Penstemon fruticiformis
| Penstemon fruticiformis | |
|---|---|
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Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Asterids |
| Order: | Lamiales |
| Family: | Plantaginaceae |
| Genus: | Penstemon |
| Species: | P. fruticiformis
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| Binomial name | |
| Penstemon fruticiformis | |
| Varieties[2] | |
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Penstemon fruticiformis is a species of penstemon known by the common name Death Valley penstemon. It is native to the western United States, where it is found growing in rocky scrub, woodlands, deserts and mountains of eastern California and western Nevada. It is known from scattered occurrences around Death Valley, and only one of the two varieties occurs on the Nevada side of the border.
Description
[edit]Penstemon fruticiformis is a plant that grows as a shrub or subshrub, having stems that are at least partly woody, that grows to between 30 and 60 centimeters (1 and 2 ft) tall.[3] The stems branch frequently near the base of the plant and is typically wider than it is tall. Young stems are hairless and generally glaucous, covered in natural waxes giving a gray-blue color.[4]
The thick leaves are generally rolled inward or folded lengthwise.[4] All the leaves are cauline, attached to the stems with none directly from the base of the plants. Usually the leaf edges are smooth, but rarely they may be serrulate, having very fine forward pointing asymmetrical teeth, though only towards their ends. There are six to twelve pairs of leaves attached to each stem on opposite sides, each 1.2 to 6.5 centimeters in length, though usually longer than 2.5 cm.[3]
The hairless inflorescences are 8 to 30 centimeters (3.1 to 11.8 in) at the ends of the stem with three to eight groups of flowers each accompanied by a pair of bracts nearby. In the group each cyme will have one to three flowers.[3] The flower color is variously described as white to pale pink-lavender,[4] blue-lavender to light pink,[3] pale peach,[5] and rose-colored to white with blue lobes or lavender with purple lobes.[6] They typically measure 2.2 to 2.8 centimeters long.[3] The mouth of the flower has stark, reddish purple nectar guides.[5]
Taxonomy
[edit]The scientific name and description of Penstemon fruticiformis was published by Frederick Vernon Coville in 1893. It is part of the Penstemon genus in family Plantaginaceae.[2] The type specimen was collected from Wild Rose Canyon in the Panamint Range.[5]
Varieties
[edit]The species has two varieties.[2]
Penstemon fruticiformis var. amargosae
[edit]Initially described as a subspecies, variety amargosae has flowers that are more or less glandular-pubescent externally. The lobes of it sepals also have an average greater length, ranging from 4.5 to 6.5 millimeters.[3] The glandular hairs are more easily seen on flower buds than on blooming flowers.[7] In addition to being known by the same common names as the species as a whole it is also known as Amargosa penstemon.[8]
Penstemon fruticiformis var. fruticiformis
[edit]The antonymic variety has flowers that are hairless externally and a shorter range of sepal lengths, 3.5 to 5 millimeters, though this does overlap with var. amargosae.[2] It only grows in Inyo County, California.[9] It is occasionally known as the desert bush penstemon.[10]
Synonyms
[edit]Penstemon fruticiformis has three synonyms:[2][11][12]
| Name | Year | Rank | Synonym of: | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Penstemon fruticiformis subsp. amargosae D.D.Keck | 1937 | subspecies | var. amargosae | ≡ hom. |
| Penstemon fruticiformis var. spiciformis Jeps. | 1925 | variety | var. fruticiformis | ≡ hom. |
| Penstemon fruticiformis subsp. typicus D.D.Keck | 1937 | subspecies | P. fruticiformis | = het. not validly publ. |
| Notes: ≡ homotypic synonym ; = heterotypic synonym | ||||
Names
[edit]The botanical Latin species name fruticiformis means "shaped like a bush". In English the species is known as Death Valley penstemon.[13] It is additionally known as desert mountain penstemon.[6]
Range and habitat
[edit]The natural range of the species as a whole is limited to small areas of California and Nevada.[4] Variety amargosae grows in three counties, Inyo and San Bernardino counties in California and Nye County, Nevada.[7] Variety fruticiformis is limited to just Inyo County.[9]
Both varieties grow in creosote bush shrublands,[7] but only variety fruticiformis is also associated with gravelly arroyos, canyon floors, and pinyon-juniper woodlands.[9]
Conservation
[edit]Death Valley penstemon was evaluated by NatureServe in 1997 and they rated it as apparently secure (G4) for the species as a whole. However in the state of Nevada they rated it imperiled (S2) while not evaluating the security of the species in California.[1]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b NatureServe (1 November 2024). "Penstemon fruticiformis". NatureServe Explorer. Arlington, Virginia. Retrieved 6 December 2024.
- ^ a b c d e "Penstemon fruticiformis Coville". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 29 November 2024.
- ^ a b c d e f Freeman, Craig C. (29 July 2020) [2019]. "Penstemon fruticiformis". Flora of North America. p. 250. ISBN 978-0190868512. OCLC 1101573420. Archived from the original on 29 November 2024. Retrieved 29 November 2024.
- ^ a b c d Wetherwax, Margriet; Holmgren, Noel H. (2012). "Penstemon fruticiformis". Jepson eFlora. University of California, Berkley. Archived from the original on 10 July 2024. Retrieved 29 November 2024.
- ^ a b c Keck, David Daniels (1951). "Penstemon". In Abrams, LeRoy; Ferris, Roxana S.; Vincent, Sylvia; Law, Barbara (eds.). An Illustrated Flora of the Pacific States: Washington, Oregon, and California. Vol. III. Geraniaceae to Scrophulariaceae. Stanford, California: Standord University Press. p. 755. LCCN 23009934. OCLC 327699. Retrieved 30 November 2024.
- ^ a b Ferris, Roxana Stinchfield (1983) [1981]. Death Valley Wildflowers (2nd Revised ed.). Bishop, California: Death Valley Natural History Association. p. 114. OCLC 3477680. Retrieved 29 November 2024.
- ^ a b c Freeman, Craig C. (29 July 2020) [2019]. "Penstemon fruticiformis var. amargosae". Flora of North America. p. 250. ISBN 978-0190868512. OCLC 1101573420. Archived from the original on 30 November 2024. Retrieved 30 November 2024.
- ^ "Death Valley Beardtongue (Penstemon fruticiformis ssp. amargosae)". Center for Plant Conservation. 2020. Archived from the original on 30 November 2024. Retrieved 30 November 2024.
- ^ a b c Freeman, Craig C. (29 July 2020) [2019]. "Penstemon fruticiformis var. fruticiformis". Flora of North America. p. 250. ISBN 978-0190868512. OCLC 1101573420. Archived from the original on 30 November 2024. Retrieved 30 November 2024.
- ^ DeDecker, Mary (1984). Flora of the Northern Mojave Desert, California. Berkeley, California: California Native Plant Society. p. 119. ISBN 978-0-943460-09-3. OCLC 10851524. Retrieved 2 December 2024.
- ^ "Penstemon fruticiformis var. fruticiformis". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 29 November 2024.
- ^ "Penstemon fruticiformis var. amargosae (D.D.Keck) N.H.Holmgren". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 29 November 2024.
- ^ Leake, Dorothy Van Dyke; Leake, John Benjamin; Roeder, Marcelotte Leake (1993) [1990]. Desert and Mountain Plants of the Southwest. Norman, Oaklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-2489-6. OCLC 43477052. Retrieved 29 November 2024.