PhoneSat
PhoneSat is an ongoing NASA project of building nanosatellites using unmodified consumer-grade off-the-shelf smartphones and Arduino platform and launching them into Low Earth Orbit. This project is part of NASA's Small Spacecraft Technology Program and was started in 2009 at NASA Ames Research Center (Moffett Field, California).[1]
When the project started, a typical smartphone had a faster CPU and more memory than the average satellite, one or two cameras, multiple acceleration and rotation sensors, a compass, a GPS receiver, radios, and a Li-Ion battery, all of which had benefited from significant research and development efforts and economy of scale in the telecommunications industry to reduce cost.
The construction cost of the first version of PhoneSat satellite was reported to be US$3,500[1] and that of the second version was reported to be below US$7,000. The chassis of all of the PhoneSat series is a single standard CubeSat bus and sized 10 cm × 10 cm × 10 cm (around 4 inches per side). Control software and firmware was made open source whenever possible.
The PhoneSat project was selected by Popular Science magazine as one of eleven "Best of What's New" in the aerospace category in 2012.[2][3]
Versions
[edit]PhoneSat 1.0
[edit]PhoneSat 1.0 uses a Nexus One smartphone (HTC) as the onboard computer[1] running the Android 2.3.3 operating system. This version has no solar panels and runs from energy stored in 12 lithium-ion (Li-Ion) batteries. The basic mission goal of PhoneSat 1.0 was to stay alive in space for a short period of time, sending back digital imagery of Earth and space via its camera, while also sending back information about the satellite's health. To prepare for such a mission, NASA tested PhoneSat 1.0 in various extreme environments, including thermal-vacuum chambers, alpha and beta radiation testing (no neutron testing), vibration and shock tables, sub-orbital rocket flights and high-altitude balloons
Two PhoneSat 1.0 satellites, named Graham and Bell, were launched. Graham was the basic PhoneSat 1.0 model. Bell was a PhoneSat 1.0 model with an Iridium transceiver mounted at one end (the Iridium component formed its own space mission, see TechEdSat 2).
Graham and Bell were launched into Low Earth Orbit on the maiden flight of the Antares launch vehicle on April 21, 2013, and operated successfully in space for a planned one-week mission, re-entering on April 27, 2013.[4]
PhoneSat 2.0
[edit]PhoneSat 2.0 is built with a Nexus S smartphone (Samsung), running the Android 2.3.3 operating system. There is a two-way S band radio added by engineers to communicate with Earth, four Li-ion batteries, solar panels to recharge the batteries, and a GPS receiver. To control satellite orientation, several magnetorquer coils and reaction wheels were added.
The Alexander cubesat, also known as PhoneSat 2.0 Beta or PhoneSat v2a, was launched along with Graham and Bell on the Antares launch vehicle in 2013. The reason for the strange simultaneous launch of PhoneSats 1.0 and 2.0 beta is that the PhoneSats 1.0 launches were delayed until 2.0 beta was ready to launch.
PhoneSat 2.4 and PhoneSat 2.5
[edit]PhoneSat 2.4 and 2.5, both 1-U cubesats, included a two-way S-band radio, allowing engineers to command the satellite from Earth, and a system to control the orientation of the cubesat in space.[5]
Phonesat 2.4 was launched in November 2013 on a Minotaur-1 booster with the Educational Launch of Nanosatellites (ELaNa)-4 mission.[6]
PhoneSat 2.5 was launched on a Falcon-9 on April 18, 2014 on the ELaNa-5 mission.[6][7]
Follow-on projects
[edit]The PhoneSat bus was used in several other projects. The follow-on project, Edison Demonstration of Smallsat Networks (EDSN), was an 8-satellite constellation of 1.5-U cubesats[8] based on the PhoneSat 3.0 architecture. However, EDSN did not make orbit, launching on the failed Super Strypi mission in November 2015. KickSat also used PhoneSat architecture.
The PhoneSat concept, and most of the team, established a NASA Technology Transfer[9] to create Planet Labs in San Francisco.
PhoneSat 3.0 onwards replaced the phone circuit boards with an Intel Edison and continue to be launched as a hosted payload on the TechEdSat series at NASA Ames. The costly S-band radios have been replaced by cheap commercial WiFi dongles,[10] and the faster processing speed allows software experiments such as improved satellite-to-satellite communications architectures for delay tolerant networking, atomic clock timekeeping experiments and on-orbit trajectory prediction, control and targeting necessary for TechEdSat's SPQR exobrake, utilizing the PhoneSat 5.0 avionics on the Intel Edison microprocessor.[11]
Launches
[edit]
Three NASA PhoneSats were launched aboard the Antares 110 A-ONE rocket at 21 April 2013, 21:00 UTC from MARS LP-0A. Two were PhoneSats 1.0, named Graham and Bell; and one was a PhoneSat 2.0, named Alexander. They were named after Alexander Graham Bell.[12] They have masses of 2.8 pounds (1.25 kg), 2.9 pounds (1.3 kg), and 3.14 pounds (1.426 kg).[13][14] All three had deorbited on 27 April 2013, according to the PhoneSat team.[15] Several pictures were downloaded from them by radio amateurs and NASA Ames PhoneSat team.
PhoneSat 2.4 launched in November 2013 aboard the Minotaur I ORS-3 rocket at 20 November 2013, 01:15 UTC from MARS LP-0B.[5] It re-entered the atmosphere on January 31, 2017 after three years and two months in orbit[16]
PhoneSat 2.5 launched on April 18, 2014, 19:25 UTC as a piggyback payload aboard SpaceX Falcon 9 v1.1 rocket,[17] with orbital decay and subsequent reentry on May 14, 2014.[18]
See also
[edit]
References
[edit]- ^ a b c Klint Finley (2012-08-29). "Nasa lets you build your own satellite with PhoneSat". Wired. Retrieved 2013-04-25.
PhoneSat -- a project overseen by Nasa's Ames Research Center in Silicon Valley.. The first version of Nasa's satellite -- PhoneSat 1.0 -- costs about $3,500 (£2,200) to build....containing an HTC Nexus One phone running the Android operating system
- ^ "25th annual Best of What's New 2012, Aerospace". Popular Science. Archived from the original on 2013-02-28. Retrieved 2013-04-25.
- ^ "NASA PhoneSat. A satellite that uses a cell phone as a central processor". Popular Science. Archived from the original on 2013-05-27. Retrieved 2013-04-25.
- ^ NASA Space Technology Mission Directorate, PhoneSat Flight Demonstrations, May 3, 2013. Retrieved 7 August 2023.
- ^ a b "NASA's latest space technology small satellite phones home". Phys.org. 2013-12-06. Retrieved 2013-12-08.
- ^ a b NASA Ames Engineering Directorate, PhoneSat, Aug 3, 2017. Retrieved 7 August 2023.
- ^ The PhoneSat Series of Smartphone Nanosatellites, NASAfacts, FS #2014-03-01-ARC. Retrieved 7 August 2023.
- ^ Edison Demonstration of Smallsat Networks, March 7th, 2018
- ^ NASA Technology Transfer Program NASA Spinoff. Retrieved 7 August 2023.
- ^ Shimmin, Rogan; Alena, Richard; Priscal, Cedric; Oyadomari, Ken; Stone, Thom; Murbach, Marcus; Gilstrap, Ray (2016). "The successful Phone Sat wifi experiment on the Soarex-8 flight". 2016 IEEE Aerospace Conference. pp. 1–9. doi:10.1109/AERO.2016.7500826. ISBN 978-1-4673-7676-1. S2CID 20816715.
- ^ NASA’s Exo-Brake 'Parachute' to Enable Safe Return for Small Spacecraft, NASA.gov], Dec 13, 2016. Retrieved 7 August 2023.
- ^ Suzanne Presto (2013-04-23). "Rely on a Smartphone? New NASA Satellites Do". Voice Of America. Retrieved 2013-04-25.
- ^ PhoneSat 1.0 & PhoneSat 2.0Beta. Orbital Debris Assessment Report (ODAR). A240-0803-XS001 //FCC, page 9
- ^ "Antares Test Launch "A-ONE Mission" Overview Briefing" (PDF). Orbital Sciences. 17 April 2013. Retrieved 18 April 2013.
- ^ http://phonesat.org/ "Our orbital analysis indicates that the PhoneSats have deorbited on April 27 and have burned up in Earth's atmosphere as predicted."
- ^ Re-Entry: PhoneSat 2.4, February 1, 2017, SpaceFlight 101. Retrieved 7 August 2023.
- ^ "SpaceX Falcon 9 successfully launches CRS-3 Dragon | NASASpaceFlight.com". nasaspaceflight.com. 18 April 2014. Retrieved 2014-05-07.
- ^ PHONESAT 2.5, In The Sky. Retrieved 7 August 2023.
- ^ Stephen Clark, NASA's PhoneSats set mark for first smartphone satellites // SPACEFLIGHT NOW, April 25, 2013
External links
[edit]- Phonesat.org, showing complete trajectory of the first phonesat constellation
- PhoneSat Flight Demonstrations. NASA's Smartphone Nanosatellite Archived 2013-04-27 at the Wayback Machine // NASA
- Images downloaded from PhoneSats, PhoneSat.org
- PhoneSat-1 and -2 missions on Antares rocket maiden flight, eoPortal
- The NASA Ames PhoneSat Project, Mike Safyan (NASA Ames), 2011
- V.Beukelaers et al., PhoneSat 2.0, NASA Ames, Universities Space Research Association // 9th Annual Spring Cubesat Developers Workshop