Arab-Ata Mausoleum
The Arab-Ata Mausoleum (Uzbek: Arabota maqbarasi, lit. 'Shrine of the Arab Father') is a cubical, domed brick mausoleum built in 977-78 in the village of Tim, Samarqand Region, Uzbekistan. Built during the Samanid Empire, the Arab-Ata Mausoleum was among the earliest buildings to include three notable features of Islamic architecture: the muqarnas, mihrab, and pishtaq.[1][2] Following the appearance of the mihrab in the Arab-Ata mausoleum, mihrabs became a more common feature in mausoleums from the tenth century on. The Arab-Ata is the earliest dated example of a pishtaq, with it becoming a staple of Islamic architecture. It has been proposed that the pishtaq developed further with the many Seljuq domes from the eleventh and twelfth centuries.[3][4]
Site Description
[edit]Built on top of a tepa, or triangular-shaped hill, in the tenth century, the mausoleum fills an important gap in understanding the evolution of mausoleum architecture in Central Asia.[5]
Exterior
The Arab-Ata mausoleum is nearly a square building located near the remote village of Tim in the Zerafshan hills, south of the road from Bukhara,[6][7] with dimensions of 8 meters x 8.7 meters, built entirely out of brick and mortar.[7] The mausoleum is topped with a dome that, when facing the entrance of the mausoleum, is obscured by a pishtaq, a rectangular frame around an arch opening that rose to 9 meters high when constructed initially. The Arab-Ata mausoleum has the first known inclusion of a pishtaq.[1] The pishtaq frames a singular ogee-shaped entrance facing northeast.[1] Around the pishtaq ran an inscription in relief of sura 2, 281, a verse out of the Quran, marking it as one of the earliest surviving examples of Arabic calligraphy appearing on an Islamic building in Central Asia.[1] Part of the inscription that has been lost would have informed the visitor of the social position, date of birth, and death of the deceased, while part of what survives provides the date of completion (September/October 979).[7] The square building itself has integrated corner columns acting to frame the mausoleum.[7] The doorway recesses into the mausoleum and is topped by a pointed arch on two engaged columns, decorated with an interlacing star pattern done in stucco.[7] Above the arch are three niches ornamented in geometric patterns out of stucco.[7]
Interior
The mausoleum's interior is notable for being amongst the earliest mausoleums to include muqarnas and the mihrab as fundamental features of its interior design, both of which would develop into important characteristics of mausoleums.[1] Like the Samanid Mausoleum in Bukhara, the Arab-Ata showcases a tripartite transition between a square base and circular dome via the construction of two spherical triangles. This was done by using corner squinches flanked by a half squinch on both sides.[8] From this development, the muqarnas developed into an important decorative feature in Islamic architecture.[3] Opposite the entrance to the mausoleum lies the structure's mihrab (prayer niche). The mihrab, is among the earliest known examples of a prayer niche in mausolea, appearing more frequently from the tenth century with the Arab-Ata.
World Heritage Status
[edit]This site was added to the UNESCO World Heritage Tentative List on January 18, 2008 in the Cultural category.[5]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e Leisten, Thomas (1997). Uzbekistan : heirs to the silk road. Johannes Kalter, Margareta Pavaloi. New York: Thames and Hudson. pp. 83–84. ISBN 0-500-97451-9. OCLC 37753113.
- ^ Chekaeva, Rakhima; Chekaev, Farid; Chekaev, Mnir; Chekaev, Rustam; Issina, Assem (2016). "Protection and preservation of monuments in the Central Asian region". Japanese Geotechnical Society Special Publication. 2 (77): 2667–2670. doi:10.3208/jgssp.KAZ-02. S2CID 111442658.
- ^ a b Tabbaa, Yasser (1985). "The Muqarnas Dome: Its Origin and Meaning". Muqarnas. 3: 61–74. doi:10.2307/1523084. JSTOR 1523084.
- ^ Baitenov, Eskander; Tuyakayeva, Ainagul; Abdrassilova, Gulnara (2019-03-01). "Medieval mausoleums of Kazakhstan: Genesis, architectural features, major centres". Frontiers of Architectural Research. 8 (1): 80–93. doi:10.1016/j.foar.2018.11.001. ISSN 2095-2635. S2CID 167014893.
- ^ a b Arab-Ata Mausoleum - UNESCO World Heritage Centre Retrieved 2009-03-24.
- ^ Knobloch, Edgar (2001). Monuments of Central Asia: A Guide to the Archaeology, Art and Architecture of Turkestan. I.B. Tauris Publishers. p. 217. ISBN 1-86064-590-9.
- ^ a b c d e f Michailidis, Melanie (2007). "Landmarks of the Persian Renaissance: Monumental funerary architecture in Iran and Central Asia in the tenth and eleventh centuries". S2CID 128448643.
{{cite web}}: Missing or empty|url=(help) - ^ Hillenbrand, Robert (2000). Islamic Architecture. Edinburgh. ISBN 1-4744-6915-9. OCLC 1147257846.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Further reading
[edit]- Hillenbrand, Robert. Islamic Architecture, 288, 290, 291. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1999. IBSN13 9780231101332 https://doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x00031670
- Imani, Elena (July, 2017). "Historical And Geometrical Analysis Of Muqarnas And Prospect of Its Reflection On Today's Architecture: a Thesis Submitted To The Graduate School of Natural And Applied Sciences of Middle East Technical University" https://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12621155/index.pdf
- Knobloch, Edgar. Monuments of Central Asia, 117. London: I.B. Tauris Publishers, 2001.https://doi.org/10.1017/s1356186302360255
- Roshdy, Mahmoud (2022). "Shrines of Bukhara in the (8th A.H / 14th A.D) Century in the Light of Selected Models: A Comparative Architectural Archaeological Study". Bulletin of the Center of Papyrological Studies (BCPS) Faculty of Archaeology, Ain Shams University, Egypt. 39: 987–1010.
39°41′44″N 65°47′35″E / 39.695457°N 65.793068°E
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