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For the novels by William Faulkner, see Snopes trilogy.

Snopes.com
Snopes logo
Type of site
Reference pages
Owner
Created byBarbara Mikkelson
David P. Mikkelson[3]
URLsnopes.com
CommercialYes
RegistrationRequired only on forums
Launched1994; 30 years ago (1994) (as Urban Legends Reference Pages)
Current statusActive

Snopes (/ˈsnoʊps/), formerly known as the Urban Legends Reference Pages, is a fact-checking website.[4] It has been described as a "well-regarded reference for sorting out myths and rumors" on the Internet.[5][6] The site has also been seen as a source for both validating and debunking urban legends and similar stories in American popular culture.[7]

History

1990s

In 1994,[8][9][10] David and Barbara Mikkelson created an urban folklore web site that would become Snopes.com. Snopes was an early online encyclopedia focused on urban legends, which mainly presented search results of user discussions based at first on their contributions to the Usenet newsgroup alt.folklore.urban (AFU) where they'd been active.[11] The site grew to encompass a wide range of subjects and became a resource to which Internet users began submitting pictures and stories of questionable veracity. According to the Mikkelsons, Snopes predated the search engine concept of fact-checking via search results.[12] David Mikkelson had originally adopted the username "Snopes" (the name of a family of often unpleasant people in the works of William Faulkner) in AFU.[13][14][15][16]

2000s

In 2002, the site had become known well enough that a television pilot by writer-director Michael Levine called Snopes: Urban Legends was completed with American actor Jim Davidson as host. However, it did not air on major networks.[14]

2010s

By 2010, the site was attracting seven million to eight million unique visitors in an average month.[17][18] By mid-2014, Barbara had not written for Snopes "in several years"[3] and David hired users from Snopes.com's message board to assist him in running the site. The Mikkelsons divorced around that time.[3][19] Christopher Richmond and Drew Schoentrup became part owners in July 2016 with the purchase of Barbara Mikkelson's share by the internet media management company Proper Media.[20]

On March 9, 2017, David Mikkelson terminated the brokering agreement with Proper Media, which was also the company that provided Snopes with web development, hosting, and advertising support.[21] The move prompted Proper Media to stop remitting advertising revenue and to file a lawsuit in May. In late June, Bardav—the company founded by David and Barbara Mikkelson in 2003 to own and operate snopes.com—started a GoFundMe campaign to raise money to continue operations.[22] They raised $500,000 in 24 hours.[23] Later, in August, a judge ordered Proper Media to disburse advertising revenues to Bardav while the case was pending.[24]

In July 2018, Snopes abruptly terminated its contract with Managing Editor Brooke Binkowski, with no explanation.[clarification needed] By the time Snopes co-founder and CEO David Mikkelson confirmed the termination to her, the situation was still not clear.[25]

In early 2019, Snopes announced that it had acquired the website OnTheIssues.org, and is "hard at work modernizing its extensive archives".[26] OnTheIssues is a website that seeks to "present all the relevant evidence, assess how strongly each piece supports or opposes a position, and summarize it with an average" in order to "provide voters with reliable information on candidates' policy positions".[27]

In 2018 and 2019, Snopes fact-checked several articles from The Babylon Bee, a satirical website, rating them "False". The decision resulted in Facebook adding warnings to links to those articles shared on its site.[28][29][30] Snopes added a new rating called "Labeled Satire" to identify satirical stories.[31]

In 2019, Snopes was embroiled in legal disputes with Proper Media, with a court case scheduled for spring 2020. By then Proper Media had become a co-owner of Bardav through acquiring Barbara Mikkelson's half-interest share, intending to take overall ownership of Snopes for its own "portfolio of media sites". The move failed as David Mikkelson had no intention to sell his share.[32]

2020s

COVID-19 pandemic and misinformation

Main article: COVID-19 misinformation

As the COVID-19 pandemic started in 2020, many people tried to "educate themselves on the coronavirus" and find "any comfort, certainty, or hope for a cure [for the coronavirus]".[33][non-primary source needed] Snopes has around 237 COVID-related fact-checking articles.[34][year needed]

Plagiarism by co-founder David Mikkelson

On August 13, 2021, BuzzFeed News published an investigation by reporter Dean Sterling Jones that showed David Mikkelson had used plagiarized material from different news sources in 54 articles between 2015 and 2019 in an effort to increase website traffic.[35][36][37] Mikkelson also published plagiarized material under a pseudonym, "Jeff Zarronandia".[35] The BuzzFeed inquiry prompted Snopes to launch an internal review of Mikkelson's articles and to retract 60 of them the day the BuzzFeed story appeared. Mikkelson admitted to committing "multiple serious copyright violations" and apologized for "serious lapses in judgment."[38] He was suspended from editorial duties during the investigation, but remains an officer and stakeholder in the company.[39][38]

Change of ownership

On September 16, 2022, David Mikkelson stepped down as CEO and was succeeded by shareholder and board member Chris Richmond.[1] Richmond and fellow shareholder Drew Schoentrup together acquired 100% of the company, ending the ownership dispute which began in 2017.[1]

Main site

Snopes aims to debunk or confirm widely spread urban legends. The site has been referenced by news media and other sites, including CNN,[40] MSNBC,[41] Fortune, Forbes, and The New York Times.[42] By March 2009, the site had more than six million visitors per month.[43] David Mikkelson ran the website from his home in Tacoma, Washington.[44]

Mikkelson has stressed the reference portion of the name Urban Legends Reference Pages, indicating that the intention is not merely to dismiss or confirm misconceptions and rumors but to provide evidence for such debunkings and confirmation as well.[45] Where appropriate, pages are generally marked "undetermined" or "unverifiable" when there is not enough evidence to either support or disprove a given claim.[46]

In an attempt to demonstrate the perils of over-reliance on the Internet as authority, Snopes assembled a series of fabricated urban folklore tales that it termed "The Repository of Lost Legends".[47] The name was chosen for its acronym, T.R.O.L.L., a reference to the definition of the word troll, meaning an internet persona intended to be deliberately provocative or incendiary.[15]

In 2009, FactCheck.org reviewed a sample of Snopes's responses to political rumors regarding George W. Bush, Sarah Palin, and Barack Obama, and found them to be free from bias in all cases.[48][49] In 2012, The Florida Times-Union reported that About.com's urban legends researcher found a "consistent effort to provide even-handed analyses" and that Snopes' cited sources and numerous reputable analyses of its content confirm its accuracy.[50]

Mikkelson has said that the site receives more complaints of liberal bias than conservative bias, but added that the same debunking standards are applied to all political urban legends.[48]

Funding

In 2016, Snopes said that the entirety of its revenue was derived from advertising.[51] In the same year it received an award of $75,000 from the James Randi Educational Foundation, an organization formed to debunk paranormal claims. In 2017, it raised approximately $700,000 from a crowd-sourced GoFundMe effort and received $100,000 from Facebook as a part of a fact-checking partnership.[52] Snopes also offers a premium membership that disables ads.[53]

On February 1, 2019, Snopes announced that it had ended its fact-checking partnership with Facebook. Snopes did not rule out the possibility of working with Facebook in the future but said it needed to "determine with certainty that our efforts to aid any particular platform are a net positive for our online community, publication and staff". Snopes added that the loss of revenue from the partnership meant the company would "have less money to invest in our publication—and we will need to adapt to make up for it".[54][55]

Snopes publishes a yearly summary detailing expenses and sources of income.[52]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c "Snopes Co-Owners Acquire All Remaining Shares of the Company, Bringing Total Stake to 100%". www.yahoo.com. Archived from the original on September 23, 2022. Retrieved September 23, 2022.
  2. ^ "Disclosures". Snopes.com. Archived from the original on October 31, 2021. Retrieved November 20, 2022.
  3. ^ a b c "How the Truth Set Snopes Free". Webby Awards. October 19, 2016. Archived from the original on December 17, 2016. Retrieved December 10, 2018.
  4. ^ "Snopes.com: Debunking Myths in Cyberspace". NPR. August 27, 2005. Archived from the original on September 11, 2005. Retrieved August 27, 2005.
  5. ^ Allison, Melissa (March 4, 2007). "Companies Find Rumors Hard to Kill on Internet". Herald and Review. Archived from the original on June 12, 2018. Retrieved June 9, 2018. (image 3).
  6. ^ Same article: "Corporations Combat Insistent Urban Legends on Internet". The Courier. March 4, 2007. Archived from the original on June 12, 2018. Retrieved June 9, 2018. (image 7).
  7. ^ Henry, Neil (2007). American Carnival: Journalism Under Siege in an Age of New Media. University of California Press. p. 285. ISBN 978-0520243422. The most widely known resource for validating or debunking rumors, myths, hoaxes, and urban legends in popular American culture is the website run by Barbara and David P. Mikkelson at www.snopes.com... .
  8. ^ "Triangulation 343 David Mikkelson, Snopes.com". TWiT.tv. Archived from the original on April 26, 2018. Retrieved April 25, 2018.
  9. ^ "About Us". Snopes. Archived from the original on June 3, 2023. Retrieved June 3, 2023.
  10. ^ Tattoli, Chantel; Jones, Dean Sterling (June 6, 2023). "Inside Snopes: the rise, fall, and rebirth of an internet icon". Fast Company. Archived from the original on June 3, 2023. Retrieved June 3, 2023.
  11. ^ Aspray, William; Cortada, James W. (August 12, 2019). From Urban Legends to Political Fact-Checking: Online Scrutiny in America, 1990-2015. Cham, Switzerland: Springer Nature (published 2019). p. 24. ISBN 978-3-030-22951-1. Archived from the original on July 16, 2023. Retrieved June 3, 2023. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
  12. ^ Stelter, Brian (April 4, 2010). "Debunkers of Fictions Sift the Net". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 22, 2023. Retrieved April 5, 2010.
  13. ^ "Frequently Asked Questions". Snopes. Archived from the original on October 31, 2021. Retrieved June 9, 2006. What are 'snopes'?
  14. ^ a b Bond, Paul (September 7, 2002). "Web site separates fact from urban legend". SFGATE. Archived from the original on August 5, 2018. Retrieved July 17, 2012.
  15. ^ a b Porter, David (2013). "Usenet Communities and the Cultural Politics of Information". Internet Culture. Routledge. p. 48. ISBN 978-1135209049. Archived from the original on July 16, 2023. Retrieved September 13, 2016. The two most notorious trollers in AFU, Ted Frank and snopes, are also two of the most consistent posters of serious research.
  16. ^ Seipp, Cathy (July 21, 2004). "Where Urban Legends Fall". National Review. Archived from the original on August 12, 2004. Retrieved February 7, 2014.
  17. ^ Stelter, Brian (April 4, 2010). "Debunkers of Fictions Sift the Net". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 6, 2010. Retrieved March 19, 2013.
  18. ^ "Snopes.com Audience Insights". Quantcast. Archived from the original on October 13, 2017. Retrieved January 19, 2018.
  19. ^ Madrigal, Alexis C. (July 24, 2017). "Snopes Faces an Ugly Legal Battle". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on May 12, 2019. Retrieved June 20, 2018.
  20. ^ Bruno, Bianca (May 10, 2017). "Fact-Checker Snopes' Owners Accused of Corporate Subterfuge". Courthouse News. Archived from the original on June 21, 2018. Retrieved June 20, 2018.
  21. ^ Farhi, Paul (July 24, 2017). "Is Snopes.com, the original Internet fact-checker, going out of business?". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on July 27, 2017. Retrieved January 19, 2018.
  22. ^ Victor, Daniel (July 24, 2017). "Snopes, in Heated Legal Battle, Asks Readers for Money to Survive". The New York Times. Archived from the original on July 25, 2017. Retrieved January 19, 2018.
  23. ^ "Snopes Meets $500K Crowdfunding Goal Amid Legal Battle". Bloomberg. Associated Press. July 25, 2017. Archived from the original on December 22, 2017. Retrieved December 18, 2017.
  24. ^ Dean, Michelle (September 20, 2017). "Snopes and the Search for Facts in a Post-Fact World". Wired. Retrieved December 10, 2018.
  25. ^ "Snopes fired its managing editor and she doesn't know why". Poynter Institute. July 31, 2018. Archived from the original on August 13, 2021. Retrieved August 24, 2021.
  26. ^ "Snopes Acquires On The Issues". Snopes. Retrieved April 13, 2019.[dead link‍]
  27. ^ Potash, Eric (November 4, 2016). "Why It's So Hard to Find Out Where the Candidates Stand". Washington Monthly. Archived from the original on April 13, 2019. Retrieved April 4, 2019.
  28. ^ Wemple, Erik (March 5, 2018). "Opinion | Facebook working on approach to classifying satirical news pieces". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on July 31, 2019. Retrieved December 28, 2020.
  29. ^ Chokshi, Niraj (August 3, 2019). "Satire or Deceit? Christian Humor Site Feuds With Snopes". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 13, 2019. Retrieved August 16, 2019.
  30. ^ Broderick, Ryan (July 31, 2019). "A Christian Satire Site Says Fact-Checkers Are Helping De-Platform Conservatives". BuzzFeed News. Archived from the original on August 13, 2019. Retrieved August 16, 2019.
  31. ^ "Let's Make Fact-Checking Even Better". Snopes. August 16, 2019. Archived from the original on June 15, 2021. Retrieved August 17, 2019.
  32. ^ "Tacoma-based Snopes, debunker of fake news, is locked in a nasty legal dispute". The Seattle Times. June 4, 2019. Archived from the original on August 27, 2021. Retrieved August 27, 2021.
  33. ^ "Snopes on COVID-19 Fact-Checking". Snopes.com. March 21, 2020. Archived from the original on January 15, 2022. Retrieved January 15, 2022.
  34. ^ "The Coronavirus Collection: Snopes Fact Checks About COVID-19". Snopes.com. February 28, 2020. Archived from the original on January 15, 2022. Retrieved January 15, 2022.
  35. ^ a b Lyons, Ron Jr. (August 13, 2021). "The CEO of fact-checking site Snopes was caught plagiarizing dozens of articles". Business Insider Australia. Archived from the original on August 13, 2021. Retrieved August 16, 2021.
  36. ^ Lyons, Kim (August 13, 2021). "Go read this report about a Snopes editor who plagiarized other news sites". The Verge. Archived from the original on August 13, 2021. Retrieved August 13, 2021.
  37. ^ "The Cofounder Of The Fact-Checking Site Snopes Was Writing Plagiarized Articles Under A Fake Name". BuzzFeed News. Archived from the original on August 13, 2021. Retrieved August 14, 2021.
  38. ^ a b Murphy, Heather (August 13, 2021). "Snopes Retracts 60 Articles Plagiarized by Co-Founder: 'Our Staff Are Gutted'". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 14, 2021. Retrieved August 14, 2021.
  39. ^ Jones, Dean Sterling (August 13, 2021). "The Cofounder Of The Fact-Checking Site Snopes Was Writing Plagiarized Articles Under A Fake Name". BuzzFeed. Archived from the original on August 13, 2021. Retrieved August 13, 2021.
  40. ^ Nissen, Beth (October 3, 2001). "Hear the rumor? Nostradamus and other tall tales". CNN. Archived from the original on August 25, 2004. Retrieved June 7, 2009.
  41. ^ "Urban Legends Banned-April Fools'!". MSNBC. April 1, 2007. Archived from the original on October 13, 2013. Retrieved June 7, 2009.
  42. ^ "Urban Legends Reference Pages: Who Is Barack Obama?". Snopes. August 24, 2008. Retrieved January 22, 2008.
  43. ^ Hochman, David (March 2009). "Rumor Detectives: True Story or Online Hoax?". Reader's Digest. Archived from the original on March 18, 2009. Retrieved March 29, 2016.
  44. ^ Lacitis, Erik (October 10, 2018). "Lies, lies and more lies. Out of an old Tacoma house, fact-checking site Snopes uncovers them". The Seattle Times. Archived from the original on November 6, 2018. Retrieved November 6, 2018.
  45. ^ "Urban Legends Reference Pages: Frequently Asked Questions". Snopes. Archived from the original on October 31, 2021. Retrieved June 9, 2006. How do I know the information you've presented is accurate?
  46. ^ "Urban Legends Reference Pages: Round Rock Gangs". Snopes. July 21, 2011. Archived from the original on April 4, 2022. Retrieved May 3, 2009.
  47. ^ "Urban Legends Reference Pages: Lost Legends". Snopes. Retrieved June 9, 2006.
  48. ^ a b "Ask FactCheck: Snopes.com". FactCheck.org. April 10, 2009. Archived from the original on January 4, 2022. Retrieved November 4, 2011.
  49. ^ "Fact-checking the fact-checkers: Snopes.com gets an 'A'". Network World. April 13, 2009. Archived from the original on July 7, 2014.
  50. ^ Fader, Carole (September 28, 2012). "Fact Check: So who's checking the fact-finders? We are". The Florida Times-Union. Archived from the original on July 15, 2016. Retrieved July 20, 2016.
  51. ^ Streitfeld, David (December 25, 2016). "For Fact Checking Website Snopes, a Bigger Role Brings More Attacks". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 28, 2016. Retrieved December 27, 2016.
  52. ^ a b "Disclosures". Snopes.com. Archived from the original on October 31, 2021. Retrieved March 3, 2021.
  53. ^ Izadi, Elahe (April 15, 2020). "There are so many coronavirus myths that even Snopes can't keep up". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on April 23, 2020. Retrieved May 3, 2020.
  54. ^ Green, Vinny; Mikkelson, David (February 1, 2019). "A Message to Our Community Regarding the Facebook Fact-Checking Partnership". Snopes.com. Archived from the original on April 26, 2019. Retrieved February 2, 2019.
  55. ^ "Snopes says nope to Facebook's money and leaves fact-checking program". The Verge. February 1, 2019. Archived from the original on February 24, 2021. Retrieved February 22, 2021.
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