ᱜᱮᱵᱽᱵᱟᱨ

ᱜᱮᱵᱽᱵᱟᱨ (/ ˈgabər/′ ᱰᱩᱪ [ ˈxɑbər′ ] ] ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱤᱞᱮᱠᱴᱨᱚᱱᱤᱠ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱚᱛᱠᱳᱨ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱳ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱩᱨᱼᱯᱩᱨᱩᱵ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱩᱯᱚᱥᱛᱨᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱩᱯᱚᱥᱛᱚᱨ ᱾ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱰᱠᱳᱨᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱯᱨᱩᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱟᱹᱨᱰᱩ ᱥᱟᱛᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱯᱷᱟᱥᱴ ᱵᱤᱴᱼᱵᱮᱹᱴᱳᱨᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱤᱭᱩᱴ ᱠᱤᱠᱰᱨᱚᱢᱥᱼ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱦᱳᱭᱳᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ 1990 ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱩᱴᱟᱨᱰᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱢᱥᱴᱟᱨᱰᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱢᱟᱨᱠ ᱮᱠᱟᱨᱰᱤᱯᱟᱱᱮᱼᱯᱚᱞ ᱮᱞᱥᱴᱟᱠᱼᱰᱤ ᱡᱮ ᱨᱳᱵᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱟ ᱯᱨᱟᱯᱷᱮᱴ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣᱤᱡ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱨᱩᱴᱟᱨᱰᱚᱢ ᱨᱤᱠᱟᱨᱰᱥᱼᱢᱚᱠᱩᱢ ᱨᱤᱠᱟᱨᱰᱥ ᱯᱮᱝᱜᱳ ᱨᱤᱠᱟᱨᱰᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱱᱰᱟᱥᱴᱨᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱥᱴᱨᱮᱝᱛᱷ ᱨᱤᱠᱟᱨᱰᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱨᱤᱠᱟᱨᱰ ᱞᱮᱵᱮᱞ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱾^[᱑] "ᱜᱟᱵᱚᱨ" ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱮᱱᱮᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱳᱴᱟᱨᱰᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ "ᱳᱯᱟ ᱵᱚᱨᱴ" (ᱫᱟᱫᱟ ᱵᱚᱨᱴ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱰᱟᱪ) ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱚᱯᱟ ᱵᱚᱨᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱙᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱷᱚᱛᱚᱠᱷᱚᱡ ᱴᱨᱮᱱᱤᱝ ᱥᱩᱴᱤᱝ (train suits) ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱦᱩᱲᱩ ᱛᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱧᱮᱧᱮᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾

" ᱜᱚᱵᱵᱟᱨ " ᱥᱟᱵᱟᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱢᱥᱴᱟᱨᱰᱟᱢ ᱵᱟᱨᱜᱳᱭᱮᱱᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱞᱤᱥ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱫ " ᱜᱟᱛᱮ " ᱾

ᱜᱮᱵᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱮᱰᱟᱞᱰᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱦᱚᱲᱠᱩᱥᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱨᱩᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾^[᱒] ᱜᱮᱵᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ , ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱵᱷ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ , ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱣᱜᱮ ᱵᱮᱼᱵᱟᱹᱛᱤᱞ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱼᱵᱩᱴᱟᱹ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱨᱰᱩ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱹᱥᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱩᱱᱮᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱦᱳᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾^[᱓] ᱟᱭᱰᱤᱼᱴᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱥᱴᱨᱤᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱚᱱᱰᱚᱨᱰᱳᱢᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱵᱷ ᱯᱮᱨᱤᱴᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱦᱚᱲᱠᱩᱥᱤ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ 1990 ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱫ ᱫᱚᱛᱪ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱤᱸᱥ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ ᱤᱭᱩᱨᱳᱯ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ , ᱡᱟᱸᱦᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱭᱩᱠᱮᱹᱮᱹᱹ , ᱥᱯᱮᱹᱱ , ᱛᱚᱛᱮᱹᱞᱤ , ᱤᱭᱩ ᱮᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱟᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱟᱛᱟᱠ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾

ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ

ᱜᱮᱵᱽᱵᱟᱨ , ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱚᱵᱵᱟ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱨᱰᱠᱳᱨ ᱥᱮ ᱨᱩᱴᱟᱨᱰᱟᱢ ᱦᱟᱨᱰᱠᱳᱨ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱩᱯᱨᱩᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ , ᱤᱞᱮᱠᱴᱨᱚᱱᱤᱠ ᱥᱮᱹᱨᱮᱹᱧ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱨᱰᱠᱳᱨ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱳ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱩᱯᱚ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱾^[᱔] ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ 1990 ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱮᱥᱤᱰ ᱦᱩᱫᱥ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱳ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱵᱤᱴ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱫᱚ " ᱥᱩᱯᱟᱨᱯᱷᱟᱥᱴ ᱵᱤᱯᱤ ᱮᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱝᱼᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ " ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱱ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾^[᱕] ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱛ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱥᱮ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱴᱨᱟᱠ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱚᱢᱯᱮᱞ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱴᱤᱲᱤᱡ ᱨᱮ 140 ᱠᱷᱚᱱ 190 ᱵᱤᱴ ᱢᱩᱫᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾^[᱖] ᱜᱮᱵᱟᱨ / ᱮᱣᱟᱨᱞᱤ ᱦᱚᱨᱰᱠᱳᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱨᱮᱥ ᱪᱩᱨᱤᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱳᱭᱞᱳ ᱛᱮ ᱴᱤ99 ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱱᱟᱥᱛᱟᱥᱤᱭᱟ (1991) ᱴᱨᱮᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾^[᱗]^[᱘]

ᱜᱮᱵᱽᱵᱟᱨ ' ᱥᱟᱰ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱟᱢᱥᱴᱟᱨᱰᱟᱢ ᱵᱟᱨᱜᱳᱭᱮᱱᱥ ᱥᱞᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱵᱨᱤᱣ ᱪᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱫ " ᱢᱮᱴ " ᱥᱮ " ᱜᱟᱛᱮ " ᱾^[᱙] ᱟᱢᱥᱴᱟᱨᱰᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱰᱤᱡᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱩᱴᱟᱨᱰᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ , " ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱜᱮᱵᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱩᱡᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ , ᱯᱳᱭᱞᱳ ᱤᱭᱩᱨᱳᱢᱟᱥᱴᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱠᱳᱰ ᱨᱮ (1992 ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱩᱴᱟᱨᱰᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱠᱳᱰᱥ ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱛᱮ ᱪᱷᱟᱹᱲ ᱧᱟᱢ) ᱵᱷᱤᱱᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱯᱩᱞ ᱮᱞᱥᱴᱟᱠ ᱾ (ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱜᱚᱵᱟᱨ ᱦᱳᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱫᱚᱡᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾) ᱾ ᱨᱩᱴᱟᱨᱰᱟᱢ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱥᱟᱵᱟᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱲᱠᱩᱥᱤ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱡᱜᱮ ᱠᱚ " ᱜᱚᱵᱟᱨᱥ " ᱠᱚ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾

ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ

ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱥᱮᱨᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱵᱮᱞ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱢᱥᱴᱟᱨᱰᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱤ ᱡᱮ ᱯᱚᱞ ᱮᱞᱥᱴᱟᱠ ᱟᱜ ᱨᱩᱴᱟᱨᱰᱟᱢ ᱨᱤᱠᱟᱨᱰᱥ ᱢᱳᱠᱩᱢ ᱨᱤᱠᱟᱨᱰᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱤ ᱰᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱱᱤᱭᱳᱨᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱤ ᱥᱴᱨᱮᱱᱛᱷ ᱨᱤᱠᱟᱨᱰᱤᱝᱥ ᱾^[᱑᱐] ᱮᱞᱥᱴᱟᱠ ᱟᱨ ᱰᱤᱣ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱯᱳᱭᱞᱳ ᱠᱟᱹᱨᱤᱜᱚᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱢᱟᱨᱠ ᱮᱠᱟᱨᱰᱤᱯᱟᱱᱮ ' ᱫᱟ ᱯᱨᱟᱯᱷᱮᱴ ' ᱟᱨ ᱨᱩᱴᱟᱨᱰᱟᱢ ᱴᱟᱨᱢᱤᱱᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱥᱳᱨᱥ ᱾^[᱑᱐]

ᱮᱞᱥᱴᱮᱠ ᱟᱨ ᱰᱤ.ᱡᱤ. ᱨᱚᱵᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱳᱴᱟᱨᱰᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱨᱠᱥᱷᱤᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱱᱚᱨᱡᱤᱦᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ID&T ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱔᱐,᱐᱐᱐ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ Thunderdome ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱭᱰᱤᱼᱴᱤᱹ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢᱛᱮ 40,000 ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱚᱱᱰᱚᱨᱰᱳᱢ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ 1990 ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱚᱱᱰᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱨᱤᱠᱥᱴᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ 121 ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱮᱰ ᱵᱚᱭ ᱰᱟᱣᱩᱱ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱚᱵᱵᱟ ᱥᱯᱤᱰᱠᱳᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱞᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾^[᱑᱑] ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱼᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱡᱩᱠᱛᱚ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛᱨᱮ ᱜᱮᱵᱟᱨ ᱰᱨᱚᱯ ᱵᱟᱥ ᱱᱮᱴᱳᱣᱟᱨᱠ ᱞᱮᱵᱮᱞ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮ ᱮᱥᱮᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾

ᱱᱳᱴᱠᱚ

↑ "A Brief History of Gabber - The Netherlands Institute for Sound and Vision". Google Arts & Culture (in ᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱡᱤ). Retrieved 26 September 2021.
↑ "Thunderdome: the Dutch rave with the world's fastest, hardest music". the Guardian (in ᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱡᱤ). 30 October 2019. Retrieved 26 September 2021.
↑ "About". Multigroove (in ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱡᱤ). Retrieved 26 September 2021.
↑ "Hardcore History: Introducing Hardcore Techno". Archived from the original on 14 August 2011. Retrieved 25 February 2014.
↑ Muggs, Joe (10 January 2020). "Gabber: return of dance music's gloriously tasteless subgenre". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 9 July 2020. Retrieved 19 July 2020.
↑ Balli, Riccardo (2004). "How to Cure a Gabba". Dancecult. 6 (2). doi:10.12801/1947-5403.2014.06.02.12. Retrieved 19 July 2020.
↑ [᱑]
↑ "Archive copy". Archived from the original on 2023-06-24. Retrieved 2023-08-31.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
↑ "Hebrew and Yiddish Words in Common Dutch". Archived from the original on 27 July 2014. Retrieved 25 February 2014.
↑ ^᱑᱐.᱐ ^᱑᱐.᱑ "Thunderdome: 25 years of hardcore". Resident Advisor. Archived from the original on 28 May 2019. Retrieved 19 July 2020.
↑ "Dead by Dawn, Brixton, 1994-96". History is made at night. 29 September 2007. Retrieved 19 July 2020.

[1] "A Brief History of Gabber - The Netherlands Institute for Sound and Vision". Google Arts & Culture (in ᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱡᱤ). Retrieved 26 September 2021.

[2] "Thunderdome: the Dutch rave with the world's fastest, hardest music". the Guardian (in ᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱡᱤ). 30 October 2019. Retrieved 26 September 2021.

[3] "About". Multigroove (in ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱡᱤ). Retrieved 26 September 2021.

[4] "Hardcore History: Introducing Hardcore Techno". Archived from the original on 14 August 2011. Retrieved 25 February 2014.

[Muggs-Guardian-5] Muggs, Joe (10 January 2020). "Gabber: return of dance music's gloriously tasteless subgenre". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 9 July 2020. Retrieved 19 July 2020.

[Balli-6] Balli, Riccardo (2004). "How to Cure a Gabba". Dancecult. 6 (2). doi:10.12801/1947-5403.2014.06.02.12. Retrieved 19 July 2020.

[7] [᱑]

[8] "Archive copy". Archived from the original on 2023-06-24. Retrieved 2023-08-31.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)

[9] "Hebrew and Yiddish Words in Common Dutch". Archived from the original on 27 July 2014. Retrieved 25 February 2014.

[Thunderdome-10] ᱑᱐.᱐ ^᱑᱐.᱑ "Thunderdome: 25 years of hardcore". Resident Advisor. Archived from the original on 28 May 2019. Retrieved 19 July 2020.

[Dead_by_Dawn-11] "Dead by Dawn, Brixton, 1994-96". History is made at night. 29 September 2007. Retrieved 19 July 2020.

[᱑]

[᱒]

[᱓]

[᱔]

[᱕]

[᱖]

[᱗]

[᱘]

[᱙]

[᱑᱐]

[᱑᱑]