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Review
. 2013 Aug;6(4):588-603.
doi: 10.1007/s12265-013-9475-y. Epub 2013 May 30.

Vitamin D deficiency in early life and the potential programming of cardiovascular disease in adulthood

Oksan Gezmish  1 , Mary Jane Black
Affiliations
Review

Vitamin D deficiency in early life and the potential programming of cardiovascular disease in adulthood

Oksan Gezmish et al. J Cardiovasc Transl Res. 2013 Aug.

Abstract

Vitamin D deficiency is a major worldwide public health problem affecting people of all ages, from infants to the elderly. Of particular concern is the high incidence of vitamin D deficiency in women during pregnancy and lactation, leading to the exposure of the growing fetus/infant to inadequate levels of vitamin D, which is essential for normal development. Vitamin D deficiency in adulthood is linked to the etiology of hypertension and to a multitude of adverse cardiovascular outcomes. It is now well-established that the antecedents of cardiovascular disease can originate very early in life. The purpose of this review is to highlight how maternal vitamin D deficiency, and its effects in upregulating the fetal renin-angiotensin system and altering cardiomyocyte growth in the fetal heart, has the potential to program long-term vulnerability to cardiovascular disease.

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