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Recognition of same-sex unions in the Americas

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Part of the LGBTQ rights series
Marriage

Recognized

Civil unions or registered partnerships but not marriage
Minimal recognition
See also
Notes
  1. ^ a b Performed in the Netherlands proper (including the Caribbean Netherlands), as well as in Aruba and Curaçao. May be registered in Sint Maarten in such cases, but the rights of marriage are not guaranteed.
  2. ^ Neither performed nor recognized in Niue, Tokelau, or the Cook Islands.
  3. ^ Neither performed nor recognized in six British Overseas Territories.
  4. ^ a b Neither performed nor recognized in some tribal nations. Recognized but not performed in several other tribal nations and American Samoa.
  5. ^ Registered foreign marriages confer all marriage rights. Domestic common-law marriages confer most rights of marriage. Domestic civil marriage recognized by some cities.
  6. ^ a b c d e The Coman v. Romania ruling of the European Court of Justice obliges the state to provide residency rights for the foreign spouses of EU citizens. Some member states, including Romania, do not follow the ruling.
  7. ^ A "declaration of family relationship" is available in several of Cambodia's communes which may be useful in matters such as housing, but is not legally binding.
  8. ^ Guardianship agreements, conferring some limited legal benefits, including decisions about medical and personal care.
  9. ^ Inheritance, guardianship rights, and residency rights for foreign spouses of legal residents.
  10. ^ Courts have recognised guru–shishya, nata pratha or maitri karar–type contractual relationships, but they are not legally binding.
  11. ^ Some cities and prefectures issue partnership certificates, but they are not legally binding.
  12. ^ Marriages conducted abroad between a Namibian national and a foreign spouse recognized for residency rights.
  13. ^ Hospital visitation rights through a "legal representative" status.
  1. ^ a b Not yet in effect.
LGBTQ portal

Many countries in the Americas grant legal recognition to same-sex unions, with almost 85 percent of people in both North America and South America living in jurisdictions providing marriage rights to same-sex couples.

In North America, same-sex marriages are recognized and performed without restrictions in Canada, Costa Rica, Cuba, Mexico, and the United States.[nb 1]

Same-sex marriages are also performed in the Dutch territories of Aruba, Curacao, Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba, the Danish autonomous territory of Greenland, and in all French overseas departments and collectivities (Guadeloupe, Martinique, Saint Barthélemy, Saint Martin and Saint Pierre and Miquelon). Furthermore, Sint Maarten recognizes same-sex marriages performed in the Netherlands. The British Territories of Bermuda and the Cayman Islands also perform civil partnerships.

In South America, same-sex marriages are recognized and performed without restrictions in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador and Uruguay as well as the jurisdictions of French Guiana, the Falkland Islands and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands. Free unions that are equivalent to marriage have begun to be recognized in Bolivia.

Maps

[edit]
Recognition of same-sex unions in North America
  Marriage
  Other type of partnership
States performing civil unions in North America
  Gender-neutral civil unions.
  Former civil unions for same-sex couples, replaced by marriage.
  Civil unions never performed.
Recognition of same-sex unions in South America
  Marriage
  Other type of partnership
  Country subject to IACHR advisory opinion
  Unrecognized
  Constitution limits marriage to opposite-sex couples
  Same-sex sexual activity illegal, though penalties not enforced
Countries performing civil unions in South America
  Gender-neutral civil unions.
  Civil unions for opposite-sex couples only.
  Civil unions never performed.
Homosexuality laws in Central America and the Caribbean Islands.
  Same-sex marriage
  Other type of partnership
  Unregistered cohabitation
  Country subject to IACHR ruling
  No recognition of same-sex couples
  Constitution limits marriage to opposite-sex couples
  Same-sex sexual activity illegal but law not enforced
Countries performing civil unions in Central America and the Caribbean Islands
  Gender-neutral civil unions.
  Civil unions for opposite-sex couples only.
  Civil unions never performed.

Current situation

[edit]

National level

[edit]
Status Country Legal since Country population
(Last count, 2015 est.)
Marriage
(11 countries) 		Argentina Argentina 2010[1] 43,590,400
Brazil Brazil 2013[2] 205,574,000
Canada Canada 2005[3] 35,819,000
Chile Chile 2022[4][5] 18,191,900
Colombia Colombia 2016[6] 48,509,200
Costa Rica Costa Rica 2020[7] 4,851,000
Cuba Cuba 2022[8] 11,252,000
Ecuador Ecuador 2019[9] 16,278,844
Mexico Mexico 2022[10] 121,006,000
United States United States 2015[11][12] 321,234,000
Uruguay Uruguay 2013[13] 3,480,222
Subtotal — — 829,786,566
(84.62% of the American population)
Other form of recognition Bolivia Bolivia (free unions officially recognised starting in 2020; nationwide since 2023) 2023[14] 10,985,059
Subtotal — — 10,985,059

(1.12% of the American population)

Total - Countries with some form of recognition of same-sex unions — — 840,771,625
(85.74% of the American population)
No recognition
(19 countries)
 Homosexuality is legal
Antigua and Barbuda Antigua and Barbuda — 89,000
The Bahamas Bahamas — 379,000
Barbados Barbados — 283,000
Belize Belize — 369,000
Dominica Dominica — 71,000
El Salvador El Salvador — 6,460,000
Guatemala Guatemala — 16,176,000
Haiti Haiti — 10,994,000
Nicaragua Nicaragua — 6,514,000
Panama Panama — 3,764,000
Peru Peru — 31,488,700
Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Kitts and Nevis — 46,000
Suriname Suriname — 534,189
Trinidad and Tobago Trinidad and Tobago — 1,357,000
Venezuela Venezuela — 31,648,930
Homosexuality is illegal but legislation is not enforced
Guyana Guyana — 746,900
Saint Lucia Saint Lucia — 172,000
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Saint Vincent and the Grenadines — 110,000
Grenada Grenada — 104,000
Subtotal — 111,306,719
(11.35% of the American population)
Constitutional ban on marriage
(4 countries)
* Homosexuality is illegal
 Dominican Republic Dominican Republic 2010[15] 9,980,000
Honduras Honduras 2005[16][17] 8,950,000
Jamaica Jamaica* 2011[18] 2,729,000
Paraguay Paraguay 1992[19] 6,854,536
Subtotal — — 28,513,536
(2.91% of the American population)
Total - Countries with no recognition of same-sex unions — — 139,820,255
(14.26% of the American population)

Sub-national level[note 1]

[edit]
Status Country Jurisdiction Legal since
Marriage
(60 jurisdictions)
Denmark Denmark 2016
France France 2013
Netherlands Netherlands 2012
2024
United Kingdom United Kingdom 2014
2017
United States United States 2015
Varies
Other type of partnership
(2 jurisdictions) 		United Kingdom United Kingdom 2018
2020
Marriage recognized,
but not performed
(1 jurisdictions) 		Netherlands Netherlands 2007
No recognition
(4 jurisdictions) 		United Kingdom United Kingdom —

2018 Inter-American Court of Human Rights advisory opinion

[edit]

On 9 January 2018, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights issued an advisory opinion that states party to the American Convention on Human Rights should grant same-sex couples accession to all existing domestic legal systems of family registration, including marriage, along with all rights that derive from marriage. The opinion was issued after the Government of Costa Rica sought clarification of its obligations to LGBT people under the convention.[76] The opinion sets precedent for all 23 member states, 19 of which did not recognize same-sex marriage at the time of the ruling: Barbados, Bolivia, Chile, Costa Rica, Dominica, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Grenada, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, and Suriname. Of these, all but Dominica, Grenada and Jamaica recognize the jurisdiction of the Court.[77] The Supreme Courts of Honduras,[78] Panama,[79] Peru[80] and Suriname[81] have rejected the IACHR advisory opinion, while the Supreme Courts of Costa Rica and Ecuador adhered to it.

Future legislation

[edit]

Marriage

[edit]

Opposition proposals or proposals without a parliamentary majority

[edit]

Honduras Honduras: In May 2022, the deputy of the Libertad y Refundación Party, Manuel Rodríguez, presented a bill in congress to legalize same-sex marriage.[82] In December 2022, the Minister of Human Rights, Natalie Roque, said that the legalization of same-sex marriage was "not on the agenda" of the Castro Administration.[83]

Sint Maarten Sint Maarten: Following the December 2022 court ruling that Aruba's and Curaçao's same-sex marriage bans were unconstitutional, Melissa Gumbs, a member of the Parliament of Sint Maarten, said her party was planning on introducing a same-sex marriage bill to Parliament, noting that "there is precedent now within the Caribbean part of the kingdom (of the Netherlands) that it's not right to withhold same-sex marriage rights from people."

Public opinion

[edit]
  Indicates the country/territory has legalized same-sex marriage nationwide
  Indicates that same-sex marriage is legal in certain parts of the country
  Indicates that the country has civil unions or registered partnerships
  Indicates that same-sex sexual activity is illegal
Opinion polls for same-sex marriage by country
Country Pollster Year For Against Neutral[a] Margin
of error 		Source
Antigua and Barbuda Antigua and Barbuda AmericasBarometer 2017 12% - - [84]
Argentina Argentina Ipsos 2023 70%
 16% [8% support some rights]
 14% not sure ±3.5% [85]
Aruba Aruba 2021 46% [86]
The Bahamas Bahamas AmericasBarometer 2014 11% - - [87]
Belize Belize AmericasBarometer 2014 8% - - [87]
Bolivia Bolivia AmericasBarometer 2017 35% - - [84]
Brazil Brazil Ipsos 2023 51%
 29% [15% support some rights]
 20% not sure ±3.5% [b] [85]
Canada Canada Ipsos 2023 69%
 17% [7% support some rights]
 15% not sure ±3.5% [85]
Chile Chile Ipsos 2023 65%
 24% [18% support some rights]
 12% ±3.5% [85]
Colombia Colombia Ipsos 2023 49% 33% [21% support some rights]
 18% [85]
Costa Rica Costa Rica CIEP 2018 35% 64% 1% [88]
Cuba Cuba Gallup 2019 63.1% 36.9% [89]
Dominica Dominica AmericasBarometer 2017 10% - - [84]
Dominican Republic Dominican Republic CDN 37 2018 45% 55% - [90]
Ecuador Ecuador AmericasBarometer 2019 22.9% 51.3% 25.8% [91]
El Salvador El Salvador Universidad Francisco Gavidia 2021 82.5% [92]
Grenada Grenada AmericasBarometer 2017 12% - - [84]
Guatemala Guatemala AmericasBarometer 2017 23% - - [84]
Guyana Guyana AmericasBarometer 2017 21% - - [87]
Haiti Haiti AmericasBarometer 2017 5% - - [84]
Honduras Honduras CID Gallup 2018 17% 75% 8% [93]
Jamaica Jamaica AmericasBarometer 2017 16% - - [84]
Mexico Mexico Ipsos 2023 58%
 28% [17% support some rights]
 14% not sure ±4.8% [b] [85]
Nicaragua Nicaragua AmericasBarometer 2017 25% - - [84]
Panama Panama AmericasBarometer 2017 22% - - [84]
Paraguay Paraguay AmericasBarometer 2017 26% - - [84]
Peru Peru Ipsos 2023 41% 40% [24% support some rights]
 19% ±3.5% [b] [85]
Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Kitts and Nevis AmericasBarometer 2017 9% - - [84]
Saint Lucia Saint Lucia AmericasBarometer 2017 11% - - [84]
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Saint Vincent and the Grenadines AmericasBarometer 2017 4% - - [84]
Suriname Suriname AmericasBarometer 2014 18% - - [87]
Trinidad and Tobago Trinidad and Tobago AmericasBarometer 2014 16% - - [87]
United States United States Marquette 2022 72%
 28%
 – [94]
Selzer 2022 74%
(83%) 		13%
(17%) 		13% not sure [95][96]
Quinnipiac 2022 68%
(77%) 		22%
(23%) 		10% [97]
Ipsos 2023 54%
 31% [14% support some rights]
 15% not sure ±3.5% [85]
Uruguay Uruguay Equipos Consultores 2019 59% 28% 13% [98]
Venezuela Venezuela Equilibrium Cende 2023 55%
(63%) 		32%
(37%) 		13% [99]
Opinion polls for same-sex marriage by dependent territory and sub-national entities
Country Pollster Year For Against Neutral[a] Margin
of error 		Source
Aguascalientes Aguascalientes INEGI 2017 - 35.9% - [100]
Baja California Baja California INEGI 2017 - 30.7% - [100]
Baja California Sur Baja California Sur INEGI 2017 - 42.1% - [100]
Bermuda Bermuda OUTBermuda 2020 53% 35% 11% [101]
Campeche Campeche INEGI 2017 - 56.1% - [100]
Chiapas Chiapas INEGI 2017 - 58.7% - [100]
Chihuahua (state) Chihuahua INEGI 2017 - 36.4% - [100]
Coahuila Coahuila INEGI 2017 - 46.8% - [100]
Colima Colima INEGI 2017 - 39.2% - [100]
Durango Durango INEGI 2017 - 38.8% - [100]
Guanajuato Guanajuato INEGI 2017 - 38.7% - [100]
Guerrero Guerrero INEGI 2017 - 54% - [100]
Hidalgo (state) Hidalgo INEGI 2017 - 41.7% - [100]
Jalisco Jalisco INEGI 2017 - 34.2% - [100]
Mexico City Mexico City INEGI 2017 - 28.6% - [100]
Michoacán Michoacán INEGI 2017 - 46% - [100]
Morelos Morelos INEGI 2017 - 38.5% - [100]
Nayarit Nayarit INEGI 2017 - 38.8% - [100]
Nuevo León Nuevo León INEGI 2017 - 44.4% - [100]
Oaxaca Oaxaca INEGI 2017 - 52.2% - [100]
Puebla Puebla INEGI 2017 - 37.1% - [100]
Puerto Rico Puerto Rico Pew Research Center 2014 33% 55% 12% [102]
Querétaro Querétaro INEGI 2017 - 32.4% - [100]
Quintana Roo Quintana Roo INEGI 2017 - 37.9% - [100]
San Luis Potosí San Luis Potosí INEGI 2017 - 38.6% - [100]
Sinaloa Sinaloa INEGI 2017 - 37.7% - [100]
Sonora Sonora INEGI 2017 - 31.4% - [100]
State of Mexico State of Mexico INEGI 2017 - 33.8% - [100]
Tabasco Tabasco INEGI 2017 - 56.5% - [100]
Tamaulipas Tamaulipas INEGI 2017 - 44.4% - [100]
Tlaxcala Tlaxcala INEGI 2017 - 43.9% - [100]
Veracruz Veracruz INEGI 2017 - 54.3% - [100]
Yucatán Yucatán INEGI 2017 - 43% - [100]
Zacatecas Zacatecas INEGI 2017 - 37.4% - [100]


See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Excluding certain Native American tribes. Same-sex marriage is legal in at least 42 of them.
  1. ^ Note: While listed here under “subnational level,” US Tribes are considered Nations both in a legal sense and when it comes to preferred language. The United States Government recognizes US Tribal Nations as “Domestic Dependent Nations” under the law in a government-to government relationship. Tribal nations exercise sovereignty, though Congress has ultimate authority under the Plenary Power Doctrine which is why tribal nations are placed here under an imperfect multi-purpose umbrella term[20][21][22]
  1. ^ a b Also comprises: Don't know; No answer; Other; Refused.
  2. ^ a b c [+ more urban/educated than representative]

References

[edit]
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