Ceroxyloideae

Ceroxyloideae
	Ceroxylon, the type genus.
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Monocots
Clade:	Commelinids
Order:	Arecales
Family:	Arecaceae
Subfamily:	Ceroxyloideae; Drude
Tribes
	Ceroxyleae; Cyclospatheae; Phytelepheae;

The Ceroxyloideae are a subfamily of flowering plants in the palm family found mainly in the Americas with an outlying genus in each of Australia, Madagascar, and the Comoros. Recently revised, the former subfamily Phytelephantoideae was reduced to the tribal level and included, while the Hyophorbeae tribe was reassigned to Arecoideae; it now contains eight genera.^[2]^[3]

Description

From small to moderate to the tallest in the family, the trunks may be solitary or clustering and lack armament. The reduplicate leaf is regularly or irregularly pinnate, bifid, or entire with pinnate ribs; crownshafts are present in some members and absent in others. Monoecious, dioecious, and hermaphroditic palms occur in the group; a protective prophyll accompanies the inflorescence, and all feature peduncular bracts. Any unisexual flowers are slightly dimorphic, solitary, or in rows; all have syncarpous, triovulate gynoecium.^[4]^[5]^[3]

Tribes

Ceroxyleae

Four widely spread genera occur in South America, Australia, and Madagascar, characterized by tall, rarely slender, trunks which lack crownshafts. The flowers are early-opening, solitary, spirally or subdistichously arranged, with small bracts.

Image	Genus	Species
	Ceroxylon Bonpl. ex DC.	Ceroxylon alpinum Bonpl. ex DC. - Colombia, Venezuela Ceroxylon amazonicum Galeano - Ecuador Ceroxylon ceriferum (H.Karst.) Pittier - Colombia, Venezuela Ceroxylon echinulatum Galeano - Ecuador, Peru Ceroxylon parvifrons (Engel) H.Wendl. - Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia Ceroxylon parvum Galeano - Ecuador Ceroxylon peruvianum Galeano, Sanín & K.Mejia - Peru Ceroxylon pityrophyllum (Mart.) Mart. ex H.Wendl. - Peru, Bolivia Ceroxylon quindiuense (H.Karst.) H.Wendl. - Colombia, Peru Ceroxylon sasaimae Galeano - Antioquia, Cundinamarca Ceroxylon ventricosum Burret - Colombia, Ecuador Ceroxylon vogelianum (Engel) H.Wendl. - Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru
	Juania Drude	Juania australis, the Chonta palm
	Oraniopsis (Becc.) J. Dransf. A.K.Irvine & N.W.Uhl	Oraniopsis appendiculata
	Ravenea C.D.Bouché	Ravenea albicans (Jum.) Beentje Ravenea beentjei Rakotoarin. & J.Dransf Ravenea delicatula Rakotoarin. Ravenea dransfieldii Beentje Ravenea glauca Jum. & H.Perrier Ravenea hildebrandtii H.Wendl. ex Bouché Ravenea hypoleuca Rakotoarin. & J.Dransf. Ravenea julietiae Beentje Ravenea krociana Beentje Ravenea lakatra (Jum.) Beentje Ravenea latisecta Jum. Ravenea louvelii Beentje Ravenea madagascariensis Becc. Ravenea moorei J.Dransf. & N.W.Uhl Ravenea musicalis Beentje Ravenea nana Beentje Ravenea rivularis Jum. & H.Perrier Ravenea robustior Jum. & H.Perrier Ravenea sambiranensis Jum. & H.Perrier Ravenea xerophila Jum.

Cyclospatheae

A monotypic tribe from North and Central America, they have moderately sized, erect trunks, with crownshafts. The flowers are solitary, spirally arranged, hermaphroditic, and borne in the axils of small bracts.

Image	Genus	Species
	Pseudophoenix H.Wendl. ex Sarg.	Pseudophoenix ekmanii Pseudophoenix lediniana Pseudophoenix sargentii Pseudophoenix vinifera

Phytelepheae

Three genera of dioecious South American palms, with moderate to large, acaulescent or erect trunks, their staminate inflorescences are spike-like, while the pistillate are branched and spreading. The fruit is usually borne in dense clusters, each containing five to 10 seeds.

Image	Genus	Species
	Ammandra O.F.Cook	Ammandra decasperma
	Aphandra Barfod	Aphandra natalia
	Phytelephas Ruiz & Pav.	Phytelephas aequatorialis Spruce – Ecuadorean ivory palm - Ecuador Phytelephas macrocarpa Ruiz & Pav. – Large-fruited ivory palm - northwestern Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Colombia Phytelephas olsonii R.W. Brown Phytelephas schottii H.Wendl. – Colombian ivory palm - Colombia Phytelephas seemannii O.F.Cook - Colombia, Panama Phytelephas tenuicaulis (Barfod) A.J.Hend. - Colombia, Ecuador, Peru Phytelephas tumacana O.F.Cook - Nariño Department of Colombia

References

^ Dowe, John Leslie (2010). Australian Palms: Biogeography, Ecology and Systematics. CSIRO Publishing. p. 159. ISBN 0643096159.
^ Dransfield, John; Uhl, Natalie W.; Asmussen, Conny B.; Baker, William J.; Harley, Madeline M.; Lewis, Carl E. (2005). "A new phylogenetic classification of the palm family, Arecaceae". Kew Bulletin. 60: 559–569 – via ResearchGate.
^ ^a ^b Dransfield, John; Uhl, Natalie W.; Asmussen, Conny B.; Baker, William J.; Harley, Madeline M.; Lewis, Carl E. (2008). Genera Palmarum - The Evolution and Classification of Palms. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. ISBN 9781842461822.
^ Riffle, Robert L. and Craft, Paul (2003) An Encyclopedia of Cultivated Palms. Portland: Timber Press. ISBN 0-88192-558-6 / ISBN 978-0-88192-558-6
^ Uhl, Natalie W. and Dransfield, John (1987) Genera Palmarum - A classification of palms based on the work of Harold E. Moore. Lawrence, Kansas: Allen Press. ISBN 0-935868-30-5 / ISBN 978-0-935868-30-2

External links

Ceroxyloideae on NPGS/GRIN

[Dowe-1] Dowe, John Leslie (2010). Australian Palms: Biogeography, Ecology and Systematics. CSIRO Publishing. p. 159. ISBN 0643096159.

[2] Dransfield, John; Uhl, Natalie W.; Asmussen, Conny B.; Baker, William J.; Harley, Madeline M.; Lewis, Carl E. (2005). "A new phylogenetic classification of the palm family, Arecaceae". Kew Bulletin. 60: 559–569 – via ResearchGate.

[:0-3] Dransfield, John; Uhl, Natalie W.; Asmussen, Conny B.; Baker, William J.; Harley, Madeline M.; Lewis, Carl E. (2008). Genera Palmarum - The Evolution and Classification of Palms. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. ISBN 9781842461822.

[riffle-4] Riffle, Robert L. and Craft, Paul (2003) An Encyclopedia of Cultivated Palms. Portland: Timber Press. ISBN 0-88192-558-6 / ISBN 978-0-88192-558-6

[uhl-5] Uhl, Natalie W. and Dransfield, John (1987) Genera Palmarum - A classification of palms based on the work of Harold E. Moore. Lawrence, Kansas: Allen Press. ISBN 0-935868-30-5 / ISBN 978-0-935868-30-2

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