This chapter examines the factors that promote entrepreneurial projects in established companies.... more This chapter examines the factors that promote entrepreneurial projects in established companies. A set of forty triggers is proposed and ways in which triggers can be classified are suggested. A conceptual model links types of triggers to specific types of entrepreneurial ...
There has been a paucity of research to date that has explored whether incentive systems-in the f... more There has been a paucity of research to date that has explored whether incentive systems-in the form of monetary payments to inventors, their department or institution, or to university technology transfer office (UTTO) personnel-affect entrepreneurial activities at U.S. universities. To shed light on whether financial incentives to scientists, their departments, and UTTO personnel effect entrepreneurial activity, we used both qualitative data (structured interviews with 128 UTTO directors) and quantitative data from surveys and databases available on the web. Our results show surprisingly and opposite to our theoretical predictions that incentives to scientists and to their departments are negatively related to entrepreneurial activity. In addition and consistent with theory-based predictions, pay to UTTO personnel is positively related to entrepreneurial activity. We conclude with a discussion that offers some implications to research, practice, and theory in the field of technology transfer.
... misconduct. Heather A. Haveman is Professor of Sociology and Business at the University of Ca... more ... misconduct. Heather A. Haveman is Professor of Sociology and Business at the University of California, Berkeley. ... Policy. Scott F. Rockart is an Assistant Professor at University of North Carolina's Kenan Flagler Business School. ...
Although much has been written about the quantity of jobs created by entrepreneurs, scholars have... more Although much has been written about the quantity of jobs created by entrepreneurs, scholars have yet to examine the quality of these jobs. In this article, the authors begin to address this important issue by examining nearly 5,000 businesses that began operations in 2004. They investigate the extent to which nascent employers provide what many think of as quality jobs-those offering health care coverage and a retirement plan. The authors find that because of small scale, constrained resources, and protection from institutional pressures, start-up companies do not provide their employees with either of these proxies for job quality, and their likelihood of offering health or retirement benefits increases only marginally over their first six years of operation. The finding that entrepreneurs' impressive record of job creation is not matched by a similarly impressive outcome with respect to job quality challenges policymakers to ensure that entrepreneurs are encouraged to create quality employment opportunities in the course of creating new businesses.
Advances in the Study of Entrepreneurship, Innovation, and Economic Growth, 2005
We review and synthesize the burgeoning literature on institutions and agents engaged in the comm... more We review and synthesize the burgeoning literature on institutions and agents engaged in the commercialization of university-based intellectual property. These studies indicate that institutional incentives and organizational practices both play an important role in enhancing the effectiveness of technology transfer. We conclude that university technology transfer should be considered from a strategic perspective. Institutions that choose to stress the entrepreneurial dimension of technology transfer need to address skill deficiencies in technology transfer offices (TTOs), reward systems that are inconsistent with enhanced entrepreneurial activity, and education/training for faculty members, post-docs, and graduate students relating to interactions with entrepreneurs. Business schools at these universities can play a major role in addressing these skill and educational deficiencies, through the delivery of targeted programs to technology licensing officers and members of the campus community wishing to launch startup firms. JEL classification: M13 ; D24; L31; O31; O32
Hofer, A. et al. (2010), “From Strategy to Practice in University Entrepreneurship Support: Stren... more Hofer, A. et al. (2010), “From Strategy to Practice in University Entrepreneurship Support: Strengthening Entrepreneurship and Local Economic Development in Eastern Germany: Youth, Entrepreneurship and Innovation”, OECD Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED) Working ...
... William Pratt House 9 Dewey Court Northampton Massachusetts 01060 USA A catalogue record for ... more ... William Pratt House 9 Dewey Court Northampton Massachusetts 01060 USA A catalogue record for this book is available from the ... ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN EMERGING REGIONS 1 The dynamics of an emerging entrepreneurial region in Ireland 9 Frank Roche, Rory O'Shea ...
... 5 Baber, Fairfield, and Haggard (1991), and Perry and Grinaker (1994) that R&D expenditur... more ... 5 Baber, Fairfield, and Haggard (1991), and Perry and Grinaker (1994) that R&D expenditures ... 15 For example, James (1999) demonstrates in a two-period model how founding management family ownership provides incentives to invest according to the market rule (ie, positive ...
This study attempts to reveal how entrepreneurial policies that encompass the opportunity, indivi... more This study attempts to reveal how entrepreneurial policies that encompass the opportunity, individual, and resource drivers of entrepreneurship explain the dynamics of new firm formation in a country. To do so we rely on the Schumpeterian, industrial organization economics, and organizational ecology traditions of economic growth, and performed an exploratory test with longitudinal U.S. data from 1968 to 1993. The results of this study suggest that technological knowledge capital, labor mobility, economic opportunity structure, and a nation's carrying capacity for entrepreneurship are important areas in which government policy can positively influence the intensity of new firm formation.
This study extends innovation speed theory by empirically linking the antecedents and outcomes of... more This study extends innovation speed theory by empirically linking the antecedents and outcomes of technology commercialization at universities. Assessing university technology transfer offices (UTTOs) in the U.S., we found that the faster UTTOs can commercialize patent-protected technologies, the greater their licensing revenues streams and the more new ventures they spin off. Furthermore, using commercialization time as a surrogate for innovation speed, we identify several determinants of speed. That is, UTTO resources and the competency in identifying licensees are related to commercialization time. Also, the participation of faculty-inventors in the licensing process is a critical determinant of commercialization time. Illustrating that innovation speed is an antecedent of performance as well as a desired outcome in and of itself, provides support for innovation speed theory.
E arly writings in economics describe the entrepreneur's role in terms of bearing the uncertainty... more E arly writings in economics describe the entrepreneur's role in terms of bearing the uncertainty inherent in new undertakings. Much of the research published in the pages of Production and Operations Management deals with management under uncertainty. The shared concerns over the impacts of multiple types of uncertainty suggest that research on Operations Management (OM) can play a role in the development of theory in entrepreneurship. We discuss aspects of such a role from two perspectives. First, we consider several topics in the OM literature that have clear applications or parallels in entrepreneurship. These topics include innovation, the management of technology, new product development, flexibility, and hedging strategies. Understanding these topical connections should aid in the development of tools and applications central to the practice of entrepreneurship. On another level, when we consider how the approaches to many of these topics in OM are grounded in theory adapted from Operations Research and Economics we argue that these same roots can be used as starting points for the development of theory in entrepreneurship. As examples, we will argue that the theoretical bases supporting robust optimization, stochastic dynamic programming, and even Total Quality Management can also serve as foundations of theories about the roles, practice, and behaviors of entrepreneurs.
This study examined the human and social capital factors associated with higher post-succession f... more This study examined the human and social capital factors associated with higher post-succession firm performance in family enterprises in Singapore. We also investigated the moderating influence of the board of directors in terms of its service role as stewards of the enterprise. We found that a successor's industry experience and diversity of network ties were positively associated with firm performance and boards that focused their role as advisors to the successor enhanced post-succession firm performance.
By examining the level of ownership concentration across firms, we determine how principal-princi... more By examining the level of ownership concentration across firms, we determine how principal-principal conflict, defined as the incongruence of ownership goals among shareholder groups in a corporation, impacts agency costs of Chinese boards of directors. Based on data from Chinese companies listed on the Shanghai and Shenzhen stock exchanges during 1999-2003, we found that ownership concentration had a U-shaped relationship with board compensation, board size and the presence of independent directors. These results provide corroborating evidence that principal-principal conflict can lead to high agency costs.
There has been a paucity of research to date that has explored whether incentive systems-in the f... more There has been a paucity of research to date that has explored whether incentive systems-in the form of monetary payments to inventors, their department or institution, or to university technology transfer office (UTTO) personnel-affect entrepreneurial activities at U.S. universities. To shed light on whether financial incentives to scientists, their departments, and UTTO personnel effect entrepreneurial activity, we used both qualitative data (structured interviews with 128 UTTO directors) and quantitative data from surveys and databases available on the web. Our results show surprisingly and opposite to our theoretical predictions that incentives to scientists and to their departments are negatively related to entrepreneurial activity. In addition and consistent with theory-based predictions, pay to UTTO personnel is positively related to entrepreneurial activity. We conclude with a discussion that offers some implications to research, practice, and theory in the field of technology transfer.
This chapter examines the factors that promote entrepreneurial projects in established companies.... more This chapter examines the factors that promote entrepreneurial projects in established companies. A set of forty triggers is proposed and ways in which triggers can be classified are suggested. A conceptual model links types of triggers to specific types of entrepreneurial ...
There has been a paucity of research to date that has explored whether incentive systems-in the f... more There has been a paucity of research to date that has explored whether incentive systems-in the form of monetary payments to inventors, their department or institution, or to university technology transfer office (UTTO) personnel-affect entrepreneurial activities at U.S. universities. To shed light on whether financial incentives to scientists, their departments, and UTTO personnel effect entrepreneurial activity, we used both qualitative data (structured interviews with 128 UTTO directors) and quantitative data from surveys and databases available on the web. Our results show surprisingly and opposite to our theoretical predictions that incentives to scientists and to their departments are negatively related to entrepreneurial activity. In addition and consistent with theory-based predictions, pay to UTTO personnel is positively related to entrepreneurial activity. We conclude with a discussion that offers some implications to research, practice, and theory in the field of technology transfer.
... misconduct. Heather A. Haveman is Professor of Sociology and Business at the University of Ca... more ... misconduct. Heather A. Haveman is Professor of Sociology and Business at the University of California, Berkeley. ... Policy. Scott F. Rockart is an Assistant Professor at University of North Carolina's Kenan Flagler Business School. ...
Although much has been written about the quantity of jobs created by entrepreneurs, scholars have... more Although much has been written about the quantity of jobs created by entrepreneurs, scholars have yet to examine the quality of these jobs. In this article, the authors begin to address this important issue by examining nearly 5,000 businesses that began operations in 2004. They investigate the extent to which nascent employers provide what many think of as quality jobs-those offering health care coverage and a retirement plan. The authors find that because of small scale, constrained resources, and protection from institutional pressures, start-up companies do not provide their employees with either of these proxies for job quality, and their likelihood of offering health or retirement benefits increases only marginally over their first six years of operation. The finding that entrepreneurs' impressive record of job creation is not matched by a similarly impressive outcome with respect to job quality challenges policymakers to ensure that entrepreneurs are encouraged to create quality employment opportunities in the course of creating new businesses.
Advances in the Study of Entrepreneurship, Innovation, and Economic Growth, 2005
We review and synthesize the burgeoning literature on institutions and agents engaged in the comm... more We review and synthesize the burgeoning literature on institutions and agents engaged in the commercialization of university-based intellectual property. These studies indicate that institutional incentives and organizational practices both play an important role in enhancing the effectiveness of technology transfer. We conclude that university technology transfer should be considered from a strategic perspective. Institutions that choose to stress the entrepreneurial dimension of technology transfer need to address skill deficiencies in technology transfer offices (TTOs), reward systems that are inconsistent with enhanced entrepreneurial activity, and education/training for faculty members, post-docs, and graduate students relating to interactions with entrepreneurs. Business schools at these universities can play a major role in addressing these skill and educational deficiencies, through the delivery of targeted programs to technology licensing officers and members of the campus community wishing to launch startup firms. JEL classification: M13 ; D24; L31; O31; O32
Hofer, A. et al. (2010), “From Strategy to Practice in University Entrepreneurship Support: Stren... more Hofer, A. et al. (2010), “From Strategy to Practice in University Entrepreneurship Support: Strengthening Entrepreneurship and Local Economic Development in Eastern Germany: Youth, Entrepreneurship and Innovation”, OECD Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED) Working ...
... William Pratt House 9 Dewey Court Northampton Massachusetts 01060 USA A catalogue record for ... more ... William Pratt House 9 Dewey Court Northampton Massachusetts 01060 USA A catalogue record for this book is available from the ... ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN EMERGING REGIONS 1 The dynamics of an emerging entrepreneurial region in Ireland 9 Frank Roche, Rory O'Shea ...
... 5 Baber, Fairfield, and Haggard (1991), and Perry and Grinaker (1994) that R&D expenditur... more ... 5 Baber, Fairfield, and Haggard (1991), and Perry and Grinaker (1994) that R&D expenditures ... 15 For example, James (1999) demonstrates in a two-period model how founding management family ownership provides incentives to invest according to the market rule (ie, positive ...
This study attempts to reveal how entrepreneurial policies that encompass the opportunity, indivi... more This study attempts to reveal how entrepreneurial policies that encompass the opportunity, individual, and resource drivers of entrepreneurship explain the dynamics of new firm formation in a country. To do so we rely on the Schumpeterian, industrial organization economics, and organizational ecology traditions of economic growth, and performed an exploratory test with longitudinal U.S. data from 1968 to 1993. The results of this study suggest that technological knowledge capital, labor mobility, economic opportunity structure, and a nation's carrying capacity for entrepreneurship are important areas in which government policy can positively influence the intensity of new firm formation.
This study extends innovation speed theory by empirically linking the antecedents and outcomes of... more This study extends innovation speed theory by empirically linking the antecedents and outcomes of technology commercialization at universities. Assessing university technology transfer offices (UTTOs) in the U.S., we found that the faster UTTOs can commercialize patent-protected technologies, the greater their licensing revenues streams and the more new ventures they spin off. Furthermore, using commercialization time as a surrogate for innovation speed, we identify several determinants of speed. That is, UTTO resources and the competency in identifying licensees are related to commercialization time. Also, the participation of faculty-inventors in the licensing process is a critical determinant of commercialization time. Illustrating that innovation speed is an antecedent of performance as well as a desired outcome in and of itself, provides support for innovation speed theory.
E arly writings in economics describe the entrepreneur's role in terms of bearing the uncertainty... more E arly writings in economics describe the entrepreneur's role in terms of bearing the uncertainty inherent in new undertakings. Much of the research published in the pages of Production and Operations Management deals with management under uncertainty. The shared concerns over the impacts of multiple types of uncertainty suggest that research on Operations Management (OM) can play a role in the development of theory in entrepreneurship. We discuss aspects of such a role from two perspectives. First, we consider several topics in the OM literature that have clear applications or parallels in entrepreneurship. These topics include innovation, the management of technology, new product development, flexibility, and hedging strategies. Understanding these topical connections should aid in the development of tools and applications central to the practice of entrepreneurship. On another level, when we consider how the approaches to many of these topics in OM are grounded in theory adapted from Operations Research and Economics we argue that these same roots can be used as starting points for the development of theory in entrepreneurship. As examples, we will argue that the theoretical bases supporting robust optimization, stochastic dynamic programming, and even Total Quality Management can also serve as foundations of theories about the roles, practice, and behaviors of entrepreneurs.
This study examined the human and social capital factors associated with higher post-succession f... more This study examined the human and social capital factors associated with higher post-succession firm performance in family enterprises in Singapore. We also investigated the moderating influence of the board of directors in terms of its service role as stewards of the enterprise. We found that a successor's industry experience and diversity of network ties were positively associated with firm performance and boards that focused their role as advisors to the successor enhanced post-succession firm performance.
By examining the level of ownership concentration across firms, we determine how principal-princi... more By examining the level of ownership concentration across firms, we determine how principal-principal conflict, defined as the incongruence of ownership goals among shareholder groups in a corporation, impacts agency costs of Chinese boards of directors. Based on data from Chinese companies listed on the Shanghai and Shenzhen stock exchanges during 1999-2003, we found that ownership concentration had a U-shaped relationship with board compensation, board size and the presence of independent directors. These results provide corroborating evidence that principal-principal conflict can lead to high agency costs.
There has been a paucity of research to date that has explored whether incentive systems-in the f... more There has been a paucity of research to date that has explored whether incentive systems-in the form of monetary payments to inventors, their department or institution, or to university technology transfer office (UTTO) personnel-affect entrepreneurial activities at U.S. universities. To shed light on whether financial incentives to scientists, their departments, and UTTO personnel effect entrepreneurial activity, we used both qualitative data (structured interviews with 128 UTTO directors) and quantitative data from surveys and databases available on the web. Our results show surprisingly and opposite to our theoretical predictions that incentives to scientists and to their departments are negatively related to entrepreneurial activity. In addition and consistent with theory-based predictions, pay to UTTO personnel is positively related to entrepreneurial activity. We conclude with a discussion that offers some implications to research, practice, and theory in the field of technology transfer.
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Papers by Phillip Phan