Nenda kwa yaliyomo

Ubaguzi jinsia

Kutoka Wikipedia, kamusi elezo huru
A woman under arrrest walking between two policemen
Mshiriki wa Sufrageti akikamatwa na polisi wakati wa kampeni ya haki ya wanawake kupiga kura, London 1914.

Ubaguzi jinsia [1](Kiing. Sexism) ni chuki au ubaguzi kulingana na jinsia ya mtu. Ubaguzi wa kijinsia unaweza kumuathiri mtu yeyote, lakini mara nyingi unaathiri wanawake na wasichana. [2] Imehusishwa na dhana potofu na majukumu ya kijinsia, [3] [4] na inaweza kuhusisha imani kwamba jinsia au jinsi moja ni bora zaidi ya nyingine. [5]

Ubaguzi wa kijinsia uliokithiri unaweza kuchochea unyanyasaji wa kingono, unyanyasaji wa kijinsia, ubakaji na aina nyinginezo za ukatili wa kijinsia. [6] [7]

Ubaguzi wa kijinsia unafafanuliwa kama ubaguzi kwa watu kulingana na utambulisho wao wa kijinsia [8] au tofauti zao za kijinsia au kijinsi. [9] Ubaguzi wa kijinsia unafafanuliwa hasa katika suala la ukosefu wa usawa mahali pa kazi . [9] Unaweza kutokana na mila na desturi za kijamii au kitamaduni. [10]

Etimolojia na ufafanuzi

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Kulingana na Fred R. Shapiro, neno "ubaguzi wa kijinsia" liliwezekana kuuundwa mnamo Novemba 18, 1965, na Pauline M. Leet wakati wa "Jukwaa la Kitivo cha Wanafunzi" huko Franklin and Marshall College . Hasa, neno sexism linaonekana katika mchango wa jukwaa la Leet "Women and the Undergraduate", na anafafanua kwa kulinganisha na ubaguzi wa rangi, akisema kwa sehemu (kwenye ukurasa 3): "Mnapogombana ... kwamba kwa kuwa wanawake wachache huandika mashairi mazuri hii inahalalisha kutengwa kwao kabisa, unachukua msimamo unaofanana na ule wa mbaguzi wa rangi—naweza kukuita, katika kesi hii, 'sexist (mbaguzi wa jinsia)' . . . Wote wenye ubaguzi wa rangi na jinsia wanafanya kana kwamba yote yaliyotokea hayajawahi kutokea, na wote wawili wanafanya maamuzi na kufikia hitimisho kuhusu thamani ya mtu kwa kurejelea mambo ambayo katika hali zote mbili hayana umuhimu."

Pia, kulingana na Shapiro, mara ya kwanza neno "sexism (ubaguzi wa kijinsia)" lilitokea kwenye chapisho la hotuba ya Caroline Bird "On Being Born Female (Juu ya Kuzaliwa Mwanamke)", iliyochapishwa mnamo Novemba 15, 1968, katika Hotuba Muhimu za Siku (uk. 6). Katika hotuba hii alisema kwa sehemu: "Kuna utambuzi nje ya nchi kwamba kwa njia nyingi sisi ni nchi ya ubaguzi wa kijinsia. Ubaguzi wa kijinsia (Sexism) ni kuwahukumu watu kwa jinsia zao wakati jinsia haijalishi. Ubaguzi wa kijinsia unakusudiwa kuendana na ubaguzi wa rangi."

Ubaguzi wa kijinsia unaweza kufafanuliwa kuwa itikadi inayotokana na imani kwamba jinsia moja ni bora kuliko nyingine. [11] [12] [13] Ni ubaguzi, chuki, au dhana potofu kulingana na jinsia, na mara nyingi huonyeshwa kwa wanawake na wasichana. [14]

Sosholojia imechunguza ubaguzi wa kijinsia kuwa unajidhihirisha katika ngazi ya mtu binafsi na taasisi . [15] Kulingana na Richard Schaefer, ubaguzi wa kijinsia unaendelezwa na taasisi zote kuu za kijamii . [15] Wanasosholojia wanaelezea ulinganifu miongoni mwa mifumo mingine ya kiitikadi ya ukandamizaji kama vile ubaguzi wa rangi, ambao pia unafanya kazi katika ngazi ya mtu binafsi na taasisi. [16] Wanasosholojia wa kike wa awali Charlotte Perkins Gilman, Ida B. Wells, na Harriet Martineau walielezea mifumo ya ukosefu wa usawa wa kijinsia, lakini hawakutumia neno ubaguzi wa kijinsia, ambalo lilibuniwa baadaye. Wanasosholojia waliopitisha dhana ya uamilifu, kwa mfano Talcott Parsons, alielewa kukosekana kwa usawa wa kijinsia kama tokeo la asili la muundo wa jinsia usiobadilika. [17]

Wanasaikolojia Mary Crawford na Rhoda Unger wanafafanua ubaguzi wa kijinsia kama chuki inayoshikiliwa na watu binafsi ambayo inajumuisha "mitazamo na maadili hasi kuhusu wanawake kama kikundi." [18] Peter Glick na Susan Fiske walibuni neno ubaguzi wa kijinsia ili kuelezea jinsi dhana potofu kuhusu wanawake zinavyoweza kuwa chanya na hasi, na kwamba watu binafsi hutenganisha mila potofu wanayoshikilia katika ubaguzi wa kijinsia wenye uadui au upendeleo wa kijinsia. [19]

Mwandishi wa kike Bell Hooks anafafanua ubaguzi wa kijinsia kama mfumo wa ukandamizaji unaosababisha hasara kwa wanawake. [20] Mwanafalsafa na metetezi wa haki za wan awake Marilyn Frye anafafanua ubaguzi wa jinsia kuwa "changamani ya kimtazamo-dhana-utambuzi-mwelekeo" wa ukuu wa kiume, ubinafsi wa kiume na chuki dhidi ya wanawake. [21]

Mwanafalsafa Kate Manne anafafanua ubaguzi wa kijinsia kama tawi moja la mfumo dume . Katika ufafanuzi wake, ubaguzi wa kijinsia hotoa sababu na kuhalalisha kanuni za mfumo dume, tofauti na chuki dhidi ya wanawake, tawi linalosimamia na kutekeleza kanuni za mfumo dume. Manne anasema kwamba ubaguzi wa kijinsia mara nyingi hujaribu kufanya mipangilio ya kijamii ya mfumo dume ionekane ya asili, nzuri, au isiyoepukika ili ionekane hakuna sababu ya kuipinga. [22]

Marejeo

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  1. ↑ Ubaguzi jinsia ni matumizi ya KKS³, uk 804
  2. ↑ There is a clear and broad consensus among academic scholars in multiple fields that sexism refers primarily to discrimination against women, and primarily affects women. See, for example:
  3. ↑ Matsumoto, David (2001). The Handbook of Culture and Psychology. Oxford University Press. uk. 197. ISBN 978-0-19-513181-9.
  4. ↑ Nakdimen, K. A. (1984). "The Physiognomic Basis of Sexual Stereotyping". American Journal of Psychiatry. 141 (4): 499–503. doi:10.1176/ajp.141.4.499. PMID 6703126.
  5. ↑ Witt, Jon (2017). SOC 2018 (tol. la 5th). New York: McGraw-Hill Education. ISBN 9781259702723. OCLC 968304061.[page needed]
  6. ↑ Forcible Rape Institutionalized Sexism in the Criminal Justice System| Gerald D. Robin Division of Criminal Justice, University of New Haven
  7. ↑ "Sexism". Encyclopædia Britannica (kwa Kiingereza). Iliwekwa mnamo 2022-10-12.
  8. ↑ Macklem, Tony (2003). Beyond Comparison: Sex and Discrimination. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-82682-2.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Sharyn Ann Lenhart (2004). Clinical Aspects of Sexual Harassment and Gender Discrimination: Psychological Consequences and Treatment Interventions. Routledge. uk. 6. ISBN 978-1135941314. Iliwekwa mnamo Aprili 20, 2018. Gender or Sex Discrimination: This term refers to the types of gender bias that have a negative impact. The term has legal, as well as theoretical and psychological, definitions. Psychological consequences can be more readily inferred from the latter, but both definitions are of significance. Theoretically, gender discrimination has been described as (1) the unequal rewards that men and women receive in the workplace or academic environment because of their gender or sex difference (DiThomaso, 1989); (2) a process occurring in work or educational settings in which an individual is overtly or covertly limited access to an opportunity or a resource because of a sex or is given the opportunity or the resource reluctantly and may face harassment for picking it (Roeske & Pleck, 1983); or (3) both.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  10. ↑ Macfarlane, Christina (Septemba 12, 2019). "FIFA must act after death of Iran's 'Blue Girl,' says activist". edition.cnn.com. Iliwekwa mnamo Juni 20, 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  11. ↑ Schaefer, Richard T. (2009). Sociology: A Brief Introduction (tol. la 8th). New York: McGraw-Hill. ku. 274–275. ISBN 9780073404264. OCLC 243941681.
  12. ↑ T., Schaefer, Richard (2011). Sociology in modules. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. uk. 525. ISBN 9780078026775. OCLC 663953971.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  13. ↑ J., Macionis, John (2010). Sociology (tol. la 13th). Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Education. uk. 330. ISBN 9780205749898. OCLC 468109511.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  14. ↑ There is a clear and broad consensus among academic scholars in multiple fields that sexism refers primarily to discrimination against women, and primarily affects women. See, for example:
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Schaefer, Richard T. (2009). Sociology: A Brief Introduction (tol. la 8th). New York: McGraw-Hill. ku. 274–275. ISBN 9780073404264. OCLC 243941681.
  16. ↑ D.), Hughes, Michael (Michael (2009). Sociology : the core. Kroehler, Carolyn J. (tol. la 9th). Boston: McGraw Hill/Higher Education. ku. 247. ISBN 9780073404257. OCLC 276998849.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  17. ↑ Witt, Jon (2017). SOC 2018 (tol. la 5th). New York: McGraw-Hill Education. uk. 301. ISBN 978-1259702723. OCLC 968304061.
  18. ↑ E.), Crawford, Mary (Mary (2004). Women and gender : a feminist psychology. Unger, Rhoda Kesler. (tol. la 4th). Boston: McGraw-Hill. ku. 9. ISBN 978-0072821079. OCLC 52706293.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  19. ↑ E.), Crawford, Mary (Mary (2004). Women and gender : a feminist psychology. Unger, Rhoda Kesler. (tol. la 4th). Boston: McGraw-Hill. ku. 59–60. ISBN 978-0072821079. OCLC 52706293.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  20. ↑ Hooks, Bell (2000). Feminist theory : from margin to center (tol. la 2nd). London: Pluto. uk. 48. ISBN 978-0745316642. OCLC 45502856.
  21. ↑ Marilyn., Frye (1983). The Politics of Reality : Essays in Feminist Theory (tol. la First). Trumansburg, New York: Crossing Press. ku. 41. ISBN 978-0895940995. OCLC 9323470.
  22. ↑ Manne, Kate (2019). Down Girl: The Logic of Misogyny. Ithaca, New York: Oxford University Press. ku. 78–79. ISBN 9780190604981.
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