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Ọrụ ugbo na-arụ ọrụ

Shí Wikipedia, njikotá édémédé nke onyobulạ
Onye na-ewe ihe owuwu n'ọrụ. E webatara ụdị mbụ na-aga nke ọma n'etiti afọ 1940 ma onye ọ bụla nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ nke ndị na-anakọta aka 50.

Ọrụ ugbo na-arụ ọrụ ma ọ bụ ọrụ ugbo bụ iji ígwè ọrụ na ngwá ọrụ, site na ngwá ọrụ aka dị mfe na nke bụ isi ruo na ngwá ọrụ na ígwè ọrụ ndị ọzọ dị mgbagwoju anya, iji rụọ ọrụ ugbo.[1] N'oge a, ígwè ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ anọchiwo ọtụtụ ọrụ ugbo nke a na-arụbu site na ọrụ aka ma ọ bụ site na anụmanụ na-arụ dị ka ehi, ịnyịnya na ịnyịnya ibu.

Akụkọ ihe mere eme niile nke ọrụ ugbo nwere ọtụtụ ihe atụ nke iji Ogwe ọrụ, dị ka hoe na plough. Njikọ na-aga n'ihu nke igwe kemgbe mgbanwe ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe emeela ka ọrụ ugbo ghara ịba ụba.

Ngwá ọrụ ugbo bụ akụkụ nke ọganihu teknụzụ a nke ọrụ ugbo.[2] Enwere ike ịchịkọta ya dị ka ọganihu na-aga n'ihu site na ngwaọrụ aka gaa na traction anụmanụ, na igwe, na ngwá ọrụ dijitalụ na n'ikpeazụ, na robotics nwere ọgụgụ isi aka (AI). [3] Ọganihu ndị a nwere ike ịkwalite mmepụta ihe ma nye ohere maka ihe ọkụkụ, anụ ụlọ, aquaculture na njikwa ọhịa; inye ọnọdụ ọrụ ka mma; melite ego a na-enweta; belata ọrụ nke ọrụ ugbo; ma mepụta ohere ọchụnta ego ọhụrụ n'ime ime obodo.[3]

Ọrụ ugbo na-arụ ọrụ ugbu a gụnyere iji traktọ, gwongworo, ndị na-ewe ihe ubi, ọtụtụ ụdị ngwá ọrụ ugbo, ụgbọelu na helikọpta (maka itinye n'ọrụ ikuku), na ụgbọala ndị ọzọ. Ọrụ ugbo ziri ezi na-eji ọbụna kọmputa na njikọ ya na ihe oyiyi satellite na igodo satellite (ntụziaka GPS) iji mụbaa mmepụta. Ngwá ọrụ dijitalụ ọhụrụ na-agbakwunye, ma ọ bụ ọbụna dochie anya, igwe na-arụ ọrụ iji mee nchọpụta na mkpebi na-akpaghị aka.[2]

Mechanisation bụ otu n'ime nnukwu ihe kpatara mmepe obodo na akụ na ụba ụlọ ọrụ. E wezụga imeziwanye arụmọrụ mmepụta, imepụta ihe na-agba ume nnukwu mmepụta ma mgbe ụfọdụ nwere ike imeziwanye ogo nke ihe ọkụkụ. N'aka nke ọzọ, ọ nwere ike ịkpata Mmebi gburugburu ebe obibi (dị ka mmetọ, mgbukpọ ọhịa, na mbuze ala), karịsịa ma ọ bụrụ na etinye ya n'ụzọ na-adịghị mma kama n'ụzọ zuru oke.

Akụkọ ihe mere eme

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

 

Onye na-ewe ihe ubi na Woolbrook, New South Wales
Ngwunye ịkwachasị n'afọ 1881. A na-ejikwa injin steam mee ihe iji mee ka igwe na-egwe ihe ike. Taa, a na-eji ihe owuwe ihe ubi na-eme ma owuwe ihe nketa.
"Ọ dị mma ma dị ọnụ ala karịa ịnyịnya" bụ isiokwu nke ọtụtụ mgbasa ozi nke afọ 1910 ruo afọ 1930.
"onye ọrụ ugbo a anaghị agba taya ma ọ bụ rịọ maka ịkwụ ụgwọ": Nzọụkwụ n'okporo ụzọ nke imepụta ọrụ ugbo na onye ọrụ ugbo nke na-eduzi gasoline na 1919.

Jethro Tull's seed drill (c. 1701) bụ igwe na-etinye mkpụrụ na oghere miri emi nke na-amụba ihe ọkụkụ ma chekwaa mkpụrụ. Ọ bụ ihe dị mkpa na British Agricultural Revolution. [4]

Kemgbe mmalite nke ọrụ ugbo, a na-eji aka na-egwe ihe, na-achọ nnukwu ọrụ. Ngwunye na-egwe ọka, nke e mepụtara na 1794 mana ejighị ya mee ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe ruo ọtụtụ iri afọ, mere ka ọrụ ahụ dị mfe ma nye ohere iji ike anụmanụ. Tupu e mepụta ebe a na-etinye ọka (ihe dị ka 1790) onye ọrụ nwere ike ịghọrọ ihe dị ka otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ nke ọka wit n'otu ụbọchị site na iji mma. E mere atụmatụ na onye ọ bụla n'ime ndị na-ewe ihe ubi na-adọkpụ ịnyịnya nke Cyrus McCormick (ihe dị ka afọ 1830) tọhapụrụ ndị ikom ise maka ozi agha na US Civil War. Ihe ọhụrụ ndị e mechara mepụta gụnyere igwe na-ekpuchi ihe na igwe na-ejikọta ihe. Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1890, ndị ikom abụọ na ịnyịnya abụọ nwere ike ịkpụcha, kpochapụ ma kee ọka wit dị hekta iri abụọ kwa ụbọchị.[5]

N'afọ 1880, e jikọtara onye na-ewe ihe ubi na onye na-egwe ihe n'ime onye na-eme ihe ubi. Ngwaọrụ ndị a chọrọ nnukwu ìgwè ịnyịnya ma ọ bụ ịnyịnya ibu iji dọrọ. A na-etinye ike steam na igwe na-egwe ihe na ngwụcha narị afọ nke 19. E nwere injin steam na-agagharị na wiil n'okpuru ike nke ha maka inye ike nwa oge na igwe na-egwe ihe. A na-akpọ ndị a engines okporo ụzọ, Henry Ford hụkwara otu mgbe ọ bụ nwata ka o sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ rụọ ụgbọala.[6]

Site na ọkụ dị n'ime, traktọ nke oge a mbụ bịara na mbido afọ 1900, na-aghọwanye ihe a ma ama mgbe traktọ Fordson (ihe dị ka 1917). Na mbụ, ìgwè ịnyịnya ma ọ bụ traktọ na-adọta ndị na-ewe ihe ubi na ndị na-eme ihe ubi, mana n'afọ ndị 1930 e mepụtara ihe jikọtara onwe ha.

Mgbasa ozi maka ngwá ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ n'ime akwụkwọ akụkọ ugbo n'oge a mere ihe niile o kwere mee iji sọọ mpi megide usoro ịnyịnya na-adọta na arụmụka akụ na ụba, na-eto isiokwu ndị a na-ahụkarị dịka na traktọ "na-eri naanị mgbe ọ na-arụ", na otu traktọ nwere ike dochie ọtụtụ ịnyịnya, na igwe nwere ike ikwe ka otu nwoke nweta ọrụ karịa ka ọ rụọ ọrụ kwa ụbọchị karịa mgbe ọ bụla. Ọnụ ọgụgụ ịnyịnya na US malitere ibelata na 1920s mgbe mgbanwe nke ọrụ ugbo na njem gaa na ọkụ n'ime. Ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị elu nke traktọ na US dị n'ihe dị ka afọ 1950. [7] Na mgbakwunye na ịchekwa ọrụ, nke a tọhapụrụ ọtụtụ ala e ji mee ihe n'oge gara aga maka ịkwado ụmụ anụmanụ. Oge kachasị ukwuu nke uto na mmepụta ọrụ ugbo na US sitere na 1940s ruo 1970s, n'oge ahụ ọrụ ugbo nọ na-erite uru site na traktọ ndị na-arụ ọrụ n'ime ụlọ na ndị na-ewe ihe ubi, fatịlaịza kemịkal na mgbanwe akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ.

Ọ bụ ezie na ndị ọrụ ugbo US nke ọka, ọka wit, soy, na ihe ọkụkụ ndị ọzọ ejirila igwe owuwe ihe ubi dochie ọtụtụ n'ime ndị ọrụ ha na-ejikọta ya na 1950s na-enyere ha aka ịkpụcha ma na-achịkọta ọka nke ọma, ndị na-akụ ihe ọkụkụ nọgidere na-adabere na ndị na-anakọta mmadụ iji zere mmerụ nke ngwaahịa ahụ iji nọgide na-enwe ọdịdị na-enweghị ntụpọ nke ndị ahịa chọrọ.[8] Ọnụ ọgụgụ na-aga n'ihu nke ndị ọrụ na-enweghị akwụkwọ si Latin America na-ewe ihe ọkụkụ maka ụgwọ ọrụ dị ala mere ka mkpa maka imepụta ihe dị mkpa. Ka ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị ọrụ na-enweghị akwụkwọ nọgidere na-ebelata kemgbe ọ ruru n'ókè ya na 2007 n'ihi mmụba nke ndị na-agagharị n'óké na mmeziwanye akụ na ụba Mexico, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-abawanye ojiji nke igwe.[8] Ndị na-akwado ya na-ekwu na imepụta ihe ga-eme ka mmepụta ihe dị elu ma nyere aka mee ka ọnụahịa nri dị ala ebe ndị na-akwado ndị ọrụ ugbo na-ekwusi ike na ọ ga-ewepụ ọrụ ma nye ndị ọrụ ugodi buru ibu uru nwere ike ịzụta ngwá ọrụ achọrọ.[8]

Omume nke injinị

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ngwá ọrụ igwe emeela ka ọ gbasaa nke ukwuu n'ụwa niile, ọ bụ ezie na a nabatara ya n'ụzọ na-ezighị ezi na n'ụzọ zuru oke karịsịa na mpaghara Sahara Africa.[2] Mechanization na-ejedebe na ọrụ dịgasị iche iche gụnyere owuwe ihe ubi na ahịhịa ma a na-ejikarị ya eme ihe maka mmepụta mkpụrụ osisi na akwụkwọ nri n'ụwa niile.

Nkuchi sara mbara malitere na United States of America, ebe traktọ nọchiri ihe dị ka nde anụmanụ 24 n'etiti 1910 na 1960 wee bụrụ isi iyi nke ike ugbo.[9] United Kingdom malitere iji traktọ na 1930s, mana mgbanwe ọrụ ugbo na Japan na ụfọdụ mba Europe (Denmark, France, Germany, Spain na Yugoslavia mbụ) emeghị ruo n'ihe dị ka 1955. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, a nabatara igwe na-arụ ọrụ ngwa ngwa, na-anọchi anya ụgbọala na-adọkpụ.[10] Iji traktọ dị ka ike ugbo mere ka, ọbụnakwa kpaliri, ihe ọhụrụ na igwe na ngwá ọrụ ugbo ndị ọzọ nke belatara ọrụ ugbo ma nye ndị ọrụ ugbo ohere ịrụ ọrụ ngwa ngwa.[11] N'oge na-adịghị anya, igwe na-arụ ọrụ mụbakwara n'ọtụtụ mba Eshia na Latin America.

Sub-Saharan Africa bụ naanị mpaghara ebe nnabata nke igwe na-enweghị ọganihu n'ime iri afọ gara aga.[12] Nnyocha e mere na mba iri na otu na-egosi ọkwa dị ala nke igwe na mpaghara ahụ, na-achọpụta na ọ bụ naanị pasent iri na asatọ nke ezinụlọ ndị a nwalere nwere ike ịnweta ngwaọrụ ndị na-eji traktọ eme ihe. Ndị fọdụrụnụ na-eji ma ọ bụ ngwaọrụ aka dị mfe (48 percent) ma ọ bụ ngwá ọrụ anụmanụ (33 percent). [13]

Mmetụta ọrụ

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Kemgbe ọ dịkarịa ala mmalite narị afọ nke iri na itoolu enwere nchegbu banyere mmetụta na-adịghị mma nke mgbanwe teknụzụ na-azọpụta ọrụ, ọkachasị nchụpụ ọrụ na-akpata enweghị ọrụ.[2] Otú ọ dị, egwu na akpaaka na-abawanye mmepụta ọrụ ruo n'ókè nke na ọ na-akpata nnukwu enweghị ọrụ anaghị akwado eziokwu akụkọ ihe mere eme.[2] Kama nke ahụ, ihe ọhụrụ na itinye teknụzụ na-azọpụta ọrụ na-ewe ogologo oge, na imepụta otu ọrụ na-emekarị ka mkpa ndị ọrụ rụọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ dịkwuo ukwuu.[2]Mmetụta kpọmkwem nke akpaaka na ọrụ ga-ekpebi site na ihe ndị na-eduga na nnabata ya.[14]

Ọ bụrụ na ụgwọ ọrụ na ụkọ ọrụ na-arịwanye elu na-akpali nnabata nke akpaaka mgbe ahụ o yighị ka ọ ga-akpata enweghị ọrụ.[14] Automation nwekwara ike ịkpali ọrụ ugbo. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọ nwere ike ime ka ugbo mụbaa mmepụta ha na-esote mkpa nri na-arịwanye elu. Ọrụ ugbo na-arụ ọrụ n'onwe ya bụ akụkụ nke mgbanwe nke ọha mmadụ nke na-eme ka ọrụ ugbo na ụba na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-ahapụ ndị ọrụ ugbo, na-enye ha ohere inweta ọrụ ọhụrụ na ngalaba ndị ọzọ, gụnyere ụlọ ọrụ na ọrụ. [2] N'aka nke ọzọ, akpaaka nke a na-akwalite n'ike, dịka site na enyemaka gọọmentị, nwere ike ịkpata enweghị ọrụ na-arịwanye elu na ọdịda ma ọ bụ ụgwọ ọrụ.[14]

The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) na-adụ ọdụ megide gọọmentị na-etinye ego enyemaka maka akpaaka n'ọrụ n'ihi na ime nke a nwere ihe ize ndụ na-eme ka enweghị ọrụ dịkwuo njọ.[2] FAO na-enyekwa ndụmọdụ megide igbochi akpaaka na echiche na nke a ga-azọpụta ọrụ na ego, n'ihi na ọ na-etinye aka na-eme ka ọrụ ugbo ghara ịsọ mpi ma na-arụpụta ihe. [2][3] Kama nke ahụ, aro ahụ bụ ilekwasị anya n'ịmepụta gburugburu ebe obibi na-enyere aka iji nabata akpaaka - ọkachasị site n'aka ndị na-emepụta obere ọrụ ugbo, ụmụ nwanyị na ndị ntorobịa - ka ha na-eme ka ndị ọrụ na-enweghị nkà nweta nchebe ọha na eze, ndị nwere ike ịhapụ ọrụ ha n'oge mgbanwe ahụ.[3]

Ngwa

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ịkwadebe ala maka ịkụ osisi

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

 

Ịkpọte mkpụrụ, ịkụ

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A na-eme ya site na oghere mkpụrụ. Ịkụ mkpụrụ na-adabere n'oge.

Ịgbasa ahịhịa

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Owuwe ihe ubi

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Otu traktọ na-adọkpụ baler na-eme ahịhịa n'ọhịa na Germany.

A na-eji aka na-egbute asparagus ugbu a yana ọnụ ahịa ọrụ na 71% nke ọnụ ahịa mmepụta yana 44% nke ọnụ ahịa ire ere.[20] Asparagus bụ ihe ọkụkụ siri ike iweta ebe ọ bụ na ube ọ bụla na-eto n'ọsọ dị iche iche na-eme ka o sie ike inweta otu owuwe ihe ubi.[21]. Igwe owuwe ihe ubi asparagus ihe atụ - iji ihe mmetụta ọkụ na-achọpụta ube ndị toro ogologo - ga-adị maka iji azụmaahịa. [15]   

Mechanization nke ụlọ ọrụ blueberry nke Maine belatara ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị ọrụ na-akwaga mba ọzọ achọrọ site na 5,000 na 2005 ruo 1,500 na 2015 ọ bụ ezie na mmepụta amụbaala site na 50 ruo 60 nde pound kwa afọ na 2005 ruo 90 nde pound na 2015.[16]

Ka ọ na-erule n'afọ 2014, Mahadum Steeti New Mexico na-anwale ihe owuwu chili. Ndị ọrụ ubi na-eji aka na-ahọrọ ihe ọkụkụ chile na New Mexico ugbu a dị ka mkpụrụ osisi chili na-enwekarị mmerụ ahụ n'ụzọ dị mfe. [17][18] Ngwa azụmahịa mbụ malitere na 2015. A na-atụ anya na ngwá ọrụ ahụ ga-abawanye ihe ọkụkụ kwa acre ma nyere aka belata mbelata dị egwu na acreage a kụrụ n'ihi enweghị ọrụ na ọnọdụ ụkọ mmiri ozuzo.[19][20]

Ka ọ na-erule n'afọ 2010, a na-ewe ihe dị ka pasent 10 nke ubi oroma na Florida n'ụzọ igwe, ọkachasị site na igwe na-eme ka ihe na-eme ihe na citrus. Mechanization ejirila nwayọọ nwayọọ na-aga n'ihu n'ihi ejighị n'aka uru akụ na ụba n'ọdịnihu n'ihi asọmpi sitere na Brazil na mmebi nwa oge na osisi oroma mgbe a na-ewe ha.[21]

Enweela mgbanwe na-aga n'ihu na-ewe ihe ubi nke piich cling (nke a na-ejikarị eme mkpọ) ebe ọnụ ahịa ọrụ bụ pasent 70 nke ọnụ ahịa onye na-akụ ihe. N'afọ 2016, pasent 12 nke tonnage peach cling sitere na Yuba County na Sutter County dị na California ka a ga-eji nke ọma na-egbute ya.[28] A ka ga-eji aka họrọ piich ọhụrụ a kara aka maka ire ndị ahịa ozugbo.

N'ihe dị ka n'afọ 2007, iwe ihe ubi a na-eji ígwè arụrụ arụ ọrụ dị na 45%; Otú ọ dị, ọnụego ahụ ebelatala n'ihi nnukwu ọchịchọ mịrị amị na ọnụ ahịa na-eme ka mgbanwe ahụ pụọ n'ọrụ aka adịghị ngwa ngwa.[29] A na-atụ anya na ụdị mkpụrụ vaịn ọhụrụ nke USDA mepụtara nke na-akpọnwụ n'osisi vine ma na-egbute ya n'ụzọ dị mfe na-atụ anya na ọ ga-ebelata ọchịchọ ọrụ.[22]

Strawberries bụ mkpụrụ osisi nwere ọnụ ahịa dị oke ọnụ nke nwere akụrụngwa na-akwado usoro akụ na ụba. N'afọ 2005, a na-eche n'ịkwakọ na mbupu na $594 kwa ton ma ọ bụ 51% nke ọnụ ahịa ndị na-akụ ihe. Agbanyeghị, ụdị mkpụrụ osisi dị nro na-eme ka ọ bụrụ onye a na-atụghị anya ya maka nrụpụta ọrụ n'ọdịnihu dị nso.[27] Onye na-ewe ihe ubi strawberry nke Shibuya Seiki mepụtara ma kpughee na Japan na 2013 nwere ike ịtụtụ strawberry kwa sekọnd asatọ. Robot ahụ na-achọpụta ụdị strawberries dị njikere ịhọpụta site n'iji igwefoto atọ dị iche iche wee chọpụta na ọ dị njikere, ogwe aka mechanized na-ewepụta mkpụrụ osisi ahụ n'efu wee tinye ya n'ime nkata. Robot na-aga n'okporo ụzọ n'etiti ahịrị strawberries nke na-adịkarị n'ime ụlọ griin ha dị elu. Igwe ahụ na-efu nde yen 5.[31] Onye na-ewe ihe ubi strawberry ọhụrụ nke Agrobot mere nke ga-egbute strawberries n'elu, akwa hydroponic na-eji ogwe aka roboti 60 na-atụ anya ka ahapụ ya na 2016..[8][needs update]

Owuwe ihe ubi nke tomato malitere n'afọ 1965 wee ruo n'afọ 2010, ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ na tomato niile na-esi n'usoro na-egbute ya.[27] N'ihe dị ka n'afọ 2010, a na-emepụta 95% nke ihe ubi tomato a na-emepụta na California.[27] Ọ bụ ezie na tomato ọhụrụ n'ahịa nwere ọnụ ahịa owuwe ihe ubi dị ukwuu (na 2007, ego a na-akwụ maka ịtụtụ aka na mbugharị bụ $86 kwa ton nke bụ 19% nke ọnụ ahịa ndị na-akụ ihe), ịkwakọba na ire ere bụ ihe na-echegbu onwe ya (na 44% nke ndị na-akụ ihe niile. cost) na-eme ka o yie ka a ga-etinye mgbalị ịzọpụta ọnụ ahịa n'ebe ahụ.[21]

Dị ka akụkọ 1977 sitere na California Agrarian Action Project si kwuo, n'oge okpomọkụ nke 1976 na California, ọtụtụ ígwè ọrụ owuwe ihe ubi ejiriwo ihe nyocha ọkụ eletrik na-edozi tomato ndụ ndụ n'etiti ndị na-acha uhie uhie na-eji ọkụ infrared na ihe mmetụta agba. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ n'ọnọdụ ndị na-ewe ihe ubi 5,000 na-akpata nchụpụ nke ndị ọrụ ugbo na-enweghị ọnụ yana mbelata ụgwọ ọrụ na obere oge ọrụ. Ndị ọrụ na-akwaga mba ọzọ merụrụ nke ukwuu.[32] Iji nagide ike nke ígwè ọrụ ndị ahụ, a na-emepụta ụdị ihe ọkụkụ ọhụrụ ka ha kwekọọ na ndị na-atụtụ akpaaka. UC Davis Prọfesọ G.C. Hanna gbasaara tomato nwere akpụkpọ ahụ nke a na-akpọ VF-145. Ma n'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, ọtụtụ nde mebiri site na mmetụta mgbawa na ndị na-azụlite mahadum na-emepụta tomato "square round" siri ike na enweghị mmiri ọṅụṅụ. Obere ugbo ezughi oke iji nweta ego iji zụta akụrụngwa na n'ime afọ 10, 85% nke ndị ọrụ ugbo tomato 4,000 na steeti ahụ apụọla azụmaahịa. Nke a butere ụlọ ọrụ tomato gbadoro anya na California nke “jujula 85% nke ngwaahịa tomato nke mba ahụ”. Ubi monoculture na-akwalite uto ngwa ngwa nke pesti, na-achọ iji "ihe karịrị nde pound anọ nke ọgwụ ahụhụ kwa afọ" nke na-emetụta ahụ ike nke ala, ndị ọrụ ugbo, na ikekwe ndị ahịa..[23]

Hụkwa

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Ebe e si nweta ya

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 Isiokwu a gụnyere ederede sitere naọdịnaya n'efuọrụ. Ikike n'okpuru CC BY-SA 3.0 (Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ ezie nankwupụta ikike / ikikeỌpụpụ ọzọ Ihe odide e si nwetaNa Brief to The State of Food and Agriculture 2022 - Ntinye aka n'ọrụ ugbo maka ịgbanwe usoro nri ugbo__ibo____ibo____ibo__ Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ[Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]

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  1. ↑ (2016) Sustainable Agricultural Mechanization. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 (2022) The State of Food and Agriculture 2022 − Leveraging agricultural automation for transforming agrifood systems. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). DOI:10.4060/cb9479en. ISBN 978-92-5-136043-9.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":0" defined multiple times with different content
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 (2022) In Brief to The State of Food and Agriculture 2022 − Leveraging automation in agriculture for transforming agrifood systems. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). DOI:10.4060/cc2459en. ISBN 978-92-5-137005-6.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":1" defined multiple times with different content
  4. ↑ McNeil (1990). An Encyclopedia of the History of Technology. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-14792-1. 
  5. ↑ Wells (1891). Recent Economic Changes and Their Effect on Production and Distribution of Wealth and Well-Being of Society. New York: D. Appleton and Co.. ISBN 0-543-72474-3. “RECENT ECONOMIC CHANGES AND THEIR EFFECT ON DISTRIBUTION OF WEALTH AND WELL BEING OF SOCIETY WELLS.” 
  6. ↑ Ford (1922). My Life and Work: An autobiography of Henry Ford. 
  7. ↑ White. Economic History of Tractors in the United States. Archived from the original on 2013-10-24.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 Ilan Brat (April 23, 2015). Robots Step Into New Planting, Harvesting Roles - Labor shortage spurs farmers to use robots for handling delicate tasks in the fresh-produce industry. Wall Street Journal. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "WSJRobots" defined multiple times with different content
  9. ↑ White (2001). "An Unsung Hero: The Farm Tractor's Contribution to Twentieth-Century United States Economic Growth". The Journal of Economic History 61 (2): 493–496. DOI:10.1017/S0022050701238108. 
  10. ↑ Binswanger (1986). "Agricultural mechanization: a comparative historical perspective". The World Bank Research Observer 1 (1): 27–56. DOI:10.1093/wbro/1.1.27. Retrieved on 2022-12-23. 
  11. ↑ Mrema, G.. A Regional strategy for Sustainable Agricultural Mechanization. Sustainable Mechanization across Agri-Food Chains in Asia and the Pacific region. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). 
  12. ↑ Daum (2020-09-01). "Agricultural mechanization in Africa: Myths, realities and an emerging research agenda" (in en). Global Food Security 26: 100393. DOI:10.1016/j.gfs.2020.100393. ISSN 2211-9124. 
  13. ↑ Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named ssrn3368103
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Charlton, D. (2022). Automation and social impacts: winners and losers. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). DOI:10.4060/cc2610en. ISBN 978-92-5-137074-2.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":2" defined multiple times with different content
  15. ↑ Vegetable Growers News: "Mechanical Asparagus Harvester Almost a Reality" December 21, 2009
  16. ↑ Fox Business News: "Machinery takes the place of migrants as Maine's blueberry harvest booms" September 06, 2015
  17. ↑ Diana Alba Soular (September 22, 2014). Chile harvester gets a field test in NM. Albuquerque Journal.
  18. ↑ Editorial: Trial could be a boon to chile farmers. Current Argus (July 31, 2015). Archived from the original on 2015-08-11.
  19. ↑ Carrie Jung (July 29, 2015). New Mexico Researchers To Test Mechanized Green Chile Harvesting. KJZZ.
  20. ↑ Diana Alba Soular (July 25, 2015). Experts: Machines could reverse declining New Mexico green chile acreage. Las Cruces Sun. Archived from the original on 2015-08-10.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 University of California Davis Migration Files: "The Status of Labor-saving Mechanization in Fruits and Vegetables" By Wallace E. Huffman May 25, 2010
  22. ↑ Fresno Bee: "New raisin grape holds promise for central San Joaquin Valley growers" By Robert Rodriguez September 19, 2015
  23. ↑ (July 1977) "No Hands Touch the Land: Automating California Farms". California Agrarian Action Project: 20–28. Retrieved on 2015-04-25. 
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