Conjugate hyperbola
In geometry, a conjugate hyperbola to a given hyperbola shares the same asymptotes but lies in the opposite two sectors of the plane compared to the original hyperbola.
A hyperbola and its conjugate may be constructed as conic sections obtained from an intersecting plane that meets tangent double cones sharing the same apex. Each cone has an axis, and the plane section is parallel to the plane formed by the axes.
Using analytic geometry, the hyperbolas satisfy the symmetric equations
- with vertices (a,0) and (–a,0), and
- with vertices (0,b) and (0,–b).
In case a = b they are rectangular hyperbolas, and a reflection of the plane in an asymptote exchanges the conjugates.
History
[edit]
Apollonius of Perga introduced the conjugate hyperbola through a geometric construction: "Given two straight lines bisecting one another at any angle, to describe two hyperbolas each with two branches such that the straight lines are conjugate diameters of both hyperbolas."[1] "The two hyperbolas so constructed are called conjugate hyperbolas, and [the] last drawn is the hyperbola conjugate to the first."
The following property was described by Apollonius: let PP', DD' be conjugate diameters of two conjugate hyperbolas, Draw the tangents at P, P', D, D'. Then ... the tangents form a parallelogram, and the diagonals of it, LM, L'M', pass through the center [C]. Also PL = PL' = P'M = P'M' = CD.[1] It is noted that the diagonals of the parallelogram are the asymptotes common to both hyperbolas. Either PP' or DD' is a transverse diameter, with the opposite one being the conjugate diameter.
Elements of Dynamic (1878) by W. K. Clifford identifies the conjugate hyperbola.[2]
In 1894 Alexander Macfarlane used an illustration of conjugate right hyperbolas in his study "Principles of elliptic and hyperbolic analysis".[3]
In 1895 W. H. Besant noted conjugate hyperbolas in his book on conic sections.[4] George Salmon illustrated a conjugate hyperbola as a dotted curve in this Treatise on Conic Sections (1900).[5]
In 1908 conjugate hyperbolas were used by Hermann Minkowski to demarcate units of duration and distance in a spacetime diagram illustrating a plane in his Minkowski space.[6]
The principle of relativity may be stated as "Any pair of conjugate diameters of conjugate hyperbolas can be taken for the axes of space and time".[7]
In 1957 Barry Spain illustrated conjugate rectangular hyperbolas.[8]
References
[edit]- ^ a b Thomas Heath (1896) Apollonius of Perga: Treatise on Conic Sections, pages 47, 48, 54
- ^ W. K. Clifford (1878) Elements of Dynamic, page 90, via Internet Archive
- ^ Alexander Macfarlane (1894) Principles of Space Analysis via Internet Archive
- ^ W. H. Besant (1895) Conic Sections Treated Geometrically, page 25 via HathiTrust
- ^ George Salmon (1900) A Treatise on Conic Sections via Internet Archive
- ^ Minkowski, Hermann (1907–1908), [The Fundamental Equations for Electromagnetic Processes in Moving Bodies], Nachrichten von der Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen, Mathematisch-Physikalische Klasse: 53–111
- Published translation: Carus, Edward H. (1918). "Space and Time" (PDF). The Monist. 28 (288): 288–302. doi:10.5840/monist19182826.
- Wikisource translation: The Fundamental Equations for Electromagnetic Processes in Moving Bodies
- Minkowski, Hermann (1908–1909), [Space and Time], Physikalische Zeitschrift, 10: 75–88 Various English translations on Wikisource: Space and Time.
- ^ Whittaker, E.T. (1910). A History of the Theories of Aether and Electricity (1 ed.). Dublin: Longman, Green and Co. p. 441.
- ^ Barry Spain (1957) Analytical Conics via HathiTrust