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Rohingya genocide case

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Not to be confused with International Criminal Court investigation in Bangladesh/Myanmar that also focuses on the Rohingya genocide.
Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (The Gambia v. Myanmar)
CourtInternational Court of Justice
CitationApplication of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (The Gambia v. Myanmar)

The Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (The Gambia v. Myanmar), commonly referred to as the Rohingya genocide case,[1][2] is a case which is currently being heard by the International Court of Justice (ICJ). The case was brought forward by the Republic of The Gambia, on behalf of 57 members of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation in 2019.[3]

Background

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The Rohingya people are a Muslim Indo-Aryan[4] ethnic minority which has faced mass persecution and ethnic cleansing in Buddhist-majority Myanmar in recent years. The persecution of the Rohingya has been described as a genocide.[5][6][7] Successive Myanmar governments and many elected officials have considered them illegal immigrants.[8] But the Rohingya people argue they have lived in the area for generations and that the government of Myanmar's treatment of them is unfair to the Muslims of Myanmar as a whole.[9]

According to The Economist, regarding Aung San Suu Kyi's motivation for taking up the defendants' cause, "It is hard to escape the conclusion that she is exploiting the Rohingyas' misery to boost her party's prospects in elections due in 2020."[10]

Aung San Suu Kyi describes this conflict as an "internal armed conflict" that was triggered by Rohingya attacks on the government of Myanmar. The judge who is presiding over the case, Abdulqawi Ahmed Yusuf, has given Myanmar four months to implement his rulings: Myanmar must take "all measure within its power" to prevent genocide.[11]

Procedural history

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On 11 November 2019, The Gambia lodged a 35-page application with the ICJ against Myanmar, initiating the case on the basis of the erga omnes character of the obligations enshrined in the Genocide Convention.[12] The application alleged that Myanmar has committed mass murder, rape and destruction of communities against the Rohingya group in Rakhine state since about October 2016 and that these actions violate the Genocide Convention. Outside counsel for The Gambia includes a team from the law firm Foley Hoag led by Paul Reichler, as well as Professors Philippe Sands of University College London and Payam Akhavan of McGill University.[13][14][15] On the other side, leader and State Counsellor Aung San Suu Kyi is representing Myanmar, along with a legal team.[16]

The Gambia also submitted a request for the indication of provisional measures of protection. The ICJ held a public hearing on that request for three days, 10–12 December 2019.[17] A commentator described the hearing as a "remarkable spectacle," noting that The Gambia's team provided "brutal descriptions" of atrocities, while Aung San Suu Kyi avoided using the word "Rohingya"—except in a reference to the Arakan Rohingya Salvation Army.[18]

On 23 January 2020, the ICJ issued an order on The Gambia's request for provisional measures. The order "indicated" (i.e., issued) provisional measures ordering Myanmar to prevent genocidal acts against the Rohingya Muslims during the pendency of the case, and to report regularly on its implementation of the order.[19]

The Court issued a procedural order on the same date, setting filing deadlines of 23 July 2020 for The Gambia's Memorial, and 25 January 2021 for Myanmar's responsive Counter-Memorial.[20]

On 18 May 2020, The Court issued an extension for The Gambia's memorial and set a filing deadline of 23 October 2020. Similarly, an extension was granted to Myanmar set at 23 July 2021.[21]

In November 2023, Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, and the Maldives joined the case against Myanmar.[22][23][24] Ireland announced in December 2024 that it would also join both this case and South Africa v. Israel.[25]

Analysis

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Analyzing the decision in the blog of the European Journal of International Law, Marko Milanovic, a professor at the University of Nottingham School of Law, called the Court's order of provisional measures "obviously a win for The Gambia, and for the Rohingya cause more generally", but also stated that the order largely only replicated existing "state obligations under the Genocide Convention", and did not include the broader measures and statements that The Gambia had requested.[26]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Fallen rights icon at UN court for Rohingya genocide case". AP News. 10 December 2019. Retrieved 10 December 2019.
  2. ^ Solomon, Niharika Mandhana and Feliz (10 December 2019). "Rohingya Genocide Case Against Myanmar Opens Before U.N. Court". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 10 December 2019.
  3. ^ "Aung San Suu Kyi defends Myanmar from accusations of genocide, at top UN court". UN News. 11 December 2019. Retrieved 8 February 2022.
  4. ^ Haque, Md Mahbubul (2 October 2017). "Rohingya Ethnic Muslim Minority and the 1982 Citizenship Law in Burma". Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs. 37 (4): 454–469. doi:10.1080/13602004.2017.1399600. ISSN 1360-2004. S2CID 148935720.
  5. ^ "Is refugee crisis 'textbook ethnic cleansing'?". 24 April 2018. Retrieved 7 December 2019 – via www.bbc.com.
  6. ^ "Factbox: Myanmar on trial for Rohingya genocide – the legal cases". Reuters. 21 November 2019. Retrieved 7 December 2019 – via www.reuters.com.
  7. ^ "Report of Independent International Fact-Finding Mission on Myanmar (27 August 2018)". ohchr.org. Retrieved 14 August 2019.
  8. ^ Egreteau, Renaud; Myat, Aung Kaung (12 July 2024). "Antagonistic Framing and the Social Exclusion of Rohingya in Myanmar Parliamentary Discourses (2011-2021)". Asian Ethnicity: 1–23. doi:10.1080/14631369.2024.2374843. ISSN 1469-2953.
  9. ^ "World court acts to prevent Rohingya genocide". BBC News. 23 January 2020. Retrieved 31 May 2020.
  10. ^ "Aung San Suu Kyi has gone from hero to villain". The Economist. 11 December 2019.
  11. ^ "World court acts to prevent Rohingya genocide". BBC News. 23 January 2020. Retrieved 30 May 2020.
  12. ^ Application instituting proceedings and Request for the indication of provisional measures. International Court of Justice. 11 November 2019.
  13. ^ "Foley Hoag Leads the Gambia's Legal Team in Historic Case to Stop Myanmar's Genocide Against the Rohingya | Foley Hoag". foleyhoag.com. Retrieved 25 January 2020.
  14. ^ Bowcott, Owen (11 November 2019). "Gambia files Rohingya genocide case against Myanmar at UN court". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 7 December 2019 – via www.theguardian.com.
  15. ^ "The Republic of The Gambia institutes proceedings against the Republic of the Union of Myanmar and asks the Court to indicate provisional measures (press release)" (PDF) (Press release). International Court of Justice. 11 November 2019. Retrieved 7 December 2019.
  16. ^ John, Tara (20 November 2019). "Aung San Suu Kyi to defend Myanmar in genocide case". CNN. Retrieved 10 December 2019.
  17. ^ "Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (The Gambia v. Myanmar) - Request for the indication of provisional measures - The Court to hold public hearings from Tuesday 10 to Thursday 12 December 2019" (PDF). International Court of Justice. Retrieved 24 August 2016.
  18. ^ Becker, Michael (14 December 2019). "The Challenges for the ICJ in the Reliance on UN Fact-Finding Reports in the Case against Myanmar". EJIL: Talk!. Retrieved 19 December 2019.
  19. ^ Paddock, Richard C. (23 January 2020). "U.N. Court Orders Myanmar to Protect Rohingya Muslims". The New York Times. Retrieved 23 January 2020.
  20. ^ "Order" (PDF). International Court of Justice. Retrieved 22 March 2020.
  21. ^ "Order" (PDF). International Court of Justice. Retrieved 7 October 2020.
  22. ^ "Canada, Britain and main EU countries join Myanmar genocide case". Reuters. 17 November 2023.
  23. ^ "Canada is being hypocritical by failing to support South Africa's genocide case against Israel". The Conversation. 11 January 2024.
  24. ^ "Press Release: Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (The Gambia v. Myanmar) - Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom (jointly) and the Maldives file declarations of intervention in the proceedings under Article 63 of the Statute" (PDF). International Court of Justice.
  25. ^ Leahy, Pat (11 December 2024). "Government confirms Ireland will intervene in two cases before International Court of Justice". The Irish Times.
  26. ^ Milanovic, Marko (23 January 2020). "ICJ Indicates Provisional Measures in the Myanmar Genocide Case". EJIL:Talk!. Retrieved 23 January 2020.
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