\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n","publicationContext":"unlisted","breadcrumbs":null,"manualBreadcrumbs":null,"tags":[],"errors":[{"property":"linkedAuthors","message":"Author \"Our World in Data\" does not exist or is not published","type":"warning"}],"donors":[],"imageMetadata":{"air-pollution-sources-featured.png":{"id":3191,"filename":"air-pollution-sources-featured.png","defaultAlt":"Featured image","updatedAt":1742378745787,"originalWidth":3600,"originalHeight":1890,"cloudflareId":"5a98a347-7411-40c8-4c1b-30a542d22f00"},"foreign-aid-increase-featured.png":{"id":3075,"filename":"foreign-aid-increase-featured.png","defaultAlt":"Featured image","updatedAt":1741086433750,"originalWidth":3600,"originalHeight":1890,"cloudflareId":"486658e7-cc1e-4bed-f5a7-4c66b7ced500"},"foreign-aid-refugees-featured.png":{"id":3187,"filename":"foreign-aid-refugees-featured.png","defaultAlt":"Featured image","updatedAt":1742292594473,"originalWidth":3600,"originalHeight":1890,"cloudflareId":"78a7ce1c-2086-4716-c5dc-30f130bbee00"},"lgbt-rights-featured-image.png":{"id":271,"filename":"lgbt-rights-featured-image.png","defaultAlt":"Featured image for the topic page on LGBT+ Rights. 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The label \"2019 CO2 emissions\" is highlighted in red.\n\nThe top right graph for Egypt also illustrates a significant rise, increasing from 2.9 million tonnes in 2019 to 4.3 million tonnes by 2024.\n\nThe bottom left graph for Turkey demonstrates a continuous upward trend in emissions from 2019 to 2024, starting near 0 and reaching up to 15 million tonnes.\n\nThe bottom right graph for Portugal shows fluctuations, with emissions dropping below 2019 levels in 2021, but returning above it by 2024.\n\nThe data source for this information is OECD, with a note explaining that the figures include emissions from both domestic and international aviation and that international aviation emissions are assigned to the country of departure. The data pertains specifically to CO2 emissions from commercial passenger flights only.","updatedAt":1742992485078,"originalWidth":1620,"originalHeight":1620,"cloudflareId":"26bacdd1-492f-4eb5-e558-91f5d4ba3f00"},"cherry-blossom-2025.png":{"id":3372,"filename":"cherry-blossom-2025.png","defaultAlt":"A scatter plot showing the dates of peak cherry tree (Prunus jamasakura) blossoms in Kyoto, Japan, with the range of dates on the y-axis showing from March 11 to April 30. \n\nThe vertical axis is labeled with dates in late March to late April, while the horizontal axis ranges from the years 812 to 2025. \n\nPink dots represent individual blossom dates, with a darker red line marking the 20-year average blooming date, which trends earlier over time. \n\nThe note at the bottom clarifies that the average calculation requires at least five years of data within the 20-year interval and mentions that dates may vary by one day during leap years. \n\nThe data source is Yasuyuki Aono, from published work in 2021 and personal communications in 2025.","updatedAt":1744203510281,"originalWidth":1620,"originalHeight":1620,"cloudflareId":"784cf933-6441-4e0d-6ad5-b218b2f54e00"},"electricity-and-heat-drive-greenhouse-gas-emissions-in-the-worlds-largest-emitters.png":{"id":3251,"filename":"electricity-and-heat-drive-greenhouse-gas-emissions-in-the-worlds-largest-emitters.png","defaultAlt":"A data visualization titled \"Globally, electricity and heat produce the most emissions, but in some countries, transport now emits more,\" showing emissions measured in tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalents over a 100-year timescale. \n\nThe main section features a line graph for the world, indicating that electricity and heat (in blue) contribute significantly to carbon emissions, peaking around 200 million tonnes, while transport (in pink) shows a gradual increase. There are three smaller graphs for the United Kingdom, Austria, and the overall world, demonstrating trends from 1990 to 2021. \n\nIn the United Kingdom's graph, transport emissions appear fairly stable with some fluctuations, while electricity and heat emissions show a decline after peaking. Austria's graph follows a similar pattern. The gray lines represent other sectors, which include aviation, shipping, buildings, and waste, displaying lower and more stable levels of emissions across the graphs.\n\nThe footer notes that the data source is Climate Watch from 2024 and includes a note on what is categorized as \"Other\" emissions. It states that land-use change emissions are not included in these data.","updatedAt":1742897409828,"originalWidth":1620,"originalHeight":1620,"cloudflareId":"5ad2619d-a8a6-4d3e-da8e-f5aa4c25c000"},"every-world-region-and-ocean-has-warmed-the-arctic-ocean-and-europe-much-more-than-others":{"id":3277,"filename":"every-world-region-and-ocean-has-warmed-the-arctic-ocean-and-europe-much-more-than-others","defaultAlt":"A line graph titled \"Every world region and ocean has warmed â the Arctic Ocean and Europe much more than others\" displays the temperature differences between each decade's average surface temperature and a baseline average from 1991 to 2020, measured in degrees Celsius. The vertical axis has temperature values ranging from -2°C to 1°C. The horizontal axis lists decades from the 1940s to the 2010s.\n\nThe lines represent various regions and oceans, with the Arctic Ocean and Europe showing significant warming trends. The Arctic Ocean's line rises sharply, indicating an increase of 2.8°C in the 2010s compared to the 1940s. Europe's line also trends upward, showing a smaller but notable increase. Other regions and oceans are represented by less pronounced lines, which fluctuate around the average line.\n\nIn the footer, the data source is noted as \"Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information (2025) CC BY.\"","updatedAt":1743152986585,"originalWidth":1620,"originalHeight":1620,"cloudflareId":"640ed85c-147c-4bcb-2148-575560d1c700"},"flu-extinction-weekly-cases-b-yamagata.png":{"id":3272,"filename":"flu-extinction-weekly-cases-b-yamagata.png","defaultAlt":"A line graph titled \"Confirmed cases of influenza B Yamagata\" shows weekly confirmed cases of B Yamagata influenza worldwide from various types of influenza surveillance. The vertical axis represents the number of cases, ranging from zero to 5,000, while the horizontal axis covers the years from 2013 to 2025. The graph indicates significant fluctuations in case numbers over the years, with a noticeable peak just below 5,000 cases around 2019, followed by a steep decline. A data source note mentions that only a fraction of potential influenza cases is tested by labs for confirmation and strain identification. The data comes from FluNet, World Health Organization, and is dated 2023. The graph is licensed under CC BY.","updatedAt":1743074916286,"originalWidth":1620,"originalHeight":1620,"cloudflareId":"513be1e5-96bc-46d3-861f-c584ab6b7200"},"foreign-aid-governments-private-di.png":{"id":3142,"filename":"foreign-aid-governments-private-di.png","defaultAlt":"A bar graph titled \"More than 95% of foreign aid comes from governments, rather than private donors\" illustrates the distribution of foreign aid in 2023. The left portion shows a large maroon bar labeled \"Foreign aid from governments,\" reaching $232 billion. The right section features a smaller tan bar labeled \"Foreign aid from private donors,\" indicating $11 billion. A note beside the tan bar states that 4.5% of foreign aid came from private philanthropic donors. The footnote specifies that \"Private donors\" refers to philanthropic foundations reporting to OECD and excludes many individual charity donations or private investments. The data source is attributed to OECD (2024) and indicates that the information is shared under a Creative Commons BY license.","updatedAt":1741856411186,"originalWidth":1620,"originalHeight":1620,"cloudflareId":"3918cfd6-9297-4d0d-214c-ed96d210aa00"},"reported-polio-cases.png":{"id":3270,"filename":"reported-polio-cases.png","defaultAlt":"A line graph titled \"Reported polio cases in the United States\" displays the number of reported polio cases from 1910 to 2022. The vertical axis represents the number of cases, ranging from 0 to 60,000, while the horizontal axis indicates the years. 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The graph is attributed to \"Our World in Data\" and is licensed under CC BY.","updatedAt":1743065276309,"originalWidth":1620,"originalHeight":1620,"cloudflareId":"450e1311-e498-49be-ea6a-7a029a535c00"}},"linkedAuthors":[],"linkedCharts":{"child-mortality":{"configType":"grapher","originalSlug":"child-mortality","title":"Child mortality rate","tab":"chart","resolvedUrl":"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/child-mortality","thumbnail":"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/child-mortality.png","tags":[],"indicatorId":989105},"share-of-population-in-extreme-poverty":{"configType":"grapher","originalSlug":"share-of-population-in-extreme-poverty","title":"Share of population living in extreme 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With fewer flights, COâ emissions from commercial aviation fell sharply. The chart shows Egypt as an example, where they dropped by more than half.","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"parseErrors":[]},{"type":"text","value":[{"text":"As air travel rebounded, emissions rose too â in many countries, theyâve now surpassed pre-pandemic levels. These countries are highlighted in red on the chart.","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"parseErrors":[]},{"type":"text","value":[{"text":"Emissions from flying make up about ","spanType":"span-simple-text"},{"url":"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/aviation-share-co2","children":[{"text":"2.5% of global COâ emissions","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"spanType":"span-link"},{"text":", but ","spanType":"span-simple-text"},{"url":"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/carbon-footprint-travel-mode","children":[{"text":"air travel","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"spanType":"span-link"},{"text":" has one of the highest carbon footprints per passenger. As demand grows, reducing its impact will be important for meeting climate goals.","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"parseErrors":[]},{"type":"text","value":[{"url":"https://ourworldindata.org/global-aviation-emissions","children":[{"text":"Read my colleague Hannah Ritchieâs article to learn more about aviationâs contribution to global COâ emissions","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"spanType":"span-link"},{"text":" â","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"parseErrors":[]}],"refs":{"errors":[],"definitions":{}},"type":"data-insight","title":"In several countries, air travel emissions now surpass pre-pandemic levels","authors":["Veronika Samborska"],"figma-url":"https://www.figma.com/design/l8AusQOZfgaxJ0wVcMrTry/Charts-(2025)?node-id=10077-504&t=Iq1nji1lZgdXFHL2-0","approved-by":"Max","grapher-url":"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/annual-co-emissions-from-aviation","narrative-chart":"air-travel-co-emissions-fell-during-the-pandemicnow-theyre-higher-than-before-in-several-countries"}},{"id":"1qQXPsbbG_dMycpoxn5GZ61DM18zIjzwK8doTRuDS2Vg","slug":"japans-cherry-trees-have-been-blossoming-earlier-due-to-warmer-spring-temperatures","publishedAt":"2025-04-10T04:00:00.000Z","content":{"body":[{"size":"narrow","type":"image","filename":"cherry-blossom-2025.png","hasOutline":false,"parseErrors":[]},{"type":"text","value":[{"text":"The peak flowering of cherry trees in Kyoto, Japan, has been recorded since the ninth century. Yasuyuki Aono and colleagues from the Osaka Prefecture University collated this data from historical diaries and chronicles, indicating the dates on which cherry blossom viewing parties had been held or other observations of peak blossom.","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"parseErrors":[]},{"type":"text","value":[{"text":"In 2025, the peak cherry blossom happened on April 4th.","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"parseErrors":[]},{"type":"text","value":[{"text":"This long-run data is a proxy measure for how the climate has changed. The onset of cherry blossoms is linked with warmer temperatures. Since the early 20th century, the combined effects of urbanization and higher temperatures due to climate change have gradually moved the peak blossom earlier in the year.","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"parseErrors":[]},{"type":"text","value":[{"url":"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/date-of-the-peak-cherry-tree-blossom-in-kyoto","children":[{"text":"Explore this data in our interactive visualization","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"spanType":"span-link"},{"text":" â","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"parseErrors":[]}],"refs":{"errors":[],"definitions":{}},"type":"data-insight","title":"Japanâs cherry trees have been blossoming earlier due to warmer spring temperatures","authors":["Fiona Spooner"],"figma-url":"https://www.figma.com/design/l8AusQOZfgaxJ0wVcMrTry/Charts--2025-?node-id=10746-147&t=YptAxpsUXw8RU6FZ-1","approved-by":"Ed","grapher-url":"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/date-of-the-peak-cherry-tree-blossom-in-kyoto","narrative-chart":"day-of-the-year-with-peak-cherry-tree-blossom-in-kyoto-japan"}},{"id":"1eFJsyXW_r3Jns8DQBSpYy2Hjz8ijJ_gkgYcbLcxtKDk","slug":"the-arctic-is-the-worlds-region-that-has-warmed-the-most-followed-by-europe","publishedAt":"2025-04-09T04:00:00.000Z","content":{"body":[{"size":"narrow","type":"image","filename":"every-world-region-and-ocean-has-warmed-the-arctic-ocean-and-europe-much-more-than-others","hasOutline":false,"parseErrors":[]},{"type":"text","value":[{"text":"The world is heating up. By the 2010s, the global average temperature of the air above the surface was about 1°C higher than in the 1940s. But some regions are warming much faster.","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"parseErrors":[]},{"type":"text","value":[{"text":"The chart shows how average surface air temperatures have changed each decade across continents and oceans compared to historical averages.","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"parseErrors":[]},{"type":"text","value":[{"text":"The Arctic warmed more than any other region â by the 2010s, it was 2.8°C hotter than in the 1940s.","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"parseErrors":[]},{"type":"text","value":[{"text":"In the Arctic, melting sea ice ","spanType":"span-simple-text"},{"url":"https://climate.nasa.gov/news/927/arctic-amplification/","children":[{"text":"has amplified this temperature increase","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"spanType":"span-link"},{"text":": ice reflects sunlight, so having less of it leads to more warming.","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"parseErrors":[]},{"type":"text","value":[{"text":"Europe was in second. 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Under-five mortality rateLong-run estimates combining data from un & gapminder
What share of children die before their fifth birthday?
What could be more tragic than the death of a young child? Child mortality, the death of children under the age of five, is still extremely common in our world today.
The historical data makes clear that it doesn’t have to be this way: it is possible for societies to protect their children and reduce child mortality to very low rates. For child mortality to reach low levels, many things have to go right at the same time: good healthcare, good nutrition, clean water and sanitation, maternal health, and high living standards. We can, therefore, think of child mortality as a proxy indicator of a country’s living conditions.
The chart shows our long-run data on child mortality, which allows you to see how child mortality has changed in countries around the world.
Share of population living in extreme povertyWorld bank
What share of the population lives in extreme poverty?
The UN sets the “International Poverty Line†as a worldwide comparable definition for extreme poverty. Extreme poverty is currently defined as living on less than $2.15 per day. This indicator, published by the World Bank, has successfully drawn attention to the terrible depths of poverty of the poorest people in the world.
Two centuries ago, the majority of the world’s population was extremely poor. Back then, it was widely believed that widespread poverty was inevitable. This turned out to be wrong. Economic growth is possible and makes it possible for entire societies to leave the deep poverty of the past behind. Whether or not countries are leaving the worst poverty behind can be monitored by relying on this indicator.
Life expectancy at birthLong-run estimates collated from multiple sources by our world in data
How has people’s life expectancy changed over time?
Across the world, people are living longer. In 1900, the global average life expectancy of a newborn was 32 years. By 2021, this had more than doubled to 71 years.
Big improvements were achieved by countries around the world. The chart shows that life expectancy has more than doubled in every region of the world. This improvement is not only due to declining child mortality; life expectancy increased at all ages.
This visualization shows long-run estimates of life expectancy brought together by our team from several different data sources. It also shows that the COVID-19 pandemic led to reduced life expectancy worldwide.
Per capita COâ‚‚ emissionsLong-run estimates from the global carbon budget
How have COâ‚‚ emissions per capita changed?
The main source of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions is the burning of fossil fuels. It is the primary greenhouse gas causing climate change.
Globally, CO2 emissions have remained at just below 5 tonnes per person for over a decade. Between countries, however, there are large differences, and while emissions are rapidly increasing in some countries, they are rapidly falling in others.
The source for this CO2 data is the Global Carbon Budget, a dataset we update yearly as soon as it is published. In addition to these production-based emissions, they publish consumption-based emissions for the last three decades, which can be viewed in our Greenhouse Gas Emissions Data Explorer.
GDP per capitaLong-run estimates from the maddison project database
How do average incomes compare between countries around the world?
GDP per capita is a very comprehensive measure of people’s average income. This indicator reveals how large the inequality between people in different countries is. In the poorest countries, people live on less than $1,000 per year, while in rich countries, the average income is more than 50 times higher.
The data shown is sourced from the Maddison Project Database. Drawing together the careful work of hundreds of economic historians, the particular value of this data lies in the historical coverage it provides. This data makes clear that the vast majority of people in all countries were poor in the past. It allows us to understand when and how the economic growth that made it possible to leave the deep poverty of the past behind was achieved.
What share of the population is suffering from hunger?
Hunger has been a severe problem for most of humanity throughout history. Growing enough food to feed one’s family was a constant struggle in daily life. Food shortages, malnutrition, and famines were common around the world.
The UN’s Food and Agriculture Organization publishes global data on undernourishment, defined as not consuming enough calories to maintain a normal, active, healthy life. These minimum requirements vary by a person’s sex, weight, height, and activity levels. This is considered in these national and global estimates.
The world has made much progress in reducing global hunger in recent decades. But we are still far away from an end to hunger, as this indicator shows. Tragically, nearly one in ten people still do not get enough food to eat and in recent years — especially during the pandemic — hunger levels have increased.
Literacy rateLong-run estimates collated from multiple sources by our world in data
When has literacy become a widespread skill?
Literacy is a foundational skill. Children need to learn to read so that they can read to learn. When we fail to teach this foundational skill, people have fewer opportunities to lead the rich and interesting lives that a good education offers.
The historical data shows that only a very small share of the population, a tiny elite, was able to read and write. Over the course of the last few generations, literacy levels increased, but it remains an important challenge for our time to provide this foundational skill to all.
At Our World in Data, we investigated the strengths and shortcomings of the available data on literacy. Based on this work, our team brought together the long-run data shown in the chart by combining several different sources, including the World Bank, the CIA Factbook, and a range of research publications.
Share of the population with access to electricityWorld bank
Where do people lack access to even the most basic electricity supply?
Light at night makes it possible to get together after sunset; mobile phones allow us to stay in touch with those far away; the refrigeration of food reduces food waste; and household appliances free up time from household chores. Access to electricity improves people’s living conditions in many ways.
The World Bank data on the world map captures whether people have access to the most basic electricity supply — just enough to provide basic lighting and charge a phone or power a radio for 4 hours per day.
It shows that, especially in several African countries, a large share of the population lacks the benefits that basic electricity offers. No radio and no light at night.