • 'Ivory Tower' - with larger, branched inflorescence.[16]

Uses

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Once the seeds have been removed, the fruits can be cooked and eaten. The large flower petals can also be eaten in salads.[17]

The leaves, stems and roots of this plant can be used to stun fish.[18] The Cherokee used it for this purpose.[19]

References

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  1. ^ Linnaeus, Species Plantarum 1: 319. 1753.
  2. ^ "Yucca filamentosa". RHS. Retrieved 11 March 2019.
  3. ^ Yucca filamentosa. Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS).
  4. ^ The Reader's Digest Gardeners' Encyclopedia of Plants and Flowers. Reader's Digest Association. Sydney. 1999.
  5. ^ a b c "Yucca filamentosa". Flora of North America.
  6. ^ Yucca filamentosa. NatureServe. 2012.
  7. ^ "Yucca filamentosa". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 4 January 2018.
  8. ^ Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
  9. ^ Marr, D. L., et al. (2000). Pollen dispersal in Yucca filamentosa (Agavaceae): the paradox of self-pollination behavior by Tegeticula yuccasella (Prodoxidae). American Journal of Botany 87(5), 670-77.
  10. ^ Wunderlin, R. P. 1998. Guide to the Vascular Plants of Florida i–x, 1–806. University Press of Florida, Gainesville.
  11. ^ "Tegeticula intermedia". tolweb.org. Retrieved 2017-11-16.
  12. ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Yucca filamentosa 'Bright Edge'". RHS. Retrieved 5 March 2021.
  13. ^ "AGM Plants - Ornamental" (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 107. Retrieved 18 February 2019.
  14. ^ "Yucca filamentosa 'Color Guard'". RHS. Retrieved 11 March 2019.
  15. ^ Dirr, Michael A. (2011-10-18). Dirr's Encyclopedia of Trees and Shrubs. Timber Press. ISBN 978-0-88192-901-0.
  16. ^ Flint, Harrison L. (1997-04-09). Landscape Plants for Eastern North America: Exclusive of Florida and the Immediate Gulf Coast. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-471-59919-7.
  17. ^ Niering, William A.; Olmstead, Nancy C. (1985) [1979]. The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Wildflowers, Eastern Region. Knopf. p. 616. ISBN 0-394-50432-1.
  18. ^ Duffy, K. (2004). Harvesting Nature's Bounty, Second Edition. City: Bookman Pub. ISBN 1-59453-294-X.
  19. ^ Yucca filamentosa. Native American Ethnobotany DB. University of Michigan, Dearborn.
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