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ArkUI

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ArkUI
Developer(s)Huawei
Initial releaseOctober 22, 2021
Operating systemHarmonyOS, OpenHarmony, Oniro OS
TypeSoftware framework
Licenseopen source, Apache License[1]
Websitehttps://developer.harmonyos.com/en/develop/arkUI

ArkUI is a declarative based user interface framework for building user interfaces on native HarmonyOS, OpenHarmony alongside Oniro OS applications developed by Huawei for the ArkTS and Cangjie programming language.[2]

Overview

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ArkUI 3.0 is declarative in eTS (extended TypeScript) in HarmonyOS 3.0, followed by main ArkTS programming language in HarmonyOS 3.1, contrasting with the imperative syntax used in Java development in earlier versions of HarmonyOS in HarmonyOS 1.0 and 2.0. ArkUI allows for 2D drawing as well as 3D drawing, animations, event handling, Service Card widgets, and data binding. ArkUI automatically synchronizes between UI views and data.[3]

ArkUI integrates with DevEco Studio IDE to provide for real-time previews during editing[4], alongside support for debugging and other development features.[5]

ArkJS is designed for web development with a Vue 2-like syntax, providing a familiar environment for web developers using JS and CSS. ArkJS incorporates the HarmonyOS Markup Language (HML), which allows attributes prefixed with @ for MVVM architectural pattern.[6][3][7]

History

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During HDC 2021 on October 22, 2021, the HarmonyOS 3.0 developer preview introduced ArkUI 3.0 for eTS, JS programming languages with ArkCompiler. Compared to previous versions of ArkUI 1.0 and 2.0 under imperative development with Java in earlier versions of HarmonyOS.[8]

During HDC 2022 HarmonyOS 3.1 in November 2022, Huawei ArkUI evolved into full declarative development featuring declarative UI capabilities, improved layout ability, component capability improvement and others. In April 2023, HarmonyOS 3.1 Beta 1 build included ArkUI declarative 2D and 3D drawing capabilities. The upgrade also improves layout, component, and app state management capabilities.[9]

During HDC 2023, August 2023, Huawei announced HarmonyOS 4.0 improvements of ArkUI with ArkTS alongside native HarmonyOS NEXT software development using Ark Engine with ArkGraphics 2D and ArkGraphics 3D. Also, the company announced a cross platform extension of ArkUI called ArkUI-X which would allow developers to run applications across Android, iOS and HarmonyOS under one project using DevEco Studio IDE and Visual Studio Code plugins. On January 18, 2024, during HarmonyOS Ecology Conference, Huawei revealed the HarmonyOS NEXT software stack, that included ArkUI/ArkUI-X programming framework with the Ark Compiler/BiSheng Compiler/Ark Runtime compiler & runtime, for both ArkTS and incoming Cangjie programming language.[10]

ArkUI-X

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ArkUI-X
Developer(s)Huawei
Initial releaseDecember 8, 2023
Operating systemAndroid, iOS, OpenHarmony, Oniro OS, HarmonyOS, Web platform (ArkJS)
TypeApplication framework
LicenseApache License
Websitehttps://developer.harmonyos.com/en/develop/arkUI

ArkUI-X is an open-source UI software development kit which is the extension of ArkUI created by Huawei for building cross platform applications, including Android, iOS, OpenHarmony and HarmonyOS NEXT targets.Web platform support with ArkJS was released on December 8, 2023.[11]

ArkUI-X consists of both a UI language and a rendering engine.[12]

Features

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Components

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System components are built-in components within the ArkUI framework, categorized into container components and basic components. For example, Row and Column are container components that can hold other components, while Text and Button are basic components.[13]

Examples

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The following is an example of a simple Hello World program. It is standard practice in ArkUI to separate the application struct and views into different structs, with the main view named Index.[14] 

import ArkTS
// Index.ets

import router from '@ohos.router';

@Entry
@Component
struct Index {
  @State message: string = 'Hello World'

  build() {
    Row() {
      Column() {
        Text(this.message)
          .fontSize(50)
          .fontWeight(FontWeight.Bold)
        // Add a button to respond to user clicks.
        Button() {
          Text('Next')
            .fontSize(30)
            .fontWeight(FontWeight.Bold)
        }
        .type(ButtonType.Capsule)
        .margin({
          top: 20
        })
        .backgroundColor('#0D9FFB')
        .width('40%')
        .height('5%')
        // Bind the onClick event to the Next button so that clicking the button redirects the user to the second page.
        .onClick(() => {
          router.pushUrl({ url: 'pages/Second' })
        })
      }
      .width('100%')
    }
    .height('100%')
  }
}

The @ohos.router routing library implements page transitions, which must be declared in the main_pages.json file before being invoked.[15]

Reception

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  • Taobao claims that the ArkUI version of its app achieves checkout page performance 1.5 times faster than the Android version.[16]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "ArkUI API参考". Gitee. OpenAtom OpenHarmony. Retrieved 21 May 2024.
  2. ^ Parker, Victoria (26 January 2024). "HDC Technical Sub-forum: A comprehensive look at HarmonyOS 'next-generation UI Framework". Mo4Tech. Retrieved 12 February 2024.
  3. ^ a b 徐, 礼文. HarmonyOS操作系统应用开发实战（JavaScript版） [Hands-on Application Development with the HarmonyOS Operating System (JavaScript Edition)]. Tsinghua University Press. ISBN 9787302600312.
  4. ^ 范承宇; 李竞择; 欧阳迪 (2024-03-28). "基于方舟开发框架的智能装备监控应用研究". 机电产品开发与创新. 37 (02). Mianyang: 114–117 – via CNKI.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  5. ^ Sarkar, Amy (26 October 2021). "HarmonyOS 3.0 ArkUI 3.0: Declarative User Interface framework". HC Newsroom. Retrieved 12 February 2024.
  6. ^ Kapuściak, Kacper; Wajgelt, Juliusz; Schmidt, Stefan (8 November 2023). "Bringing Graphical Applications to Oniro on the Example of React Native". YouTube. Eclipse Foundation. Retrieved 29 February 2024.
  7. ^ 褚洪波. 鸿蒙App开发全流程实战 [Hands-On Full-Process Development of HarmonyOS Apps] (in Chinese (China)). 机械工业出版社 [zh]. ISBN 9787111714910.
  8. ^ "New release of HarmonyOS 3.0.0 developer preview". SegmentFault. Retrieved 12 February 2024.
  9. ^ Sarkar, Amy (25 April 2023). "HarmonyOS 3.1 Beta 2 rolling out". HC Newsroom. Retrieved 12 February 2024.
  10. ^ Bhati, Kamlesh. "Huawei HarmonyOS NEXT Official Now: Bring Spatial Design and Vivid Color Concepts". Sparrownews.com. Archived from the original on 13 February 2024. Retrieved 12 February 2024.
  11. ^ "ArkUI-X Release Notes". ArkUI-X GitHub. Retrieved 12 February 2024.
  12. ^ "ArkUI-X 预览版正式开源". 知乎专栏 (in Chinese). Retrieved 2024-05-21.
  13. ^ 刘玥; 张荣超 (2024-07-01). 鸿蒙原生应用开发：ArkTS语言快速上手 [Developing Native Applications on HarmonyOS: A Quick Start with ArkTS Language]. Posts & Telecommunications Press [zh]. ISBN 9787115642509.
  14. ^ "Getting Started with ArkTS in Stage Model - Implementing Page Redirection". HarmonyOS. Retrieved 12 February 2024.
  15. ^ 张, 欧亚; 黄, 涛; 曾, 超; 叶, 荣涛 (2024). "鸿蒙OS智能终端适老化软件研发探索". 信息技术与工程学院学报 (in Chinese (China)) (13). 广州商学院. doi:10.19850/j.cnki.2096-4706.2024.13.031 – via CNKI.
  16. ^ IT之家 (2024-07-22). "启动时间 1 秒内，淘宝鸿蒙原生版上线 HarmonyOS NEXT". Tencent News (in Chinese (China)). Retrieved 2024-11-25.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
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