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1790 United States census

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1790 United States census
August 2, 1790 (1790-08-02) 1800 →
Title page of 1790 United States census
General information
CountryUnited States
AuthorityOffice of the United States Marshal
Results
Total population3,929,214
Most populous ​stateVirginia (747,610)
Least populous ​stateDelaware (59,094)

The 1790 United States census was the first United States census. It recorded the population of the whole United States as of Census Day, August 2, 1790, as mandated by Article 1, Section 2, of the Constitution and applicable laws. In the first census, the population of the United States was enumerated to be 3,929,214 inhabitants.[1][2]

Congress assigned responsibility for the 1790 census to the marshals of United States judicial districts under an act, which with minor modifications and extensions, governed census taking through the 1840 census. "The law required that every household be visited, that completed census schedules be posted in 'two of the most public places within [each jurisdiction], there to remain for the inspection of all concerned...' and that 'the aggregate amount of each description of persons' for every district be transmitted to the president."[3]

The census was published in 1791.[4] It was 56 pages and cost $44,377.28.[4]

Contemporary perception

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Both Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson and President George Washington expressed skepticism[5] over the results, believing that the true population had been undercounted. If indeed an undercount was the result, possible explanations for it include dispersed population, poor transportation links, limitations of contemporary technology, and individual refusal to participate.[6]

Questions

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  1. Name of the head of family
  2. Number of free white males age 16 and over
  3. Number of free white males under age 16
  4. Number of free white females
  5. Number of all other free persons (excluding slaves)
  6. Number of slaves[2]

Loss and availability of data

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Although the census was proved statistically factual, based on data collected, the records for several states (including Delaware, Georgia, New Jersey, and Virginia) were lost sometime between 1790 and 1830.[7] Almost one-third of the original census data have been lost or destroyed since their original documentation. These include some 1790 data from Connecticut, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, and Vermont; the validity and existence of most of these data, though, can be confirmed in many secondary sources pertaining to the first census.[8]

No microdata from the 1790 population census are available, but aggregate data for small areas, together with compatible cartographic boundary files, can be downloaded from the National Historical Geographic Information System.[9]

Data

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Under the direction of the Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson, marshals collected data from all thirteen states (Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Maryland, Massachusetts including the District of Maine, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, and Virginia), and from the Southwest Territory.[3] The census was not conducted in Vermont until 1791, after that state's admission to the Union as the 14th state on March 4 of that year. (From 1777 until early 1791, and hence during all of 1790, Vermont was a de facto independent country whose government took the position that Vermont was not then a part of the United States.)

At 17.8 percent, the 1790 census's proportion of slaves to the free population was the highest ever recorded by any census of the United States.[10]

State or territory
Free white males of 16 years and upward[a]
Free white males under 16 years
Free white females[a]
All other free persons
Slaves
Slaves % of state population
Total
% of U.S. population
Vermont[11][12] 22,435 22,328 40,505 255 16[b][13][14] 0.0% 85,539[c] 2.2%
New Hampshire[15][12] 36,086 34,851 70,160 630 158 0.1% 141,885 3.6%
Maine[16][12] 24,384 24,748 46,870 538 0 0.0% 96,540 2.4%
Massachusetts[17][12] 95,453 87,289 190,582 5,463 0 0.0% 378,787 9.8%
Rhode Island[18][12] 16,019 15,799 32,652 3,407 948 1.4% 68,825 1.7%
Connecticut[19][12] 60,523 54,403 117,448 2,808 2,764 1.2% 237,946 6.0%
New York[20][21][12] 83,700 78,122 152,320 4,654 21,324 6.3% 340,120 8.6%
New Jersey[12] 45,251 41,416 83,287 2,762 11,423 6.2% 184,139 4.6%
Pennsylvania[22][12] 110,788 106,948 206,363 6,537 3,737 0.9% 434,373 11.0%
Delaware[12] 11,783 12,143 22,384 3,899 8,887 15.0% 59,094[d] 1.5%
Maryland[23][12] 55,915 51,339 101,395 8,043 103,036 32.2% 319,728 8.1%
Virginia[24][12] 110,936 116,135 215,046 12,866 292,627 39.1% 747,610[e][25][12] 18.9%
Kentucky[12] 15,154 17,057 28,922 114 12,430 16.9% 73,677 1.9%
North Carolina[26][12] 69,988 77,506 140,710 4,975 100,572 25.5% 393,751 9.9%
South Carolina[12] 35,576 37,722 66,880 1,801 107,094 43.0% 249,073 6.3%
Georgia[12] 13,103 14,044 25,739 398 29,264 35.5% 82,548 2.1%
Southwest Territory[12] 6,271 10,277 15,365 361 3,417 9.6% 35,691 0.9%
Total 813,365 802,127 1,556,628 59,511 697,697 17.8% 3,929,326 100%
  1. ^ a b Heads of families were included.
  2. ^ 0 is the correct figure, and the 16 here should be added to the "All other free persons" column. When the census of 1790 was published in 1791, it reported 16 slaves, which were illegal in Vermont. Subsequently, and up to 1860, the number is given as 17. An examination of the original manuscript by the Census Bureau superintendent found that there never were any slaves in Vermont. The original error occurred in preparing the results for publication, when 16 persons, returned as "Free colored," were classified as "Slave" in Bennington County. See the history of slavery in Vermont.
  3. ^ Corrected figures are 85,425, or 114 less than figures published in 1790, due to an error of addition of several towns.
  4. ^ Corrected figures are 59,096, or 2 more than figures published in 1790, due to error in addition.
  5. ^ The figures for Virginia do not include the population of Kentucky. Though Kentucky was then a part of Virginia, the Kentucky figures were compiled separately, and are shown on the line for Kentucky. The Virginia figures do include the portion of Virginia that later became the state of West Virginia.

Urban centres

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Commemorative pitcher with census results
Cities and towns by population
City State Population[27][28] Region (2016)[29] Population (2020)
New York New York 33,131 Northeast 1,694,251

[Manhattan only]

Philadelphia Pennsylvania 28,522 Northeast 69,433

[Center City only]

Boston Massachusetts 18,320 Northeast 675,647
Charleston South Carolina 16,359 South 150,227
Baltimore Maryland 13,503 South 585,708
Norwalk Connecticut 11,942 Northeast 91,184
Northern Liberties Pennsylvania 9,913 Northeast —
Rensselaerswyck New York 8,318 Northeast —
Salem Massachusetts 7,921 Northeast 44,480
Watervliet New York 7,419 Northeast 10,375
Ballston New York 7,333 Northeast 11,831
Stephentown New York 6,795 Northeast 2,791
Newport Rhode Island 6,716 Northeast 25,163
Canaan New York 6,692 Northeast 1,570
Providence Rhode Island 6,380 Northeast 190,934
Canajoharie New York 6,156 Northeast 3,660
Fishkill New York 5,941 Northeast 24,226
Frederickstown New York 5,932 Northeast 11,541
Marblehead Massachusetts 5,661 Northeast 20,441
Southwark Pennsylvania 5,661 Northeast —
Middletown Connecticut 5,375 Northeast 47,717
Gloucester Massachusetts 5,317 Northeast 29,729
Amwell New Jersey 5,201 Northeast —
Washington New York 5,189 Northeast 4,522
Cambridge New York 4,996 Northeast 1,952
Bridgewater Massachusetts 4,975 Northeast 28,633
Newburyport Massachusetts 4,837 Northeast 18,289
Haverstraw New York 4,826 Northeast 39,087
Portsmouth New Hampshire 4,720 Northeast 21,956
Rehoboth Massachusetts 4,710 Northeast 12,502
Shrewsbury New Jersey 4,673 Northeast 1,076
Kinderhook New York 4,661 Northeast 8,330
Clinton New York 4,607 Northeast 4,037
Livingston New York 4,594 Northeast 3,628
Ipswich Massachusetts 4,562 Northeast 13,785
Hillsdale New York 4,556 Northeast 1,831
Sherburne Massachusetts 4,555 Northeast 14,255
Middleborough Massachusetts 4,526 Northeast 24,245
New Haven Connecticut 4,484 Northeast 135,081
Mohawk New York 4,440 Northeast 3,572
Pawling New York 4,330 Northeast 8,012
Caughnawaga New York 4,261 Northeast —
New Cornwall New York 4,225 Northeast 12,884
Lebanon Connecticut 4,166 Northeast 7,142
South Kingstown Rhode Island 4,131 Northeast 31,913
Oyster Bay New York 4,097 Northeast 301,332
Hartford Connecticut 4,090 Northeast 121,054
Glocester Rhode Island 4,025 Northeast 9,974
Fairfield Connecticut 4,009 Northeast 61,512
Newbury Massachusetts 3,972 Northeast 6,716
Kingston New York 3,929 Northeast 24,069
Berwick Massachusetts[30] 3,894 Northeast 7,950
South Hempstead New York 3,828 Northeast 793,409
Wethersfield Connecticut 3,806 Northeast 27,298
Taunton Massachusetts 3,804 Northeast 59,408
Lower Freehold New Jersey 3,785 Northeast 35,369
Lancaster Pennsylvania 3,773 Northeast 58,039
Richmond Virginia 3,761 South 226,610
Rhinebeck New York 3,662 Northeast 7,548
Warwick New York 3,603 Northeast 32,027
Halfmoon New York 3,602 Northeast 25,662
Beekman New York 3,597 Northeast 14,172
Montgomery New York 3,563 Northeast 23,322
Woodbridge New Jersey 3,520 Northeast 103,639
Albany New York 3,498 Northeast 99,224
Schenectady New York 3,472 Northeast 67,047
Guilford Connecticut 3,460 Northeast 22,073
Upper Freehold New Jersey 3,442 Northeast 7,273
Southampton New York 3,408 Northeast 69,036
Coxsackie New York 3,406 Northeast 8,382
Palatine New York 3,404 Northeast 3,240
North East New York 3,401 Northeast 2,971
Wallingford Connecticut 3,375 Northeast 44,396
New Bedford Massachusetts 3,313 Northeast 102,882
Beverly Massachusetts 3,290 Northeast 42,670
Claverack New York 3,262 Northeast 6,058
Huntington New York 3,260 Northeast 204,127
Kittery Massachusetts[30] 3,259 Northeast 10,070
Stratford Connecticut 3,241 Northeast 52,355
Saybrook Connecticut 3,233 Northeast 4,415
Chatham Connecticut 3,230 Northeast 12,717
Middletown New Jersey 3,225 Northeast 67,106
Brookhaven New York 3,224 Northeast 485,773
Southold New York 3,219 Northeast 23,732
Smithfield Rhode Island 3,171 Northeast 22,118
Watertown Connecticut 3,170 Northeast 22,105
New Milford Connecticut 3,167 Northeast 28,115
Greenwich Connecticut 3,132 Northeast 63,518
Brookfield Massachusetts 3,100 Northeast 3,439
Amenia New York 3,078 Northeast 3,769
Saratoga New York 3,071 Northeast 5,808
Stillwater New York 3,071 Northeast 9,022
Wells Massachusetts[30] 3,070 Northeast 11,314
Earl Pennsylvania 3,051 Northeast 7,149
Hoosick New York 3,035 Northeast 6,711
Danbury Connecticut 3,030 Northeast 86,518
Cocalico Pennsylvania 3,027 Northeast —
East Hartford Connecticut 3,016 Northeast 51,045
Plymouth Massachusetts 2,995 Northeast 61,217
Derby Connecticut 2,994 Northeast 12,325
Falmouth Massachusetts[30] 2,994 Northeast 12,444

References

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  1. ^ Census History Staff. "1790 Fast Facts - History". US Census Bureau. Retrieved April 20, 2023.
  2. ^ a b "1790 Census: Heads of Families". U.S. Census Bureau.
  3. ^ a b Census History Staff. "1790 Overview - History - U.S. Census Bureau". US Census Bureau. Retrieved April 20, 2023.
  4. ^ a b Lunt, Edward C. (1888). "History of the United States Census". Publications of the American Statistical Association. 1 (2/3): 63–93. doi:10.2307/2276342. ISSN 1522-5437.
  5. ^ Census History Staff. "1790 Overview - History - U.S. Census Bureau". US Census Bureau. Retrieved April 20, 2023.
  6. ^ "U.S. Marshals Overcame Hardships and Challenges to Count 3,929,214 People in a Young America". Census.gov. Retrieved April 20, 2023.
  7. ^ Dollarhide, William (2001). The Census Book: A Genealogists Guide to Federal Census Facts, Schedules and Indexes. North Salt Lake, Utah: HeritageQuest. p. 7.
  8. ^ "1790 Census". 1930 Census Resources for Genealogists.
  9. ^ "About IPUMS NHGIS | IPUMS NHGIS". www.nhgis.org. Retrieved April 20, 2023.
  10. ^ "Slave, Free Black, and White Population, 1780-1830". userpages.umbc.edu. Retrieved April 20, 2023.
  11. ^ Census, United States Bureau of the (1907). Heads of Families at the First Census of the United States Taken in the Year 1790: Vermont. U.S. Government Printing Office. ISBN 978-0-87152-015-9.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r "Free and Slave Populations by State (1790)". Teaching American History. Retrieved April 20, 2023.
  13. ^ "Slavery in Vermont". slavenorth.com. Retrieved April 20, 2023.
  14. ^ Heads of families at the first census of the United States taken in the year 1790 : records of the State enumerations: 1782–1785, Virginia
  15. ^ Census, United States Bureau of the (1907). Heads of Families at the First Census of the United States Taken in the Year 1790: New Hampshire. Clearfield Company, Incorporated.
  16. ^ Census, United States Bureau of the (1908). Heads of Families at the First Census of the United States Taken in the Year 1790: Maine. U.S. Government Printing Office. Retrieved April 20, 2023.
  17. ^ Census, United States Bureau of the (1908). Heads of Families at the First Census of the United States Taken in the Year 1790: Massachusetts. U.S. Government Printing Office. ISBN 978-0-87152-021-0. Retrieved April 20, 2023.
  18. ^ Census, United States Bureau of the (1907). Heads of Families at the First Census of the United States Taken in the Year 1790: Rhode Island. U.S. Government Printing Office. Retrieved April 20, 2023.
  19. ^ Census, United States Bureau of the (1908). Heads of Families at the First Census of the United States Taken in the Year 1790: Connecticut. U.S. Government Printing Office. ISBN 978-0-87152-362-4. Retrieved April 20, 2023.
  20. ^ Census, United States Bureau of the (1908). Heads of Families at the First Census of the United States Taken in the Year 1790: New York. U.S. Government Printing Office. Retrieved April 20, 2023.
  21. ^ Heads of families at the first census of the United States taken in the year 1790: New York . Washington, Govt. Print. Off. 1907.
  22. ^ Census, United States Bureau of the (1908). Heads of Families at the First Census of the United States Taken in the Year 1790: Pennsylvania. U.S. Government Printing Office. Retrieved April 20, 2023.
  23. ^ Census, United States Bureau of the (1907). Heads of Families at the First Census of the United States Taken in the Year 1790: Maryland. U.S. Government Printing Office. Retrieved April 20, 2023.
  24. ^ Census, United States Bureau of the (1908). Heads of Families at the First Census of the United States Taken in the Year 1790: Virginia. U.S. Government Printing Office. Retrieved April 20, 2023.
  25. ^ Census Office, United States (1909). "A Century of Population Growth from the First Census of the United States to the Twelfth, 1790–1900". p. 47.
  26. ^ Census, United States Bureau of the (1908). Heads of Families at the First Census of the United States Taken in the Year 1790: North Carolina. U.S. Government Printing Office. Retrieved April 20, 2023.
  27. ^ Population of the 100 Largest Cities and Other Urban Places in the United States: 1790 to 1990, U.S. Census Bureau, 1998
  28. ^ "Population of Connecticut Towns 1756–1820". Connecticut Secretary of the State. State of Connecticut. Archived from the original on January 13, 2017. Retrieved April 13, 2020.
  29. ^ "Regions and Divisions". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on December 3, 2016. Retrieved September 9, 2016.
  30. ^ a b c d In present day Maine.
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