Suqraṭ

Suqraṭ
Tameddurt
Talalit	Alopèce (fr) d Atena, 469 BCE
Taɣlent	Athènes (fr)
Axxam-is	Athènes (fr)
Lmut	Atena, 15 Fuṛaṛ 399 BCE
Tamentilt n tmekkest	suicide forcé (fr) (hemlock poisoning (en) )
Tawacult
Baba-s	Sophronisque
Yemma-s	Phainarète
Tissulya akked	Xanthippe (fr) ; Myrtó (fr)
Arraw-is	view Lamproclès (fr) ; Ménexène (fr) ;
Tiɣri
Tutlayin	grec ancien (fr)
Inelmaden	view Platon; Xénophon (fr) ; Antisthène (fr) ; Aristippe de Cyrène (fr) ; Isocrate (fr) ; Euclide de Mégare (fr) ; Phédon d'Élis (fr) ; Eschine de Sphettos (fr) ; Chéréphon (fr) ; Simmias de Thèbes (fr) ; Cébès (fr) ; Ménexène (fr) ; Apollodoros (fr) ; Alcibiade (fr) ;
Amahil
Amahil	afelsuf, aselmad, amaru d éthicien ou éthicienne (fr)
Influenced by	Anaxagore de Clazomènes (fr) , Présocratiques (fr) d sophiste (fr)
Membership	boulè (fr)
IMDb	nm1419271

Suqraṭ d afelsaf agrigi n lqern wis 5 qb.S.Ɛ (ilul ahat di 470/469 qb.S.Ɛ, yemmut di 399 qb.S.Ɛ). Yettwassen belli d netta i d-yesnulfan tafelseft tamsirant (morale). Di tilawt ur d-yeǧǧi ara kra n tira, maca tewweḍ-aɣ-d tedmi-is s wudem arusrid seg wa ɣer wa. Amedya, inemladen-is Flaṭun d Gzinifun refden tamussni-is rnan sseɣren-tt s telqey iwakken ad yeqqim yisem-is.

Imniren

Tazwart:

Suqraṭ d yiwen seg yifelsafen imeqqranen n Ugrik aqbur, yettwassen s waṭas ɣef tiktiwin-is timeẓyanin d wamek i yettxemmim ɣef tmeddurt d tmusni. Yella d aselmad n Flaṭun, daɣen d win i yeǧǧan lfayda tameqqrant i tfelsuft n Ugrik.^[1]

Tameddurt:

Ilul-d deg temdint n Atena, yekker-d deg twacult yellan d talemmast. Baba-s yella d aneccab n yiẓra, ma d yemma-s d taqebbalt. Yeɣra aṭas armi yuɣal d afelsuf. Di tudert-is yezweǧ d Xantipa, yesɛa kraḍ n warraw-is. Yella d aserdas deg yimnayen n Atena, anda i d-yeskan tazmert d tebɣest.

Tamettant-is:

Deg useggas n 399 uqbel talalit n Ɛisa, Suqraṭ yettwanɣa s ssem seg yimḍebbren n Atena. Rdan-t s sin n yiberdan:

Yettarra ilemẓiyen ttwalin di nnig n yilugan n tmetti
Ur yettamen ara deg yirebbiten n Atena

Tafelsuft-is:

Suqraṭ ur d-yeǧǧi ara idlisen s timmad-is, maca neẓra tiktiwin-is seg wayen i d-yuran yinelmaden-is, ladɣa Flaṭun. Tafelsuft-is tebna ɣef kraḍ n yiḥricen igejdanen:

Tamusni d tilelli s usteqsi: Yenna-d belli tamusni d allal n tlelli. Ɣur-s, amdan ilaq ad yissin iman-is akken ad yili d ilelli. Yessexdem abrid n usteqsi d tririt akken ad yaweḍ ɣer tmusni timeɣradant.
Tuẓult d tumert: Yefka azal ameqqran i tuẓult d tumert deg tmetti. Yenna-d belli amdan ilaq ad yexdem ayen yelhan maci ɣef tugdi n yiberdan n tmetti, maca ɣef tmusni n wayen yelhan.
Tamussni n yiman: Suqraṭ iwekked-d ɣef wazal n uskasi n yiman d unadi ɣef tmusni. Yumen belli ma yeqbel yiwen tawaresnit-is(ljehl-is), d abrid amezwaru ɣer tmusni n tidet.

tmusni d tlelli s usteqsi:

Tamusni d tlelli s usteqsi d asentel agejdan deg tiẓri tafelsafit n Suqraṭ.

Assaɣ ger tmusni d tlelli: Suqraṭ yessufeɣ-d belli tamussni d allal agejdan n tlelli. Ɣur-s, amdan ur yezmir ara ad yili d ilelli ma yella ur yessin ara iman-is akked tidet. Yenna-d belli tilelli d tazmert n umdan ad yexdem ayen yelhan s tmusni, maci s ccek neɣ s tugdi. Deg wayen-a, yessegza-d belli tamussni n tidet d tazmert n uxemmem s timmad-ik d allalen igejdanen n tlelli.

Abrid n usteqsi d tririt: Suqraṭ yesnulfa-d abrid-is deg useqsi d tririt, isemman "tarrayt n Suqraṭ", i d-yemmalen amek ara yaweḍ umdan ɣer tmusni:

Amezwaru: Yettabaɛ sin n yiswiren igejdanen:

Asumer n tiktiwin d yisteqsiyen
Asefhem n tiktiwin s useqsi d tririt

Wis sin: Yeskan-d belli abrid-a yebna ɣef:

Asteqsi n tiktiwin yellan
Anadi n tuccḍiwin
Asnulfu n tiktiwin timaynutin

Azal n usteqsi deg tmusni: Suqraṭ yefka azal ameqqran i usteqsi deg unadi n tmusni. Yenna-d belli asteqsi d allal n unadi n tidet, acku yessakay allaɣ ad yexdem, ad yesteqsi tiktiwin yellan, daɣen ad yaf tuccḍiwin. Deg wayen-a, yessegza-d belli asteqsi d allal n tnekra n wallaɣ.

Tiririt ɣef yisteqsiyen: Di tfelsafit-is, Suqraṭ yessexdem tiririt s useqsi nniḍen akken ad yesseɣres tiktiwin n wid i yettmeslayen yid-s. S ubrid-a:

Yessufuɣ-d tuccḍiwin deg tektiwin
Yessishil afham n tidet
Yesseḥsas imdanen ɣef wayen ur ssinen ara

Tiẓri n Suqraṭ ɣef wassaɣen yellan ger tmusni d tlelli s useqsi d tririt tella d tiẓri tamaynut i ibeddlen amek i nettwali tamusni d tlelli. Tiẓri-a mazal tettwasexdam deg uselmed d tezrawin timiḍranin, ladɣa deg wayen yerzan:

Allalen n uselmed
Abrid n unadi n tmusni

Assaɣen yellan ger tmusni d tlelli

tuẓult d tumert:

Deg tfelsafit n Suqraṭ, taluft n tuẓult d tumert tella d taluft tagejdant. Afelsuf-a yessufeɣ-d tagnit tamaynut n tuẓult d tumert yemgaraden ɣef wayen i ssnen yemdanen deg tallit-is, yefka azal ameqqran i wassaɣen yellan gar-asen deg tmetti.

Anamek n tuẓult d tumert ɣer Suqraṭ: Tuẓult, ɣer Suqraṭ, mačči d ayen i d-yekkan seg yilugan n tmetti neɣ n ddin kan, maca d ayen i d-yekkan seg tmusni n wayen yelhan d wayen n tidet. Yenna-d belli amdan ilaq ad yissin azal n tuẓult s timmad-is akken ad tt-yexdem s tumert, maci s tugdi. Yessegza-d daɣen belli tumert n tidet tettili-d seg lexdima n tuẓult, mačči seg wayen i d-yessumer umdan i yiman-is.

Assaɣen ger tuẓult d tumert: Suqraṭ yessefhem-d belli tuẓult d tumert ur zemrent ara ad msefraqent. Ɣur-s:

Tuẓult tettawi ɣer tumert timeɣradant
Tumert timeɣradant ur tezmir ara ad tili mebla tuẓult
Assaɣ-a yettwabna ɣef tmusni n tidet
Amdan ilaq ad yissin ayen yelhan akken ad t-yexdem s tumert

Azal n tmusni deg tuẓult: Deg wayen yerzan assaɣen ger tmusni d tuẓult, Suqraṭ yessers kraḍ n yilugan igejdanen:

Tamsalt n tmusni d tazwart i tuẓult
Tuẓult ur tezmir ara ad tettwassen mebla tmusni
Tamsalt n tmusni d allal i useḥbiber ɣef tuẓult

Tazmert n tuẓult deg tmetti: Suqraṭ yefka azal ameqqran i tuẓult deg tmetti. Yessegza-d belli:

Tuẓult d allal n usuref n tmetti
Tuẓult tessiweḍ ɣer tumert n tidet
Tuẓult tessiweḍ ɣer tlelli n tidet
Tuẓult d allal n usiweḍ ɣer tmusni

tmussni n yiman:

Deg tfelsafit n Suqraṭ, aqbal n twaresnit d asentel agejdan i unadi n tmusni d tidet. Afelsuf yessufeɣ-d belli akken ad yaweḍ umdan ɣer tmusni n tidet, ilaq-as ad yeqbal deg tazwara twaresnit-is, anamek-is ayen ur yessin ara.

Ɣer Suqraṭ, twaresnit mačči d taluft n lexṣaṣ neɣ n tugdin, maca d taluft n uqbel n wayen ur nessin ara. Yessers llsas n waya s tanfalit-is taẓayant: "Ssneɣ belli ur ssineɣ ara", i d-yemmalen azal n uqbal n wayen ur nessin ara akken ad naweḍ ɣer tmusni.

Iswiren n uqbal n twaresnit: Suqraṭ yessegza-d belli aqbel n twaresnit yettili-d deg kraḍ n yiswiren:

Aqbal n twaresnit: d asawel amezwaru i yal amdan
Asenked n twaresnit: d allal n unadi n tmusni
Asnulfu n tektiwin timaynutin: d abrid ɣer tmusni n tidet

Amek ara neqbel twaresnit: Deg wayen yerzan amek ara neqbel twaresnit, Suqraṭ yessers-d sin n yiberdan:

Asteqsi d tririt: i useḥbiber ɣef wayen ur neẓri ara
Askasi: i tmussni n twaresnit-nneɣ

Tazmert n uqbal n twaresnit: Suqraṭ yessegza-d belli aqbel n twaresnit yesɛa tazmert deg:

Anadi n tmusni: acku yettarra amdan ad inadi ɣef wayen ur yessin ara
Asnulfu n tiktiwin: acku yettarra amdan ad yesnulfu tiktiwin timaynutin
Tamussni n tidet: acku yettawi ɣer tmusni n tidet

Taggara: Tiẓri n Suqraṭ ɣef uqbal n twaresnit tbeddel amek i nettwali assaɣen yellan ger twaresnit d tmusni. Teǧǧa-d lfayda meqqren i tfelsufit n tmusni, tessers llsas i waṭas n tezrawin timaynutin.^[2]

↑ Apologie de socrate
↑ A Companion to Socrates

[1] Apologie de socrate

[2] A Companion to Socrates

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