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Tampa Bay

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Àtụ:Infobox body of water

Tampa Bay
bay
Akụkụ nkeGulf of Mexico Dezie
akara alaTampa Bay Dezie
inflowsHillsborough River, Manatee River, Alafia River, Little Manatee River, Tampa Bypass Canal Dezie
basin countryFlórídạ Dezie
mba/obodoNjikota Obodo Amerika Dezie
nhazi ọnọdụ27°45′45″N 82°32′45″W Dezie
Map

Tampa Bay bụ nnukwu ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri sitere n'okike na ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri na-emighị emi nke jikọtara na Ọwara Mexico nke dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri ọdịda anyanwụ-etiti. Florida, nke gụnyere Hillsborough Bay, McKay Bay, Old Tampa Bay, Middle Tampa Bay na Lower Tampa Bay. Mmiri kachasị mma na-abanye n'ime ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri ahụ bụ Osimiri Hillsborough, nke na-asọba na Hillsborough Bay na etiti obodo Tampa. Ọtụtụ obere osimiri na iyi ndị ọzọ na-asọbakwa na Tampa Bay, na-ebute nnukwu mpaghara mmiri.

Ụsọ mmiri nke Tampa Bay bụ ebe obibi nke Weedon Island Culture na mgbe ahụ omenala nke Safety Harbor ruo ọtụtụ puku afọ. Ọdịbendị ndị a dabere na Tampa Bay maka nri, mmiri ahụ bara ọgaranya nke na ha bụ otu n'ime ọdịbendị ụmụ amaala America ole na ole na-enweghị ọrụ ugbo. O yikarịrị ka Tocobaga bụ isi ọchịchị kachasị n'ógbè ahụ mgbe ndị nchọpụta Spanish rutere na mmalite afọ Otu puku na narị ise , mana o yikarịrị na e nwere obere isi ọchịchị n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri nke edeghị nke ọma. Ọrịa na agha egbuola ndị obodo ahụ na ngwụcha afọ Otu puku na narị isii, ọ nweghịkwa ebe obibi mmadụ na-adịgide adịgide n'ógbè ahụ ruo ihe karịrị otu narị afọ. United States weghaara Florida n'afọ 1821 wee guzobe Fort Brooke n'ọnụ Osimiri Hillsborough n'afọ 1824.

Obodo ndị gbara Tampa Bay gburugburu toro nke ukwuu n'ime narị afọ nke 20. Taa, mpaghara ahụ bụ ebe obibi ihe dị ka nde mmadụ 4, na-eme Tampa Bay ka ọ bụrụ ụzọ azụmahịa na nke ntụrụndụ a na-ejikarị eme ihe ma na-edobe ya na-abawanye ụba nke mmetọ sitere na ụlọ ọrụ, ọrụ ugbo, nsị mmiri na mmiri na-asọpụta n'elu. Na mmalite afọ nke 1980s ewedara ogo mmiri dị n'ọnụ mmiri ahụ nke ukwuu, na-akpata mbelata dị egwu na ndụ oké osimiri ma belata nnweta maka ntụrụndụ. E meela nlekọta ka ukwuu n'ime iri afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya iji belata mmetụta nke ebe obibi mmadụ na Tampa Bay, ọkachasị ụlọ ọrụ nhicha nsị na ọtụtụ ọrụ mweghachi ahịhịa mmiri, na-akpata mma mmiri ka oge na-aga. Otú ọ dị, mgbe ụfọdụ, red tide na algae ndị ọzọ na-acha uhie uhie emeela ka nchegbu banyere ahụike na-aga n'ihu nke estuary.[1]

A na-ejikarị okwu ahụ bụ "Tampa Bay" eme ihe dị ka mkpirisi na-ezo aka na mpaghara niile ma ọ bụ akụkụ nke Tampa Bay, nke nwere ọtụtụ obodo na obodo dị iche iche nke gbara nnukwu mmiri gburugburu. Mgbalị ịre ahịa na ịre ahịa mpaghara (gụnyere ọtụtụ ndị otu egwuregwu ndị ọkachamara, bọọdụ ndị njem nlegharị anya, na ụlọ azụmaahịa) na-ejikarị moniker "Tampa Bay",", na-akwalite echiche na-ezighi ezi na ọ bụ aha otu obodo mgbe nke a abụghị ikpe.[2][3]

Ọdịdị ala

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Mmiri Tampa Bay sitere na USGS

Mmalite ya

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Tampa Bay hiwere ihe dị ka afọ puku isii gara aga dị ka ebe mmiri na-asọ oyi nke nwere nnukwu ọnụ na-ejikọta ya na nnukwu osimiri. Gulf of Mexico. Tupu oge ahụ, ọ bụ nnukwu ọdọ mmiri dị ọcha, nke nwere ike ịbụ site na Floridan Aquifer site na isi iyi okike.[4] Ọ bụ ezie na a ghọtachaghị usoro nke mgbanwe site n'ọdọ mmiri gaa n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri, echiche na-eduga bụ na ịrị elu nke oke osimiri na-esote oge ice ikpeazụ tinyere ịmepụta nnukwu oghere dị nso n'ọnụ mmiri ahụ ugbu a mepụtara njikọ n'etiti ọdọ mmiri na ọwara mmiri ahụ.

Mmekọrịta gburugburu ebe obibi

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Tampa Bay bụ nnukwu mmiri na-emeghe na Florida, na-agbasa ihe karịrị square narị anọ miles (1,000 km2) ma na-emepụta ụsọ oké osimiri nke Hillsborough, Manatee na Pinellas counties. A na-ekesa isi iyi mmiri dị ọcha nke ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri ahụ n'etiti ihe karịrị otu narị obere mmiri, kama otu osimiri.[5] Osimiri Hillsborough bụ isi iyi mmiri dị ọcha kachasị ukwuu, na osimiri Alafia, Manatee, na Little Manatee bụ isi iyi kachasị ukwuu. N'ihi ọtụtụ mmiri ndị a na-abanye n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri ahụ, nnukwu mmiri ya na-ekpuchi akụkụ nke mpaghara Florida ise na ihe dịka square Puku abụọ na narị abụọ (5,700 km2).[6]

Ala nke Tampa Bay bụ ájá na ájá, na nkezi omimi mmiri nke naanị ihe dị ka mita 12.7. Mmiri na-adịghị omimi na apịtị apịtị na-enye ohere maka nnukwu ahịhịa mmiri, yana ala mmiri mangrove gbara ya gburugburu, ọnụ mmiri ahụ na-enye ebe obibi maka anụ ọhịa dịgasị iche iche. A na-ahụ ihe karịrị ụdị azụ 200 na mmiri nke ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri ahụ, tinyere bottlenose dolphins na manatees, tinyere ọtụtụ ụdị anụmanụ na-enweghị azụ nke mmiri gụnyere oysters, scallops, clams, shrimp na crab. Ihe karịrị ụdị nnụnụ iri na abụọ, gụnyere pelicans na-acha aja aja, ụdị dị iche iche nke heron na egret, Roseate spoonbills, cormorants na gulls na-achị ọchị na-eme ka ụlọ ha kwa afọ n'akụkụ osimiri ya na obere agwaetiti ya, yana ọtụtụ ụdị ndị ọzọ na-akwaga na-esonyere ha n'oge oyi. Ọnwa ndị na-ajụ oyi bụkwa mgbe mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ na-esi na ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik ndị dị n'akụkụ ọnụ mmiri ahụ na-adọta otu n'ime manatees isii ọ bụla nke West Indian, ụdị dị n'ihe ize ndụ, na mpaghara ahụ.[7]

Nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi

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Nchekwa gburugburu

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A họpụtara Tampa Bay dị ka "estuary nke mba pụtara" site na United States Environmental Protection Agency na 1990. Abụọ National Wildlife Refuges dị na Tampa Bay: Pinellas National Wildlife Refuge na ebe mgbaba na Egmont Key. Ọtụtụ n'ime agwaetiti (gụnyere ọtụtụ agwaetiti ndị mmadụ rụrụ site na nkwakọrọ) na sandbars bụ ihe ọha na eze machibidoro, n'ihi gburugburu ebe obibi ha na-adịghị ike na ojiji ha dị ka ebe obibi nke ọtụtụ ụdị nnụnụ. Tampa Bay Estuary Program na-eleba anya na ahụike nkeBay.[8]

Mmetọ

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Tampa Bay nwere azụ̀ na anụ ọhịa juru. Ndị bi na Safety Harbor na-ebi ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ kpamkpam site na mullet, shellfish, turtles, manatees, crabs, na ihe nrite ndị ọzọ ewetere n'oké osimiri. N'ihe dị ka mmalite narị afọ nke iri abuo, na ihe ndị ọzọ a na-ewepụta n'oké osimiri. Ka ọ na-erule mmalite narị afọ nke 20, ndị nleta ka na-akọ nnukwu ụlọ akwụkwọ nke mullet na-egwu mmiri gafee ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke na ha "egbochi ụgbọ mmiri".[9]

Ntọala na uto ngwa ngwa nke obodo ndị gbara ya gburugburu n'oge narị afọ nke 20 kpatara nnukwu mmebi na gburugburu ebe obibi nke ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri ahụ. Nnukwu owuwe ihe ubi nke azụ na ihe ndị ọzọ dị n'oké osimiri, ịdọrọ ọwa ụgbọ mmiri mgbe niile, na iwepụ mangroves maka mmepe n'ụsọ oké osimiri bụ ihe dị mkpa.[10] Ihe kachasị emebi bụ nsị mmiri na mmetọ ndị ọzọ n'ime ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri ahụ, nke mebiri ogo mmiri.[11] Ahụike nke ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri ahụ ruru ala na 1970s. Mmiri ahụ gbara ọchịchịrị nke na ìhè anyanwụ enweghị ike iru ala na-adịghị omimi, na-ebelata ahịhịa mmiri site na ihe karịrị 80% ma e jiri ya tụnyere na mbido narị afọ ahụ ma na-emetụta usoro okike mmiri nke ukwuu. Ọtụtụ ụdị a na-ahụkarị na mbụ bịara ụkọ, a na-emechikwa ụsọ mmiri dị n'akụkụ mmiri mgbe niile n'ihi oke nje na mmetọ adịghị mma.[11][12]

Malite na mbido afọ 1980 mgbe iwu gọọmentị etiti na nke steeti iji melite ogo mmiri, ndị ọchịchị wụnyere ụlọ ọrụ nhicha mmiri ka mma ma mee ka iwu siri ike nke ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, na-eduga n'iji nwayọ ma na-aga n'ihu na mma mmiri na ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi n'ozuzu.[13] Ka ọ na-erule n'afọ 2010, ọnụọgụ nke ahịhịa mmiri, mmiri doro anya, na ụdị dị iche iche emeela ka ọ dịkwuo mma ruo n'ókè ikpeazụ a hụrụ na nke afọ 1950s.

Otú ọ dị, mmiri ozuzo nke ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na nke ọrụ ugbo tinyere mmiri na-asọpụta site na mpaghara ndị mepere emepe na-anọgide na-eyi ihe egwu na-aga n'ihu na gburugburu ebe obibi mmiri dị n'ọnụ mmiri, karịsịa site n'itinye mmiri ahụ na sedimenti na algae blooms, na mkpuchi mmiri na-adaba ntakịrị na njedebe 2010.[12][14][1] Mmetọ mmiri mkpofu sitere na ụlọ ọrụ phosphate ochie dị nso n'ikperé mmiri abụwo nsogbu pụrụ iche. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, n'afọ 2004, mmiri ruru nde galọn iri isii na ise nke mmiri acid site na ụlọ ọrụ Cargill phosphate dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri ahụ metụtara ala mmiri dị nso na mmiri ahụ.[15]

N'ọnwa Eprel 2021, mmebi nke ebe nchekwa mmiri na ụlọ ọrụ phosphate Piney Point mechiri emechi mere ka ihe karịrị nde galọn narị abụọ nke ihe na-edozi ahụ na-asọba n'ime ala Tampa Bay.[16] Uto nke red tide algae mere ka ecocide ma gbuo ihe karịrị Otu puku tọn azụ n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri na n'akụkụ ụsọ oké osimiri dị nso ma nwee ike ibute mmebi ọzọ na ala ahịhịa mmiri.[1]

Mgbanwe ihu igwe

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Tampa Bay, dị ka akụkụ ndị ọzọ nke Florida, nwere oke nsogbu maka ịrị elu nke oke osimiri nke mgbanwe ihu igwe kpatara.[14] iri nke oké osimiri arịwo elu sentimita asatọ (200 mm) kemgbe afọ 1946.[14] Tampa Bay bụkwa otu n'ime ebe ndị dị na US kacha nọrọ n'ihe ize ndụ mgbe ajọ ifufe na-abata n'ihi ọnọdụ ya, ọnụ ọgụgụ na-arịwanye elu, na ọdịdị ala nke ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri ahu.[17]

Tampa Bay Regional Resiliency Coalition na-ahazi nzaghachi mpaghara ahụ maka mgbanwe ihu igwe.[18] Ogbe nile na Bay, gụnyere St. Petersburg na Tampa na-emegharị akụrụngwa na ụlọ iji chee mgbanwe ihu na ọkwa oke osimiri.[14]

Ebe obibi mmadụ

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Map zuru ezu mbụ a maara nke Tampa Bay, nke Don Francisco Maria Celi nke Spanish Royal Fleet, 1757. Map na-eche ihu n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ n'elu. Peninsula Pinellas dị na ala, peninsula Tampa dị n'etiti, Osimiri Hillsborough gosipụtara na ọ na-agbasa n'ime ime n'elu aka ekpe.

Ndị bi na mbụ

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Ụmụ mmadụ ebiela na Florida ruo ọtụtụ puku afọ, ọ dịkarịa ala afọ puku iri na anọ

N'ihi ice zuru ụwa ọnụ, oke osimiri dị ala n'oge ahụ, na mpaghara Florida gbatịrị ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ kilomitiri isii 60 n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ nke ụsọ oké osimiri taa. A chọtawo ebe Paleo-Indian n'akụkụ osimiri na ọdọ mmiri dị n'ebe ugwu Florida, na-eduga na ịkọ nkọ na ndị Floridians mbụ a bikwa na Tampa Bay mgbe ọ ka bụ ọdọ mmiri mmiri dị ọcha.[19] Achọtawo ihe akaebe nke ebe obibi mmadụ site n'oge mbụ a na saịtị Harney Flats, nke dị ihe dịka kilomita iri n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ nke ebe dị ugbu a n'akụkụ mmiri Tampa.[20]

Ihe akaebe mbụ nke ebe obibi mmadụ kpọmkwem n'ikperé mmiri nke Tampa Bay sitere na ọdịbendị Manasota, ọdịiche nke ọdịbendị Weeden Island, bụ ndị biri n'ógbè ahụ malite n'ihe dị ka afọ puku afọ ise ruo puku isii gara aga, mgbe oke osimiri rịrị elu ruo nso ọkwa ọgbara ọhụrụ ma jikọta ọdụ ahụ na Gulf of Mexico.[21] Omenala a, nke na-adabere ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ naanị na ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri maka nri na ihe ndị ọzọ, ejiri omenala Safety Harbor yiri ya dochie ya site na ihe dịka 800 AD. Mba ndị na-emetụta Tampa Bay bụ mba Tocobaga nke akụkọ ihe mere eme, ndị a maara na ha so n'etiti ndị nna nna nke agbụrụ Seminole na Miccosukee nke Florida.[22][23]

Nnyocha Europe

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Omenala Safety Harbor bụ ihe na-achịkwa n'ógbè ahụ n'oge mbụ ya na ndị Europe zutere n'etiti afọ gara aga otu puku afọ na narị ise . Tocobaga, ndị wuru obodo ha dị nso na Safety Harbor nke taa n'akụkụ ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ nke Old Tampa Bay, bụ ndị otu kachasị edepụtara edepụtara site n'oge ahụ n'ihi na ha na ndị nchọpụta Spanish nwere mmekọrịta kachasị. Otú ọ dị, e nwere ọtụtụ obodo ndị ọzọ dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri nke a haziri n'ime obere ọchịchị dị iche iche gburugburu ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri ahụ.[24]

N'ịchọtaghị ọla edo ma ọ bụ ọlaọcha n'ebe dị nso na enweghị ike ime ka ndị obodo ahụ ghọọ Iso Ụzọ Kraịst, ndị Spen anọghị na Tampa Bay ruo ogologo oge.. Otú ọ dị, ọrịa ha webatara gburu ndị obodo ahụ n'ime iri afọ ndị sochirinụ, na-eduga n'ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ọdịda zuru oke nke ọdịbendị ọ bụla e guzobere gafee Florida. N'etiti mbelata a na enweghị mmasị nke ndị nwe ya, mpaghara Tampa Bay ga-abụ ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ na ọ dịghị ebe obibi ruo ihe fọrọ nke ọ bụrụ afọ narị abụọ.

Ndị na-eme map n'oge mbụ nyere Tampa Bay aha dị iche iche. Map ndị Spain sitere n'afọ1584 na-akọwa Tampa Bay dị ka Baya de Spirito Santo ("Bay of the Holy Spirit").[25] Map e dere n'afọ 1695 gosipụtara ebe ahụ dị ka Bahia Tampa.[26] Map ndị e mechara dee n'afọ 1794 na 1800 na-egosi ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri ahụ kewara aha atọ dị iche iche, Tampa Bay n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ nke ala Interbay na Hillsboro Bay n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ na aha zuru oke nke Bay of Spiritu Santo.[27][28] N'oge ndị ọzọ, a maara ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri ahụ dum dị ka Ọwara[29] nke Tocobaga.

Nchịkwa United States

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United States nwetara Florida n'aka Spain n'afọ 1821. Aha Spirito Santo yiri ka ọ lara n'iyi na map nke mpaghara ahụ maka "Tampa Bay" (mgbe ụfọdụ kewara na Tampa na Hillsboro Bays) n'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe US guzobere Fort Brooke n'ọnụ Osimiri Hillsborough n'afọ 1824.[30] N'ime iri afọ ole na ole sochirinụ, n'oge Agha Seminole, Tampa Bay ga-abụ isi ihe esemokwu, njide, na ịchụpụ ndị Seminole & Miccosukee nke Florida. Fort Brooke, Fort Dade, na ụlọ ọrụ ndị agha Amerika dị iche iche Egmont Key bụ ebe ndị isi metụtara iwepụ Seminole na akụkụ Floridian nke Trail of Tears.[31][32][33][34][35]

N'ime afọ narị sochirinụ, e guzobere ọtụtụ obodo ọhụrụ gburugburu ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri ahụ. Fort Brooke mụrụ Tampa n'ụsọ oké osimiri n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ, Fort Harrison (obere ogige ndị agha n'ụsoro oké osimiri ọdịda anyanwụ Florida) mụrụ Clearwater, ebe azụmahịa nke "Braden's Town" ghọrọ Bradenton n'ebe ndịda, St. Petersburg toro ngwa ngwa mgbe e guzobesịrị ya na ngwụcha narị afọ nke 19, n'ụsoropo ọdịda anyanwụ nke Tampa. Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2010, okirikiri Tampa Bay bụ ebe obibi nke ihe karịrị nde mmadụ anọ bi.

Ụgbọ njem

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Site n'oké osimiri

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Ka Tampa malitere itolite n'etiti afọ 1800, okporo ụzọ gafere etiti Florida ka bụ naanị ụzọ siri ike na ụzọ ụgbọ okporo ígwè agbataghị na mpaghara Florida, yabụ ụzọ kachasị mfe maka ịga na ịpụ n'ógbè ahụ bụ site n'oké osimiri. Ka ọ na-erule ngwụcha narị afọ nke iri na itoolu, Otú ọ dị, ọdịdị na-adịghị omimi nke Tampa Bay mere ka ọ ghara ikwe omume maka nnukwu ụgbọ mmiri nke oge a nwere mmiri miri emi iru obodo Tampa na Hillsboro Bay. Ọtụtụ ụgbọ mmiri ga-esi n'ikpere mmiri gbado nke ọma ma bufee ibu na ndị njem n'ime obere ụgbọ mmiri na-ebuga na isi obodoi.[9]

Ụgbọ okporo ígwè Henry B. Plant rutere ebe ahụ n'afọ 1884 wee gafee Interbay Peninsula gaa Old Tampa Bay, ebe o wuru obodo na ụlọ ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri nke Port Tampa na njedebe ya.[36] N'afọ 1898, Plant jiri njikọ ya na gọọmentị etiti mee ka Port Tampa bụrụ isi ebe mbata maka ndị agha US n'oge Agha Spanish na America, nke dugara na US Congress na-ewepụta ego maka ndị agha United States Army Corps of Engineers iji malite nnukwu ọrụ mbu na Tampa Bay. E mepụtara ụzọ ụgbọ mmiri miri emi nke jikọtara Port Tampa na ọnụ ọnụ mmiri ahụ, na-enyere Plant aka ịgbasawanye ụgbọ mmiri ya nke ukwuu.[37][38] N'afọ 1917, Corps of Engineers wepụrụ ọwa ọzọ site n'ọnụ Tampa Bay ruo n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Tampa, na-eme ka obodo ahụ bụrụ ebe mbupu dị mkpa ozugbo.

Corps of Engineers ugbu a na-elekọta ihe karịrị kilomita iri asatọ nke ọwa mmiri miri emi na Tampa Bay ruo omimi nke mita Iri anọ na asaa. A ga-anọgide na-agbanye ma na-eme ka ha dị omimi n'ihi ọdịdị ájá nke ala ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri. Ọ bụ ezie na draedging emeela ka azụmahịa n'oké osimiri bụrụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke akụ na ụba mpaghara Tampa Bay, ọ mebiri ogo mmiri na gburugburu ebe obibi. E nlezianya ka ukwuu n'ime iri afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya iji belata mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi nke draging.[39] A na-ejikwa ihe ndị e wepụrụ n'ala mepụta ọtụtụ agwaetiti na-apụnara mmadụ ihe n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Hillsboro Bay. Agwaetiti ndị a aghọwo ebe dị mkpa maka ọtụtụ nnụnụ mmiri, gụnyere ụdị ndị na-eyi egwu dị ka oystercatchers, a họpụtakwara ha dị ka "àgwàetiti dị nsọ" nke ndị na-enweghị ike ịhapụ ndị na-agba ụgbọ mmiri.[40][41]

Ọdụ Ụgbọ Mmiri na Tampa Bay
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  • Port Tampa Bay (nke a maara dị ka Port of Tampa ruo 2014): ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri kachasị ochie na Tampa Bay, nwere ike ịchọta mgbọrọgwụ ya na ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri nke Fort Brooke na 1820s. Ugbu a ọ dị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ na ndịda ọwụwawụwa anyanwụ nke etiti Tampa na Hillsboro na McKay Bays. Ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri kachasị ukwuu na Florida; nke 10 kachasị na mba ahụ. Port Tampa Bay na-anabata ọkara nke ibu Florida n'ụdị buru ibu, roll-on / roll-off, refrigerated na container cargo, na ngwaahịa mmanụ.[42] Ebe obibi maka nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ na-arụzi ụgbọ mmiri na ụlọ ọrụ na ọtụtụ ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri.[43]
  • Port Tampa: Henry B. Plant guzobere ya na 1885 na njedebe nke ụzọ ụgbọ okporo ígwè Plant System n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Old Tampa Bay. E kpuchiri ya na tonnage na mkpa site na ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Tampa na mbido afọ 1900, mana ọ ka bụ ebe dị mkpa maka mmanụ ụgbọ elu nke a na-ebugharị na ọdụ ụgbọ elu Tampa International na MacDill Air Force Base dị nso.
  • Port Manatee: Ọ dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri ndịda nke Lower Tampa Bay. Ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ n'ọdụ mmiri ọ bụla nke Gulf of Mexico. Ọ bụ onye nke ise n'ime ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri iri na anọ nke Florida na ngụkọta nke ibu kwa afọ.[44]
  • Ọdụ Ụgbọ Mmiri St. Petersburg: Ọ dị n'akụkụ mmiri St. Petersburg na Old Tampa Bay ma bụrụ nke obodo ahụ na-arụ ọrụ. Nke kachasị nta n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Florida, na-ejikarị ụgbọ mmiri onwe. Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ nke US Coast Guard.[45]

Site n'ala

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Sunshine Skyway site na ndịda ya, St. Petersburg n'ebe dị anya.

Na mbido narị afọ nke Iri abụọ , ịgagharị n'ala n'etiti obodo ndị na-eto eto gburugburu Tampa Bay bụ usoro siri ike. Njem ahụ n'etiti Tampa na St. Petersburg fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ kilomita Iri ise (kilomita 80) gburugburu njedebe ugwu nke Old Tampa Bay ma were ihe ruru awa iri na abuo site na ụgbọ okporo ígwè na ihe karịrị otu ụbọchị zuru ezu n'okporo ụzọ ndị a na-ejighị n'aka site na ụgbọ ala.[46][47] Njem ahụ dị n'etiti St. Petersburg na Bradenton dị ọbụna karịa kilomita iri asaa(kilomita otu narị na iri ) gburugburu Tampa Bay, njem nke ka were ihe dị ka awa abụọ n'ime afọ 1950.[48]

N'afọ 1924, Gandy Bridge n'elu Old Tampa Bay belatara anya ịkwọ ụgbọala n'etiti Tampa na St. Petersburg ruo kilomita iri na itoolu (31).[49] Afọ iri ka e mesịrị, e wuru Davis Causeway (nke e mechara kpọwa Courtney Campbell Causeway) n'etiti Clearwater na Tampa. Àkwà mmiri ndị ọzọ gafere Tampa Bay n'ime iri afọ ndị sochirinụ, na-eme njem n'etiti obodo ndị gbara ya gburugburu ngwa ngwa ma na-akwalite mmepe akụ na ụba nke mpaghara Tampa Bay.

Àkwà mmiri ndị gafere Tampa Bay
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  • Sunshine Skyway Bridge: Emeghe ya n'afọ 1954. Ọ na-agafe Lower Tampa Bay site na Bradenton n'ebe ndịda ruo St. Petersburg n'ebe ugwu, na-ebelata oge njem n'etiti Manatee na Pinellas Counties. Akụkụ nke I-275 & US 19.
  • Gandy Bridge: Emeghere ya n'afọ 1924 (àkwà mmiri mbụ n'okporo ụzọ Tampa Bay). Ọ gafere Old Tampa Bay site na Tampa n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ ruo St. Petersburg n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ. Akụkụ nke US ụzọ nke iri itoolu na abuo.
  • Howard Frankland Bridge: Emeghere ya n'afọ 1960. Ọ gafere n'etiti Old Tampa Bay site na Tampa n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ ruo St. Pete n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ. Akụkụ nke I-275.
  • Courtney Campbell Causeway: Emeghere ya n'afọ 1934. Ọ na-agafe n'ebe ugwu Old Tampa Bay site na Tampa n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ ruo Clearwater n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ. Akụkụ nke Florida State Road 60.
  • Bayside Bridge: Emeghe ya n'afọ 1993. Ọ na-agba n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke Old Tampa Bay site na Largo / St. Petersburg n'ebe ndịda ruo Clearwater n'ebe ugwu. E wuru ya iji nyere aka belata mkpọchi okporo ụzọ na US-19 dị nso.
  • <b id="mwAZc">22nd Street Causeway</b>: Emeghere ya na 1926. Akụkụ àkwà mmiri gafere ọnụ McKay Bay dị nso na Port Tampa Bay. Akụkụ nke US Route 41.
Tony Jannus na-akwọ ụgbọelu mbụ a haziri ahazi n'ụwa n'elu Tampa Bay, 1914. Ụgbọelu ahụ bụ Benoist XIV.

Ihe isi ike nke njem n'etiti Tampa na St. Petersburg na mmalite narị afọ nke iri abuo kpaliri ọrụ ụgbọ elu mbụ a haziri ahazi n'ụwa, St. Petersburg-Tampa Airboat Line, nke rụrụ ọrụ n'oge oge njem nleta nke 1914.[46][47]

Ọ bụ ezie na iwu àkwà mmiri mere ka njem ụgbọelu gafee Tampa Bay bụrụ ihe na-adịghị mkpa, e wuru ọtụtụ ọdụ ụgbọ elu n'akụkụ osimiri. E guzobere ọdụ ụgbọ elu Albert Whitted na St. Petersburg waterfront na ọdụ ụgbọ elu Peter O. Knight na Davis Island dị nso n'etiti obodo Tampa n'afọ 1930s. , Tampa International Airport na St. Pete–Clearwater International ọdụ ụgbọ elu e hiwere n'akụkụ nke ọzọ nke Old Tampa Bay, na MacDill Air Force Base meghere na ndịda n'ọnụ ọnụ Tampa's Interbay Peninsula.

Hụkwa ihe ọzọ

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Edensibia

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Sampson. "Red Tide's return raises fears about the health of Tampa Bay", Tampa Bay Times, July 23, 2021. Retrieved on August 30, 2021. (in en)
  2. ↑ Craig Pittman (July 7, 2008). Media found the Rays, lost the 'Bay'. St. Petersburg Times. Archived from the original on June 7, 2011. Retrieved on 2010-04-10.
  3. ↑ Guzzo. "Tampa Bay is not the name of a city, locals say. History proves it was.", Tampa Bay Times, November 16, 2022. Retrieved on November 16, 2022. (in en)
  4. ↑ Edgar (2002). "Holocene and Pleistocene Marine and Non-marine Sediment from Tampa Bay, Florida". Harvard.edu 2002. 
  5. ↑ GulfBase - Tampa Bay and Keys. gulfbase.org. Archived from the original on 13 September 2015. Retrieved on 12 April 2015.
  6. ↑ Map of the Tampa Bay Watershed (22 March 2009). Archived from the original on 22 March 2009.
  7. ↑ "Can manatees survive without warm waters from power plants?", Tampa Tribune (tbo.com), Jan. 8, 2011.
  8. ↑ Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named TPEP
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Some Historical Accounts of the Natural Conditions in Tampa Bay and Hillsborough County. Archived from the original on 2011-07-20. Retrieved on 2011-01-23.
  10. ↑ Tampa Bay. epa.gov. Retrieved on 12 April 2015.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Seagrass Meadows of Tampa Bay - A Review. Archived from the original on 2011-07-20. Retrieved on 2011-01-23.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Carter. "Seagrass In Tampa Bay Declined 13 Percent In Recent Years", WUSF Public Media, May 17, 2021. Retrieved on August 30, 2021. (in en)
  13. ↑ Ten Communities: Profiles in Environmental Progress. nara.gov. Archived from the original on 13 January 2015. Retrieved on 12 April 2015.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 Fortado (September 20, 2019). Tampa Bay cities prepare for rising sea levels and storm risk. Financial Times. Archived from the original on 2022-12-10. Retrieved on 2021-02-18.
  15. ↑ Salinero (September 2, 2012). Mosaic Co. environmental project to revive ecological disaster area. Archived from the original on February 4, 2013. Retrieved on May 6, 2020.
  16. ↑ Callihan. "A worst case at Piney Point? Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Convert/data' not found. wall of water. DeSantis tours site, stresses safety", Miami Herald, April 4, 2021. Retrieved on 4 April 2021.
  17. ↑ Resnick (2019-09-11). 26 feet of water: What the worst-case hurricane scenario looks like for Tampa Bay. Vox. Retrieved on 2022-11-16.
  18. ↑ Wilson (February 22, 2019). Climate change is here. Will Tampa Bay finally get ready? (en). Tampa Bay Times. Retrieved on 2020-02-16.
  19. ↑ Florida's Indians. ufl.edu. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved on 12 April 2015.
  20. ↑ Florida anthropologist. ufl.edu. Archived from the original on 22 February 2015. Retrieved on 12 April 2015.
  21. ↑ Manasota. Co.pinellas.fl.us. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved on 2010-04-10.
  22. ↑ ((Florida Center for Instructional Technology, College of Education, University of South Florida)). Tocobaga Indians of Tampa Bay. Exploring Florida. University of South Florida. Retrieved on 9 September 2022.
  23. ↑ SemTribe. The Ancestors. Seminole Tribe of Florida. Seminole Tribe. Archived from the original on 9 September 2022. Retrieved on 9 September 2022.
  24. ↑ Tocobaga Indians of Tampa Bay. Fcit.usf.edu. Archived from the original on 2010-04-06. Retrieved on 2010-04-10.
  25. ↑ University of Georgia Libraries, Hargrett Rare Books and Manuscript Library: 1584 map of La Florida. Archived from the original on January 14, 2009. Retrieved on April 27, 2009.
  26. ↑ University of Georgia Libraries, Hargrett Rare Books and Manuscript Library: 1695 Spanish Map. Archived from the original on June 24, 2009. Retrieved on April 27, 2009.
  27. ↑ Historical Map Archive: The Peninsula and Gulf of Florida, or New Bahama Channel, with the Bahama Islands. Archived from the original on February 14, 2009. Retrieved on April 27, 2009.
  28. ↑ University of Georgia Libraries, Hargrett Rare Books and Manuscript Library: An exact map of North and South Carolina & Georgia, with East and West Florida. Archived from the original on June 1, 2010. Retrieved on April 27, 2009.
  29. ↑ Swanton (April 1952). "De Soto's First Headquarters in Florida". The Florida Historical Quarterly 30 (4). Retrieved on 30 January 2023. 
  30. ↑ Historical Map Archive: 1933 Map of Florida by A. Finley, Philadelphia. Archived from the original on February 14, 2009. Retrieved on April 27, 2009.
  31. ↑ Morrow. 'We're not extinct': Seminole Tribe of Florida highlights Tampa history for Indigenous People's Day. Channel 10 News, Tampa Bay. Retrieved on 9 September 2022.
  32. ↑ Guzzo. Seminole Tribe searches for remains of ancestors on Egmont Key. The Tampa Bay Times. The Tampa Bay Times. Retrieved on 9 September 2022.
  33. ↑ Guzzo. They can't turn back waves, but USF and Seminoles are preserving Egmont Key in digital form. The Tampa Bay Times. The Tampa Bay Times. Retrieved on 9 September 2022.
  34. ↑ Simpson. Seminole Trails of Tears. Seminole Nation, Indian Territory. Seminole Nation, Indian Territory. Retrieved on 9 September 2022.
  35. ↑ O'Brian. National Wildlife Refuges Along the Trail of Tears. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. Retrieved on 9 September 2022.
  36. ↑ Henry Plant's Southern Empire. plantmuseum.com. Archived from the original on 3 April 2015. Retrieved on 12 April 2015.
  37. ↑ Corps, Port Consider Channel Widening Options. Baysoundings.com. Archived from the original on 7 September 2015. Retrieved on 5 September 2015.
  38. ↑ The Spanish–American War. plantmuseum.com. Archived from the original on 17 February 2015. Retrieved on 12 April 2015.
  39. ↑ Dredging and Dredged: Material Management. Archived from the original on 2015-04-02. Retrieved on 2015-03-23.
  40. ↑ Sanctuary Islands. audubon.org. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved on 12 April 2015.
  41. ↑ Hammett, Yvette (12 April 2015). Port Tampa Bay has to dredge with care in nesting season. Tampa Tribune. Archived from the original on 26 February 2016. Retrieved on 12 April 2015.
  42. ↑ Port of Tampa will fuel region with new $56 million petroleum terminal. Tampa Bay Times. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved on 12 April 2015.
  43. ↑ About the Tampa Port Authority. Archived from the original on 16 September 2015. Retrieved on 5 September 2015.
  44. ↑ Port Facts. portmanatee.com. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved on 12 April 2015.
  45. ↑ Port St. Pete - St. Petersburg. www.stpete.org. Archived from the original on 2015-04-01.
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 The World's First Scheduled Airline. Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum (2007). Archived from the original on 2 October 2015. Retrieved on 23 August 2015.
  47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 Provenzo. Jr. , Eugene F. (July 1979). "The St. Petersburg-Tampa Airboat Line". The Florida Historical Quarterly 58 (1): 72–77. 
  48. ↑ Blizin, Jerry. "Spectacular Sunshine Skyway replaced ferryboats in 1954", Tampa Bay Times, 20 October 2009. Retrieved on 23 August 2015.
  49. ↑ George Gandy Sr. Made $1,932,000 Span Possible St. Petersburg Times, April 18, 1956

Njikọ mpụga

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Àtụ:Tampa Bay AreaÀtụ:Coastal Waters of Florida

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