Lee ebe Obara Mgbali elu si

 
{| class="infobox"
! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: lightblue" |Blood pressure
|-
| colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Blood_pressure_monitoring.jpg|frameless]]<div class="infobox-caption">A healthcare worker measuring blood pressure using a [[sphygmomanometer]].</div>
|-
! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[Medical Subject Headings|MeSH]]
| class="infobox-data" |<span class="reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D001795 D001795]</span>
|-
! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[MedlinePlus]]
| class="infobox-data" |<span class="reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/007490.htm 007490]</span>
|-
! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[LOINC]]
| class="infobox-data" |[https://s.details.loinc.org/LOINC/35094-2.html?sections=Comprehensive 35094-2]
|}
Obara  Mgbali  elu  ('''BP''') bụ nrụgide nke ọbara na-agagharị na mgbidi nke akwara ọbara. Ọtụtụ n'ime nrụgide a na-esite n'obi na-agba ọbara site na usoro nrugharị ọbara. Mgbe ejiri ya mee ihe na-enweghị iru eru, okwu ahụ bụ "mmegide ọbara" na-ezo aka na nrụgide dị na akwara brachial,4 ebe a na-atụkarị ya. A na-egosipụtakarị nrụgide ọbara n'ihe gbasara '''nrụgide systolic''' (mmetụta kachasị elu n'oge otu obi na-akụ) karịa '''nrụgide diastolic''' (mmmetụta dị ala n'etiti obi abụọ na-akụ). A na-atụle ya na milimita nke mercury (mmHg) n'elu nrụgide ikuku gbara ya gburugburu, ma ọ bụ na kilopascals (kPa).

Obara Mgbali elu bụ otu n'ime ihe ịrịba ama dị mkpa - tinyere ume ume, obi, ikuku oxygen saturation, na okpomọkụ ahụ - nke ndị ọrụ ahụike na-eji nyochaa [[Health|ahụike]] onye ọrịa.  Nrụgide ọbara zuru ike, n'ime onye toro eto bụ ihe dịka 120 milimita nke mercury (16 kPa) systolic karịa 80 milimita nke merccury (11 kPa) diastolic, nke a na-akpọ "120/80 mmHg". N'ụwa niile, nkezi ọbara mgbali elu, afọ dị mma, anọgidewo na-abụ otu kemgbe 1975 ruo ugbu a, na ihe dịka 127/79 mmHg n'ime ụmụ nwoke na 122/77 mmHg na ụmụ nwanyị, ọ bụ ezie na nkezi data ndị a na-ekpuchi ọdịiche dị iche iche nke mpaghara.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Worldwide trends in blood pressure from 1975 to 2015: a pooled analysis of 1479 population-based measurement studies with 19·1 million participants|journal=Lancet|volume=389|issue=10064|pages=37–55|date=January 2017|pmid=27863813|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31919-5}}</ref>

Dị ka omenala si dị, onye ọrụ ahụike na-atụle ọbara mgbali elu na-abụghị nke na-emetụta site na auscultation (ige ntị) site na stethoscope maka ụda dị n'otu akwara ka a na-agbanye akwara ahụ, nso n'obi, site na aneroid gauge ma ọ bụ mercury-tube sphygmomanometer.<ref name="Booth1977">{{Cite journal|title=A short history of blood pressure measurement|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine|volume=70|issue=11|pages=793–799|date=November 1977|pmid=341169|doi=10.1177/003591577707001112}}</ref> A ka na-ewere auscultation dị ka ọkọlọtọ ọla edo nke izi ezi maka ọgụgụ ọbara mgbali elu na-abụghị nke na-emetụta na ụlọ ọgwụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Auscultatory BP: still the gold standard|journal=Journal of the American Society of Hypertension|volume=10|issue=3|pages=191–193|date=March 2016|pmid=26839183|doi=10.1016/j.jash.2016.01.004}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, usoro ndị na-arụ ọrụ n'onwe ha aghọwo ihe a na-ahụkarị, n'ụzọ dị ukwuu n'ihi nchegbu banyere nsị mercury, ọ bụ ezie na ọnụahịa, ịdị mfe nke iji ya na itinye ya n'ọrụ na ọbara mgbali elu ma ọ bụ nyocha ọbara mgbali isi n'ụlọ emetụtala omume a.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Blood pressure measurement is changing!|journal=Heart|volume=85|issue=1|pages=3–5|date=January 2001|pmid=11119446|doi=10.1136/heart.85.1.3}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|title=Principles and techniques of blood pressure measurement|journal=Cardiology Clinics|volume=28|issue=4|pages=571–586|date=November 2010|pmid=20937442|doi=10.1016/j.ccl.2010.07.006}}</ref> Nhọrọ ndị ọzọ na-arụ ọrụ n'onwe ha na mercury-tube sphygmomanometers na-abụkarị ihe na-ezighị ezi, mana ngwaọrụ nke oge a kwadoro na ụkpụrụ mba ụwa na-enweta nkezi ọdịiche dị n'etiti ụzọ abụọ a na-agụ akwụkwọ nke 5 mm Hg ma ọ bụ obere, yana ntụgharị dị ala nke na-erughị 8 mm Hg. Ọtụtụ n'ime usoro ndị a na-arụpụta onwe ha na-atụle ọbara mgbali site na oscillometry (nlele site na transducer &#x6E;&#x72;&#x1EE5;&#x67;&#x69;&#x64;&#x65; na cuff nke ngwaọrụ nke obere oscillations nke obere osciltions nke ngwaọrụ nke ngwaọrụ nke<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Oscillometric blood pressure: a review for clinicians|journal=Journal of the American Society of Hypertension|volume=8|issue=12|pages=930–938|date=December 2014|pmid=25492837|doi=10.1016/j.jash.2014.08.014}}</ref>

Blood pressure is influenced by cardiac output  systematic vascular resistance

Blood volume and arterial stiffness  and varies  depending on patient's situation emotional state activity and relative health or diseses  state. 

In the term blood pressure is regulated by baroreceptors which act via the brain to influence the nervous and the endocrine systems.


A na-akpọ ọbara mgbali elu nke dị ala nke ukwuu hypotension, a na-akpọ nrụgide nke dị elu nke ukwuu hypertension, a na'akpọkwa nrụgide dị mma normotension.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Dorland's illustrated medical dictionary|date=2012|publisher=Saunders/Elsevier|isbn=978-1-4160-6257-8|edition=32nd|location=Philadelphia, PA|oclc=706780870}}</ref>  Ma ọbara mgbali elu na ọbara mgbali ala nwere ọtụtụ ihe kpatara ya ma nwee ike ịmalite na mberede ma ọ bụ ogologo oge.  Ọrịa ọbara mgbali elu ogologo oge bụ ihe ize ndụ maka ọtụtụ ọrịa, gụnyere ọrịa strok, ọrịa obi, na ọrịa akụrụ.  Ọrịa ọbara mgbali elu ogologo oge bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị karịa hypotension ogologo oge.

== Nchịkọta, ụkpụrụ dị mma na nke na-adịghị mma ==

=== Mmetụta ọbara na afọ ndụ ===
{| class="wikitable" style="float: right; margin-left:15px; text-align:center;"
|+Task Force maka njikwa ọbara mgbali elu nke European Society of Cardiology (ESC) na European Society of Hypertension (ESH) nkewa nke ọbara mgbali isi (BP) na nkọwa nke ọbara mgbaba.
! scope="col" |Ụdị
! scope="col" |Systolic BP, mmHg<br /><br /><br /><br />
! scope="col" |Diastolic BP, mmHg<br /><br /><br /><br />
|-
! scope="row" |Nke kacha mma
|< 120
|Ihe ruru 80
|-
! scope="row" |Ihe a na-ahụkarị
|120-129
|80-84
|-
! scope="row" |Okike dị elu
|130-139
|85-89
|-
! scope="row" |Ọrịa ọbara mgbali elu nke ogo 1
|140-159
|90-99
|-
! scope="row" |Ọrịa ọbara mgbali elu nke Grade 2
|160-179
|100-109
|-
! scope="row" |Ọrịa ọbara mgbali elu nke Grade 3
|≥ 180
|≥ 110
|-
! scope="row" |Ọrịa ọbara mgbali elu nke systolic
|≥ 140
|< 90
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align: left;" |A na-eji otu nkewa ahụ eme ihe maka afọ niile site na afọ 16.

<small>''<sup>A</sup> na-akọwa ụdị BP dịka ụlọ ọgwụ nọ ọdụ BP na ọkwa kachasị elu nke BP, ma ọ bụ systolic ma ọ bụ diastolic.''</small>

<small>''<sup>b</sup> A na-etinye ọbara mgbali elu systolic dị iche iche 1, 2, ma ọ bụ 3 dịka ọnụọgụ BP systolic si dị na mpaghara ndị egosiri.''</small>
|}
[[Usòrò:Hypertension_chart.svg|thumb|Diastolic vs systolic ọbara mgbali elu chaatị iji tụnyere European Society of Cardiology na European Society of Hypertension nkewa na ọnụọgụ ntụaka n'ime ụmụaka]]
Ihe ize ndụ nke ọrịa obi na akwara na-abawanye n'elu 115/75 mmHg, n'okpuru ọkwa a enwere obere ihe akaebe.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Dietary approaches to prevent and treat hypertension: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association|journal=Hypertension|volume=47|issue=2|pages=296–308|date=February 2006|pmid=16434724|doi=10.1161/01.HYP.0000202568.01167.B6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Age-specific relevance of usual blood pressure to vascular mortality: a meta-analysis of individual data for one million adults in 61 prospective studies|journal=Lancet|volume=360|issue=9349|pages=1903–1913|date=December 2002|pmid=12493255|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(02)11911-8}}</ref>

Nnyocha nyocha na-egosi na ndị na-enwe nrụgide ọbara na njedebe dị ala nke nrụgide ndị a nwere ahụike obi na-adịte aka. Enwere arụmụka ahụike na-aga n'ihu banyere ihe bụ ọkwa kachasị mma nke ọbara mgbali elu iji lekwasị anya mgbe ị na-eji ọgwụ iji belata ọbara mgbali ala na ọbara mgbali, ọkachasị n'etiti ndị agadi.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The SPRINT and the HOPE-3 Trial in the Context of Other Blood Pressure-Lowering Trials|journal=JAMA Cardiology|volume=1|issue=8|pages=857–858|date=November 2016|pmid=27602555|doi=10.1001/jamacardio.2016.2169}}</ref>

Tebụl ahụ na-egosi nhazi nke 2018 nke ọbara mgbali elu nke ụlọ ọrụ (ma ọ bụ ụlọ ọgwụ) site na Task Force maka njikwa ọbara mgbali nke European Society of Cardiology (ESC) na European Society of Hypertension (ESH).<ref>{{Cite journal|title=2018 ESC/ESH Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension|journal=European Heart Journal|volume=39|issue=33|pages=3021–3104|date=September 2018|pmid=30165516|doi=10.1093/eurheartj/ehy339}}</ref> Ndị American Heart Association anabatala ọnụ ụzọ yiri nke ahụ maka ndị okenye dị afọ 18 ma ọ bụ karịa, mana na Nọvemba 2017 American Heart Association kwupụtara nkọwa e degharịrị maka ụdị ọbara mgbali elu nke mere ka ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị a na-ewere na ha nwere ọbara mgbali.<ref name="Heartorg">{{Cite web|url=http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/Conditions/HighBloodPressure/AboutHighBloodPressure/Understanding-Blood-Pressure-Readings_UCM_301764_Article.jsp|title=Understanding blood pressure readings|date=11 January 2011|publisher=[[American Heart Association]]|accessdate=30 March 2011|archivedate=9 March 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309181220/http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/Conditions/HighBloodPressure/AboutHighBloodPressure/Understanding-Blood-Pressure-Readings_UCM_301764_Article.jsp}}</ref><ref name="Heartorg2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.heart.org/en/news/2018/05/01/nearly-half-of-us-adults-could-now-be-classified-with-high-blood-pressure-under-new-definitions|title=Nearly half of US adults could now be classified with high blood pressure, under new definitions|date=13 November 2017|publisher=[[American Heart Association]]|accessdate=2019-07-28|archivedate=2019-08-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190803154626/https://www.heart.org/en/news/2018/05/01/nearly-half-of-us-adults-could-now-be-classified-with-high-blood-pressure-under-new-definitions}}</ref>

Mmetụta ọbara na-agbanwe site na nkeji ruo nkeji ma na-egosipụtakarị ụda circadian n'ime awa 24, na ọgụgụ kachasị elu n'isi ụtụtụ na mgbede na ọgụgụ kachasị ala n'abalị.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Circadian mechanisms of 24-hour blood pressure regulation and patterning|journal=Sleep Medicine Reviews|volume=33|pages=4–16|date=June 2017|pmid=27076261|doi=10.1016/j.smrv.2016.02.003}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Relationship between waking-sleep blood pressure and catecholamine changes in African-American and European-American women|journal=Blood Pressure Monitoring|volume=13|issue=5|pages=257–262|date=October 2008|pmid=18799950|doi=10.1097/MBP.0b013e3283078f45}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Relationship between waking-sleep blood pressure and catecholamine changes in African-American and European-American women|journal=Blood Pressure Monitoring|volume=13|issue=5|pages=257–262|date=October 2008|pmid=18799950|doi=10.1097/MBP.0b013e3283078f45|id=NIHMS90092}}</ref> Mfu nke ọdịda ọbara mgbali elu n'abalị na-ejikọta ya na ihe ize ndụ dị ukwuu nke ọrịa obi n'ọdịnihu ma enwere ihe akaebe na ọbara mgbali n'abalị bụ ihe na-egosi ihe omume obi karịa ọbara mgbali ehihie.<ref name="HansenLi2010">{{Cite journal|title=Predictive role of the nighttime blood pressure|journal=Hypertension|volume=57|issue=1|pages=3–10|date=January 2011|pmid=21079049|doi=10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.109.133900}}</ref> Mmetụta ọbara na-adịgasị iche n'ime ogologo oge (ọnwa ruo afọ) na mgbanwe a na-ebu amụma ihe ọjọọ ga-esi na ya pụta.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Does blood pressure variability modulate cardiovascular risk?|journal=Current Hypertension Reports|volume=13|issue=3|pages=177–186|date=June 2011|pmid=21465141|doi=10.1007/s11906-011-0201-3}}</ref> Mmetụta ọbara na-agbanwekwa na nzaghachi maka okpomọkụ, mkpọtụ, nrụgide mmetụta uche, iri nri ma ọ bụ mmiri, ihe oriri, mmega ahụ, mgbanwe n'ọnọdụ (dị ka igI don't uzo ọtọ), ọgwụ, na ọrịa.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Temporal Variations of the Cardiovascular System|date=1992|publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|isbn=978-3-662-02748-6|location=Berlin, Heidelberg|oclc=851391490}}</ref> Mgbanwe dị na ọbara mgbali elu na uru amụma ka mma nke nyocha ọbara mgbali ala emeela ka ụfọdụ ndị isi, dị ka National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) na UK, kwado iji ọbara mgbali anya dị ka usoro kachasị mma maka nchọpụta nke ọbara mgbali.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK83274/|title=Hypertension: The Clinical Management of Primary Hypertension in Adults: Update of Clinical Guidelines 18 and 34|author=National Clinical Guideline Centre (UK)|date=2011|publisher=Royal College of Physicians (UK)|series=National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence: Guidance|location=London|accessdate=2019-01-28}}</ref>
[[Usòrò:Blutdruck.jpg|thumb|Digital sphygmomanometer eji atụ ọbara mgbali elu]]
Ihe ndị ọzọ dị iche iche, dị ka afọ na okike, na-emetụtakwa ọbara mgbali elu mmadụ. Ọdịiche dị n'etiti aka ekpe na aka nri ọbara mgbali elu na-adịkarị obere. Otú ọ dị, mgbe ụfọdụ, enwere ọdịiche na-adịgide adịgide karịa 10 mmHg nke nwere ike ịchọ nyocha ọzọ, dịka maka ọrịa ọbara, ọrịa ọbara mgbochi ma ọ bụ dissection aortic.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Consistency of blood pressure differences between the left and right arms|journal=Archives of Internal Medicine|volume=167|issue=4|pages=388–393|date=February 2007|pmid=17325301|doi=10.1001/archinte.167.4.388}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Prognostic significance of between-arm blood pressure differences|journal=Hypertension|volume=51|issue=3|pages=657–662|date=March 2008|pmid=18212263|doi=10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.107.104943}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Prevalence and clinical implications of the inter-arm blood pressure difference: A systematic review|journal=Journal of Human Hypertension|volume=20|issue=12|pages=923–931|date=December 2006|pmid=17036043|doi=10.1038/sj.jhh.1002093}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Associations Between Systolic Interarm Differences in Blood Pressure and Cardiovascular Disease Outcomes and Mortality: Individual Participant Data Meta-Analysis, Development and Validation of a Prognostic Algorithm: The INTERPRESS-IPD Collaboration|journal=Hypertension|volume=77|issue=2|pages=650–661|date=February 2021|pmid=33342236|doi=10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.120.15997}}</ref>

Enweghị ụkpụrụ nchọpụta a nabatara maka hypotension, ọ bụ ezie na a na-ewere nrụgide na-erughị 90/60 dị ka hypotension.<ref>{{Cite book|chapterurl=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499961/|chapter=Hypotension|date=2018|title=StatPearls|publisher=StatPearls Publishing|accessdate=2018-12-23}}</ref> N'omume, a na-ewere ọbara mgbali elu dị ala naanị ma ọ bụrụ na mgbaàmà dị.<ref name="Mayo2009causes">{{Cite web|url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/low-blood-pressure/DS00590/DSECTION=causes|title=Low blood pressure (hypotension) – Causes|author=Mayo Clinic staff|date=2009-05-23|work=MayoClinic.com|publisher=Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research|accessdate=2010-10-19|archivedate=2021-11-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117175541/https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/low-blood-pressure/symptoms-causes/syc-20355465}}</ref>

=== Mmetụta ọbara na afọ ndụ ===

==== Egbu egbu òbara Mgbali elu ====
 
In pregnancy ìt is the fetal heart and not the mother's heart that builds up the fetal blood pressure  to driveblood through  the fetal circulation. 

The blood pressure in the  fetal aorta is approximately 45mmHg at 40 weeks of gestation. 

Nkezi ọbara mgbali elu maka ụmụ ọhụrụ zuru oke:<ref name="SharonSmithMurray">{{Cite book|title=Foundations of Maternal-Newborn Nursing|date=2006|publisher=Elsevier|edition=4th|location=Philadelphia}}</ref>

* Systolic 65-95 mmHg
* Diastolic 30-60 mmHg

==== Oge ọ bụ nwata ====
{| class="wikitable" style="float: right; margin-left: 15px; text-align: center;"
|+Ntụziaka maka ọbara mgbali elu (BP) n'ime ụmụaka
! scope="col" |Ebe a na-eme ihe nkiri
! scope="col" |Afọ ole a tụrụ anya ya
! scope="col" |Systolic BP, mmHg<br /><br /><br /><br />
! scope="col" |Diastolic BP, mmHg<br /><br /><br /><br />
|-
! scope="row" |Ụmụ ọhụrụ
|Ọnwa 0-12
|75-100
|50-70
|-
! scope="row" |Ụmụaka na ụmụ akwụkwọ na-aga akwụkwọ
|Afọ 1-5
|80-110
|50-80
|-
! scope="row" |Afọ akwụkwọ
|Afọ 6-12
|85-120
|50-80
|-
! scope="row" |Ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma
|Afọ 13-18
|95-140
|60-90
|}
In children the normal pressure are lower than for adults and depend on height. 

Reference blood pressure values have been developed for children of different  countries based on the distribution òf blood pressure children of these counties. 

==== Ndi  agadi ====
N'ime ndị okenye n'ọtụtụ obodo, ọbara mgbali elu na-arị elu site na nwata ruo mgbe ọ dịkarịa ala afọ 70; ọbara mgbali isi na-amalite ịrị elu n'otu oge ma malite ịda n'oge ọ dị n'etiti afọ, ihe dị ka afọ 55.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Life course trajectories of systolic blood pressure using longitudinal data from eight UK cohorts|journal=PLOS Medicine|volume=8|issue=6|pages=e1000440|date=June 2011|pmid=21695075|doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.1000440}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|title=Hemodynamic patterns of age-related changes in blood pressure. The Framingham Heart Study|journal=Circulation|volume=96|issue=1|pages=308–315|date=July 1997|pmid=9236450|doi=10.1161/01.CIR.96.1.308}}</ref><ref name=":3" />  Ọbara ọbara mgbali elu site na nwata, na-arị elu n'etiti afọ ndụ, ebe nrụgide obi na-arịwanye elu mgbe afọ 40 gasịrị. N'ihi ya, n'ọtụtụ ndị agadi, ọbara mgbali elu systolic na-akarị oke ndị okenye, ọ bụrụ na nrụgide diastolic dị n'ebe dị mma, a na-akpọ ya hypertension systolic.<ref name=":3" /> A na-ekwu na ịrị elu nke nrụgide obi na-aga n'ihu na-esite na nkwụsi ike nke akwara.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Beyond blood pressure: Arterial stiffness as a new biomarker of cardiovascular disease|journal=Journal of the American Society of Hypertension|volume=2|issue=3|pages=140–151|date=2008-05-01|pmid=20409896|doi=10.1016/j.jash.2007.09.002}}</ref> A naghị ele ịrị elu ọbara mgbali elu metụtara afọ ndụ anya dị ka nke dị mma, a naghịkwa ahụ ya na ụfọdụ obodo ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ na-enweghị ọdịbendị.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Does blood pressure inevitably rise with age?: longitudinal evidence among forager-horticulturalists|journal=Hypertension|volume=60|issue=1|pages=25–33|date=July 2012|pmid=22700319|doi=10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.111.189100}}</ref>

== Mmetụta nke akwara ==
{{Non-systemic blood pressures}}Mmetụta ọbara n'ozuzu ya na-ezo aka na nrụgide ọbara na nrugharị ọbara. Otú ọ dị, ịtụle nrụgide na usoro akwara na arịa akpa ume na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na ọgwụgwọ nlekọta siri ike mana ọ chọrọ ịtụle nrụrụ aka site na iji catheter.

Mmetụta ọbara bụ nrụgide ọbara n'ime akwara ma ọ bụ na atria nke obi. Ọ dị ala karịa ọbara mgbali elu, yana ọnụọgụ 5 mmHg na atrium aka nri na 8 mmHg n'atrium aka ekpe.

* Mmetụta nke etiti, nke bụ ezigbo ihe atụ nke nrụgide atrial aka nri, nke bụ isi ihe na-ekpebi oke diastolic nke ventricular aka nri.<ref name="urlCentral Venous Catheter Physiology">{{Cite web|url=http://www.healthsystem.virginia.edu/internet/anesthesiology-elective/cardiac/cvcphys.cfm|title=Central Venous Catheter Physiology|accessdate=2009-02-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080821165806/http://www.healthsystem.virginia.edu/internet/anesthesiology-elective/cardiac/cvcphys.cfm|archivedate=2008-08-21}}</ref> (Otú ọ dị, enwere ike inwe ndị ọzọ n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ.)<ref name="pmid12533747">{{Cite journal|title=Independence of changes in right atrial pressure and central venous pressure|journal=Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine|volume=134|issue=4|pages=318–320|date=October 2002|pmid=12533747|doi=10.1023/A:1021931508946}}</ref>
* Mmetụta jugular venous (JVP) bụ nrụgide a na-ahụ anya na usoro akwara. Ọ nwere ike [[Iba|ịba]] uru na ọdịiche nke ụdị dị iche iche nke ọrịa obi na akpa ume.
* Mmetụta nke eriri afọ bụ ọbara mgbali n'ime eriri afọ. Ọ na-abụkarị 5-10 mmHg<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.emedicine.com/med/byname/esophageal-varices.htm|title=Esophageal Varices : Article Excerpt by: Samy A Azer|publisher=eMedicine|accessdate=2011-08-22|archivedate=2008-10-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081007113712/http://www.emedicine.com/med/byname/Esophageal-Varices.htm}}</ref>

== Mmetụta akpa ume ==
 
Dị ka o kwesịrị, nrụgide dị na akwara akpa ume bụ ihe dịka 15 mmHg mgbe ọ na-ezu ike.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/pah/pah_what.html|title=What Is Pulmonary Hypertension?|work=From Diseases and Conditions Index (DCI)|publisher=National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute.|date=September 2008|accessdate=6 April 2009|archivedate=27 April 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120427144143/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/pah/pah_what.html}}</ref>

Mmụba ọbara mgbali elu na capillaries nke akpa ume na-akpata ọbara mgbali nke akpa ume, na-eduga na interstitial edema ma ọ bụrụ na nrụgide ahụ arịgo elu karịa 20 mmHg, na ọzịza nke akpa ume n'elu nrụgide karịrị 25 mmHg.<ref>{{Cite book|chapter=Chapter 41|title=Cardiology secrets|date=2001|publisher=Hanley & Belfus|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-1-56053-420-4|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IYFAsxAUA_MC}}</ref>

== Nkezi nrụgide usoro ==
 
Ọ bụrụ na akwụsị obi, ọbara mgbali elu na-ada, mana ọ naghị adaba na efu. Mmetụta fọdụrụnụ a na-atụle mgbe nkwụsị nke obi na nkesa ọbara n'ime nrugharị ahụ ka a na-akpọ nrụgide usoro ma ọ bụ nrụgide nrugharị; nke a na-abụkarị ~ 7mm Hg.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|title=Mean circulatory filling pressure: its meaning and measurement|journal=Journal of Applied Physiology|volume=74|issue=2|pages=499–509|date=February 1993|pmid=8458763|doi=10.1152/jappl.1993.74.2.499}}</ref><ref name=":5" />

== Nsogbu ọbara mgbali elu ==
Nsogbu nke nchịkwa ọbara mgbali elu gụnyere ọbara mgbali, ọbara mgbali ala, na ọbara mgbali nke na-egosi oke ma ọ bụ mgbanwe na-adịghị mma.

=== Mmetụta ọbara dị elu ===
 
[[Usòrò:Main_complications_of_persistent_high_blood_pressure.svg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|300x300px|Nchịkọta nke nsogbu ndị bụ isi nke ọbara mgbali elu na-adịgide adịgide.<ref name="aha23">{{Cite web|title=The facts about high blood pressure|url=https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/high-blood-pressure/the-facts-about-high-blood-pressure|publisher=American Heart Association|accessdate=14 May 2023|date=2023|archivedate=14 May 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230514190952/https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/high-blood-pressure/the-facts-about-high-blood-pressure}}</ref>]]
Ọrịa ọbara mgbali elu nwere ike ịbụ ihe na-egosi nsogbu ndị ọzọ ma nwee mmetụta ọjọọ ogologo oge. Mgbe ụfọdụ ọ nwere ike ịbụ nsogbu siri ike, dịka na mberede ọbara mgbali elu mgbe ọbara mgbali karịrị 180/120 mmHg.<ref name="aha23">{{Cite web|title=The facts about high blood pressure|url=https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/high-blood-pressure/the-facts-about-high-blood-pressure|publisher=American Heart Association|accessdate=14 May 2023|date=2023|archivedate=14 May 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230514190952/https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/high-blood-pressure/the-facts-about-high-blood-pressure}}</ref>

Ọnọdụ ọbara mgbali elu na-etinye nrụgide na mgbidi ọbara. Mmetụta dị elu na-eme ka ọrụ obi dịkwuo ukwuu na ọganihu nke uto anụ ahụ na-adịghị mma (atheroma) nke na-eto n'ime mgbidi nke akwara. Ka nrụgide dị elu, nrụgide na-arịwanye elu na atheroma na-aga n'ihu na uru ahụ obi na-esiwanye ike, na-ebuwanye ibu ma na-adịwanye ike ka oge na-aga.

Ịrị elu ọbara mgbali elu na-adịgide adịgide bụ otu n'ime ihe ize ndụ maka ọrịa strok, nkụchi obi, nkụda mmụọ, na aneurysms ọbara, ọ bụkwa ihe na-akpata nkụchi akụrụ na-adịghị ala ala.<ref name="aha23">{{Cite web|title=The facts about high blood pressure|url=https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/high-blood-pressure/the-facts-about-high-blood-pressure|publisher=American Heart Association|accessdate=14 May 2023|date=2023|archivedate=14 May 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230514190952/https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/high-blood-pressure/the-facts-about-high-blood-pressure}}</ref> Ọbụna ịdị elu nke ọbara mgbali elu na-eduga n'ịdị mkpirikpi nke ndụ.<ref name="aha23" /> Na nrụgide dị elu nke ukwuu, nrụgide ọbara 50% ma ọ bụ karịa karịa nkezi, mmadụ nwere ike ịtụ anya ịdị ndụ karịa afọ ole na ole ọ gwụla ma a gwọrọ ya nke ọma.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Textbook of Medical Physiology|date=2006|publisher=Elsevier Saunders|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-7216-0240-0|edition=11th}}</ref>

Ma nrụgide siri ike dị elu na nrụgide dị elu (ọdịiche dị n'etiti nrụgide siri mma na nke siri ike) bụ ihe ize ndụ.<ref name="aha23">{{Cite web|title=The facts about high blood pressure|url=https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/high-blood-pressure/the-facts-about-high-blood-pressure|publisher=American Heart Association|accessdate=14 May 2023|date=2023|archivedate=14 May 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230514190952/https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/high-blood-pressure/the-facts-about-high-blood-pressure}}</ref> N'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, o yiri ka mbelata nke nrụgide diastolic gabigara ókè nwere ike ịbawanye ihe ize ndụ n'ezie, ma eleghị anya n'ihi mmụba dị n'etiti nrụgide systolic na diastolic. Ọ bụrụ na ọbara mgbali elu (>140 mmHg) na ọbara mgbochi diastolic dị mma (<90 mmHg), a na-akpọ ya ọbara mgbali nke systolic ma nwee ike igosi nchegbu ahụike.<ref name="aha23" /><ref name="urlIsolated systolic hypertension: A health concern? – MayoClinic.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/high-blood-pressure/expert-answers/hypertension/faq-20058527|title=Isolated systolic hypertension: A health concern?|work=MayoClinic.com|accessdate=2018-01-25|archivedate=2013-12-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228153711/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/hypertension/AN01113}}</ref> Dabere na ntuziaka ọbara mgbali elu nke 2017 American Heart Association na-ekwu na ọbara mgbali siri ike nke 130-139 mmHg na nrụgide diastolic nke 80-89 mmHg bụ "otu ọkwa ọbara mgbali".<ref>{{Cite book|chapter=Systolic Hypertension|date=2022|chapterurl=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482472/|title=StatPearls|location=Treasure Island (FL)|publisher=StatPearls Publishing|accessdate=2022-10-03}}</ref><ref name="aha23" />

For those  with heart valve regurgitation a change in its severity may be associated with a  change in diastolic pressure. 

In a study of people  with heart valve regurgitation that compared measurements two weeks apart  for each person  there was an increased severity of aortic and mitral regurgitation when diastolic blood increased whereas when diastolic blood pressure decreased  severity

=== Obara igbatu ala ===
 
A na-akpọ ọbara mgbali elu nke dị ala dị ka hypotension. Nke a bụ nchegbu ahụike ma ọ bụrụ na ọ na-akpata ihe ịrịba ama ma ọ bụ mgbaàmà, dị ka isi ọwụwa, ịda mbà, ma ọ bụ n'ọnọdụ ndị siri ike, nkụchi ọbara.<ref name="NHLBI2008">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/hyp/hyp_whatis.html|title=Diseases and conditions index – hypotension|date=September 2008|publisher=National Heart Lung and Blood Institute|accessdate=2008-09-16|archivedate=2012-04-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120427145640/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/hyp/hyp_whatis.html}}</ref>

Ihe na-akpata ọbara mgbali elu dị ala gụnyere:<ref>{{Cite book|title=Braunwald's heart disease : a textbook of cardiovascular medicine|date=2012|publisher=Saunders|isbn=978-1-4377-0398-6|edition=9th|location=Philadelphia|oclc=671465395}}</ref>

* R6Ọrịa Sepsis
* Ọbara ọgbụgba - ọbara ọgbụ
* Obi mgbu
* Ọrịa hypotension nke akwara na-emetụta (ma ọ bụ reflex syncope)
* Mmetụta na-egbu egbu gụnyere ọgwụ mgbochi ọbara
* Nsogbu hormone, dị ka ọrịa Addison
* Nsogbu iri nri, ọkachasị anorexia nervosa na bulimia

==== Ọrịa ọbara mgbali elu ====
 
CA na-akpọ nnukwu ọdịda ọbara mgbali elu mgbe ọ na-eguzo ọtọ (mmiri ọbara mgbali ala systolic / diastolic na-adịgide adịgide nke >20/10 mm Hg) orthostatic hypotension (postural hypotension) ma na-anọchite anya ọdịda nke ahụ iji kwụọ ụgwọ maka mmetụta nke ike ndọda na nrugharị. Ịkwụ ọtọ na-ebute mmụba nke nrụgide hydrostatic na akwara ọbara nke aka ala. Mgbasawanye nke akwara ndị dị n'okpuru diaphragm (ịchịkọta akwara) na-eme ka ~ 500 ml nke ọbara si n'obi na elu ahụ. Nke a na-ebute mbelata ngwa ngwa n'ọnụ ọgụgụ ọbara dị n'etiti na mbelata nke ventricular preload nke na-ebelata ọnụ ọgụgụ ọrịa strok, na ọbara mgbali elu. Dị ka o kwesịrị, a na-akwụ ụgwọ nke a site na ọtụtụ usoro, gụnyere ịrụ ọrụ nke usoro akwara na-eme ka obi na-akụ, myocardial contractility na systemic arterial vasoconstriction iji chekwaa ọbara mgbali elu ma mee ka venous vasoconstrriction belata nrubeisi nke ọbara. Mbelata nkwenye nke akwara na-esikwa na mmụba nke myogenic intrinsic na ụda akwara na nzaghachi maka nrụgide dị elu na akwara nke ala ahụ. 

Usoro nkwụghachi ụgwọ ndị ọzọ gụnyere veno-arteriolar axon reflex, 'mkpịsị ọkpụkpụ' na 'mkpokọta iku ume'. N'ozuzu, usoro ndị a na-emekarị ka ọbara mgbali elu kwụsie ike n'ime nkeji ma ọ bụ obere.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|title=Orthostatic Hypotension: Epidemiology, Prognosis, and Treatment|journal=Journal of the American College of Cardiology|volume=66|issue=7|pages=848–860|date=August 2015|pmid=26271068|doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2015.06.1084}}</ref> Ọ bụrụ na usoro nkwụghachi ụgwọ ndị a adaa na ọbara mgbali elu na ọbara na-ebelata karịa otu ebe, perfusion nke ụbụrụ na-emebi nke ukwuu (ya bụ, ọbara ezughị ezu), na-akpata isi ọwụwa, isi ọwụụ, adịghị ike ma ọ bụ ịda mbà.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Cerebral autoregulation and syncope|journal=Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases|volume=50|issue=1|pages=49–80|year=2007|pmid=17631437|doi=10.1016/j.pcad.2007.01.001}}</ref> Dị ka ọ na-adịkarị, ọdịda nkwụghachi ụgwọ a bụ n'ihi ọrịa, ma ọ bụ ọgwụ ndị na-emetụta usoro akwara ọmịiko.<ref name=":4" /> A na-ahụ mmetụta yiri nke ahụ na-esote ahụmịhe nke ike ndọda gabigara ókè (G-loading), dị ka ndị na-anya ụgbọelu ma ọ bụ ndị na-alụ ọgụ 'na-adọkpụ Gs' mgbe nrụgide hydrostatic dị oke egwu karịrị ikike nke usoro nkwụghachi ụgwọ ahụ.

=== Mgbanwe ọbara mgbali elu ma ọ bụ na-agbanwe agbanwe ===
Mgbanwe ụfọdụ ma ọ bụ mgbanwe na ọbara mgbali elu dị mma.  Mgbanwe dị iche iche na nrụgide nke dị ukwuu karịa ka ọ dị na ya na-ejikọta ya na ohere dị ukwuu nke ọrịa obi na ụbụrụ obere ọrịa, na dementia na-adabere na ọkwa ọbara mgbali elu.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Blood pressure variability and cardiovascular disease: systematic review and meta-analysis|journal=BMJ|volume=354|pages=i4098|date=August 2016|pmid=27511067|doi=10.1136/bmj.i4098}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Association Between Blood Pressure Variability and Cerebral Small-Vessel Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis|journal=Journal of the American Heart Association|volume=9|issue=1|pages=e013841|date=January 2020|pmid=31870233|doi=10.1161/JAHA.119.013841}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|title=Risk Factor Variability and Cardiovascular Outcome: JACC Review Topic of the Week|journal=Journal of the American College of Cardiology|volume=73|issue=20|pages=2596–2603|date=May 2019|pmid=31118154|doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2019.02.063}}</ref>  Ihe akaebe sitere na nnwale ahụike na-adịbeghị anya ejikọtala ọdịiche dị na ọbara mgbali elu na ọnwụ, ọrịa strok, nkụchi obi, na mgbanwe obi nke nwere ike ibute nkụchiobi.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Association between blood pressure variability, cardiovascular disease and mortality in type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis|journal=Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism|volume=21|issue=12|pages=2587–2598|date=December 2019|pmid=31282073|doi=10.1111/dom.13828}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Baseline blood pressure modifies the role of blood pressure variability in mortality: Results from the ACCORD trial|journal=Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism|volume=24|issue=5|pages=951–955|date=May 2022|pmid=35014154|doi=10.1111/dom.14649}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Visit-to-Visit Variability of Blood Pressure and Coronary Heart Disease, Stroke, Heart Failure, and Mortality: A Cohort Study|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|volume=163|issue=5|pages=329–338|date=September 2015|pmid=26215765|doi=10.7326/M14-2803}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Blood Pressure Variability and Risk of Heart Failure in ACCORD and the VADT|journal=Diabetes Care|volume=43|issue=7|pages=1471–1478|date=July 2020|pmid=32327422|doi=10.2337/dc19-2540}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Association Between Visit-to-Visit Blood Pressure Variability in Early Adulthood and Myocardial Structure and Function in Later Life|journal=JAMA Cardiology|volume=5|issue=7|pages=795–801|date=July 2020|pmid=32293640|doi=10.1001/jamacardio.2020.0799}}</ref> Ihe ọmụma ndị a akpaliwo mkparịta ụka banyere ma a ga-agwọ oke mgbanwe ọbara mgbali elu, ọbụlagodi n'etiti ndị okenye toro eto.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Assessment and management of blood-pressure variability|journal=Nature Reviews. Cardiology|volume=10|issue=3|pages=143–155|date=March 2013|pmid=23399972|doi=10.1038/nrcardio.2013.1}}</ref>

Ndị okenye na ndị natara ọgwụ mgbochi ọbara nwere ike igosi mgbanwe dị ukwuu na nrụgide, enwere ihe akaebe ụfọdụ na ihe mgbochi mgbochi ọbara dị iche iche nwere mmetụta dị iche iche na mgbanwe ọbara mgbali elu; ma ọdịiche ndị a na-apụta na uru na nsonaazụ ejighị n'aka.<ref name="ncbi.nlm.nih.gov">{{Cite journal|title=Long-term blood pressure fluctuation and cerebrovascular disease in an elderly cohort|journal=Archives of Neurology|volume=67|issue=5|pages=564–569|date=May 2010|pmid=20457955|doi=10.1001/archneurol.2010.70}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|title=Risk Factor Variability and Cardiovascular Outcome: JACC Review Topic of the Week|journal=Journal of the American College of Cardiology|volume=73|issue=20|pages=2596–2603|date=May 2019|pmid=31118154|doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2019.02.063}}</ref><ref name=":6" />

== Ọdịdị ahụike ==
[[Usòrò:Systolevs_Diastole.png|thumb|Ọrịa obi na diastole]]
[[Usòrò:VIM_LDH.jpg|alt=|thumb|Ụdị ọsọ ọsọ ọbara na-agba n'etiti akwara retinal (red) na vein (blue), nke a na-atụ site na laser Doppler imaging na anya nke onye ọrụ afọ ofufo nwere ahụike.]]
N'oge obi ọ bụla, ọbara mgbali elu na-adịgasị iche n'etiti nrụgide kachasị elu (systolic) na nke kachasị nta (diastolic). [isi iyi ahụike a na-apụghị ịdabere na ya] ọbara mgbali n'usoro ọbara bụ n'ihi ọrụ mgbapụta nke obi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Normal Blood Pressure Ranges in Adults|url=https://svollop.com/health/blood-pressure-ranges/|publisher=HealthyLife|date=2023-03-16|accessdate=2023-03-21|archivedate=2023-03-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316081326/https://svollop.com/health/blood-pressure-ranges/}}</ref><ref name="Caro">{{Cite book|title=The Mechanics of The Circulation|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford [Oxfordshire]|year=1978|isbn=978-0-19-263323-1}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, a na-achịkwa ọbara mgbali elu site na nchịkwa akwara site na ụbụrụ (lee Hypertension na ụbụ), yana nchịkwa osmotic site na akụrụ. Ọdịiche dị na ọbara mgbali elu na-eme ka ọbara na-aga gburugburu nrugharị. Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ọbara na-aga na-adabere na ọbara mgbali elu na nguzogide nke akwara ọbara gosipụtara. Na enweghị mmetụta hydrostatic (dịka iguzo), ọbara mgbali elu na-ebelata ka ọbara na-agagharị na-apụ n'obi site na akwara na capillaries n'ihi ọnwụ ike. Ọbara ọbara na-agbadata na nrugharị ọbara niile, ọ bụ ezie na ihe ka ukwuu n'ịda na-ewere ọnọdụ n'akụkụ obere akwara na arterioles.<ref name="Klabunde2005p93-4">{{Cite book|title=Cardiovascular Physiology Concepts|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|year=2005|pages=93–94|isbn=978-0-7817-5030-1}}</ref> Pulsatility na-ebelata na obere ihe ndị dị na nrugharị ọbara, ọ bụ ezie na a na-ahụ ụfọdụ pulsatility na capillaries.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Blood pressure fluctuations in human nailfold capillaries|journal=The American Journal of Physiology|volume=236|issue=6|pages=H888–H893|date=June 1979|pmid=443454|doi=10.1152/ajpheart.1979.236.6.H888}}</ref>
[[Usòrò:Circulation_pressures_v1.tif|thumb|Ihe osise nke nrụgide na mgbasa ozi]]
Ike ndọda na-emetụta ọbara mgbali elu site na ike hydrostatic (dịka, mgbe ị na-eguzo), na valves na akwara, iku ume, na mgbapụta site na mkpakọ nke uru ahụ ọkpụkpụ na-emetụtakwa ọbara mgbali, ọkachasị na akwara.<ref name="Caro">{{Cite book|title=The Mechanics of The Circulation|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford [Oxfordshire]|year=1978|isbn=978-0-19-263323-1}}</ref>

=== Hemodynamics ===
Nlele dị mfe nke hemodynamics nke nrụgide ọbara na-adabere na nrụgide ọbara (MAP) na nrụgide pulse. Enwere ike ịghọta ọtụtụ mmetụta na ọbara mgbali elu n'ihe gbasara mmetụta ha na mmepụta obi, usoro mgbochi vascular, ma ọ bụ nkwụsi ike ọbara (nke megidere nkwenye ọbara).<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The relationship of cardiac output and arterial pressure control|journal=Circulation|volume=64|issue=6|pages=1079–1088|date=December 1981|pmid=6794930|doi=10.1161/01.cir.64.6.1079}}</ref> Mpụta obi bụ ngwaahịa nke oke ọrịa strok na obi. Ọnụ ọgụgụ stroke na-emetụta site na 1) ọnụ ọgụgụ diastolic nke njedebe ma ọ bụ nrụgide jupụtara na ventricle na-arụ ọrụ site na usoro Frank Starling - nke a na-emetụ n'ahụ site na ọnụ ọgụgụ ọbara; 2) nkwụsị obi; na 3) afterload, ihe mgbochi ọbara na-agafe site na nrugharị.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Arterial impedance as ventricular afterload|journal=Circulation Research|volume=36|issue=5|pages=565–570|date=May 1975|pmid=1122568|doi=10.1161/01.res.36.5.565}}</ref> N'oge na-adịghị anya, ka ọbara na-ebuwanye ibu, otú ahụ ka obi na-ebute. A tụwo aro nke a dị ka nkọwa nke mmekọrịta dị n'etiti nri [[Ńnú|nnu]] dị elu na ọbara mgbali elu; Otú ọ dị, nzaghachi maka mmụba sodium nri dịgasị iche n'etiti ndị mmadụ ma dabere na nzaghachi nke usoro akwara na usoro renin-angiotensin, mgbanwe na osmolarity plasma nwekwara ike ịdị mkpa.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Salt, volume and the prevention of hypertension|journal=Circulation|volume=53|issue=4|pages=589–595|date=April 1976|pmid=767020|doi=10.1161/01.CIR.53.4.589}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Sodium-induced rise in blood pressure is suppressed by androgen receptor blockade|journal=American Journal of Physiology. Heart and Circulatory Physiology|volume=280|issue=4|pages=H1793–H1801|date=April 2001|pmid=11247793|doi=10.1152/ajpheart.2001.280.4.H1793}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Sodium and hypertension. A review|journal=Archives of Internal Medicine|volume=146|issue=1|pages=179–185|date=January 1986|pmid=3510595|doi=10.1001/archinte.1986.00360130217028}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Acute effects of salt on blood pressure are mediated by serum osmolality|journal=Journal of Clinical Hypertension|volume=20|issue=10|pages=1447–1454|date=October 2018|pmid=30232829|doi=10.1111/jch.13374}}</ref> N'ime ogologo oge, mmekọrịta dị n'etiti olu na ọbara mgbali elu dị mgbagwoju anya.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Speculations on salt and the genesis of arterial hypertension|journal=Kidney International|volume=91|issue=6|pages=1324–1335|date=June 2017|pmid=28501304|doi=10.1016/j.kint.2017.02.034}}</ref> N'okwu dị mfe, usoro mgbochi vascular na-ekpebi site na caliber nke obere akwara na arterioles. Mgbochi nke akwara ọbara na-adabere na radius ya dịka usoro Hagen-Poiseuille si kọwaa ya (eguzogide / radius4). Ya mere, ka radius dị obere, otú ahụ ka nguzogide dị elu. Ihe ndị ọzọ na-emetụta nguzogide gụnyere: ogologo arịa (ka arịa ahụ dị ogologo, ka nguzogide ahụ dị elu), ọbara na-arapara n'ahụ (ka nguzogide dị elu, ka nguzo dị elu) na ọnụ ọgụgụ arịa, ọkachasị obere, arterioles na capillaries.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The role of rheological and haemostatic factors in hypertension|journal=Journal of Human Hypertension|volume=11|issue=12|pages=767–776|date=December 1997|pmid=9468002|doi=10.1038/sj.jhh.1000556}}</ref> Ọnụnọ nke ọrịa akwara siri ike na-eme ka mmụba nke iguzogide na-agafe, agbanyeghị, mmụba a na-eguzogide anaghị eme ka ọbara mgbali elu n'ihi na enyemaka ya na mgbochi zuru ezu dị obere, ọ bụ ezie na ọ nwere ike belata na-aga n'ihu.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Pathophysiology of obstructive arterial disease|journal=Herz|volume=13|issue=6|pages=343–350|date=December 1988|pmid=3061915}}</ref> Ihe ndị a na-akpọ vasoconstrictors na-ebelata ogo nke akwara ọbara, si otú a na-eme ka ọbara mgbali elu dị elu. Vasodilators (dị ka nitroglycerin) na-eme ka caliber nke akwara ọbara dịkwuo elu, si otú a na-ebelata ọbara mgbali elu. N'ime ogologo oge, usoro a na-akpọ remodeling na-enyekwa aka ịgbanwe caliber nke obere akwara ọbara ma na-emetụta nguzogide na mmeghachi omume na ihe na-arụ ọrụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Structural determinants of vascular resistance properties in hypertension. Haemodynamic and model analysis|journal=Journal of Vascular Research|volume=29|issue=4|pages=293–312|date=1992|pmid=1391553|doi=10.1159/000158945}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Small artery remodelling in hypertension|journal=Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology|volume=110|issue=1|pages=49–55|date=January 2012|pmid=21733124|doi=10.1111/j.1742-7843.2011.00758.x}}</ref> Mbelata nke capillary density, nke a na-akpọ capillary rarefaction, nwekwara ike inye aka n'ịbawanye nguzogide n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Early Functional and Structural Microvascular Changes in Hypertension Related to Aging|journal=Current Hypertension Reviews|volume=13|issue=1|pages=24–32|date=2017|pmid=28412915|doi=10.2174/1573402113666170413095508}}</ref>

N'omume, usoro akwara nke onye ọ bụla na usoro ndị ọzọ na-achịkwa ọbara mgbali elu, ọkachasị akụrụ, na-emeghachi omume ma na-achịkọta ihe ndị a niile ka, ọ bụ ezie na nsogbu ndị dị n'elu dị mkpa, ha anaghị arụ ọrụ iche iche na mmeghachi omume ọbara mgbali nke onye a nyere nwere ike ịdịgasị iche iche n'oge dị mkpirikpi na ogologo.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Arterial pressure regulation. Overriding dominance of the kidneys in long-term regulation and in hypertension|journal=The American Journal of Medicine|volume=52|issue=5|pages=584–594|date=May 1972|pmid=4337474|doi=10.1016/0002-9343(72)90050-2}}</ref>

=== Ọrịa ọbara mgbali elu ===
Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) bụ nkezi nke ọbara mgbali elu n'elu okirikiri obi ma na-ekpebi ya site na mmepụta obi (CO), usoro vascular resistance (SVR), na nrụgide nke etiti (CVP):<ref name="Mayet Hughes 2003 pp. 1104–9">{{Cite journal|title=Cardiac and vascular pathophysiology in hypertension|journal=Heart|volume=89|issue=9|pages=1104–1109|date=September 2003|pmid=12923045|doi=10.1136/heart.89.9.1104}}</ref><ref name="Granger Hall 2007 pp. 241–263">{{Cite book|title=Comprehensive Hypertension|chapter=Role of the Kidney in Hypertension|publisher=Elsevier|year=2007|isbn=978-0-323-03961-1|doi=10.1016/b978-0-323-03961-1.50026-x|pages=241–263}}</ref><ref name="KlabundeMAP2007">{{Cite web|url=http://www.cvphysiology.com/Blood%20Pressure/BP006.htm|title=Cardiovascular Physiology Concepts – Mean Arterial Pressure|accessdate=2008-09-29|year=2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091002040008/http://www.cvphysiology.com/Blood%20Pressure/BP006.htm|archivedate=2009-10-02}}</ref>

::::::::::: <math>\! \text{MAP} = (\text{CO} \cdot \text{SVR}) + \text{CVP} </math>

N'omume, a na-eleghara onyinye CVP (nke dị obere) anya n'ozuzu ya ma yabụ

::::::::::: <math>\! \text{MAP} = \text{CO} \cdot \text{SVR} </math>

<math>\! \text{MAP} \approxeq P_{\text{dias}} + k (P_{\text{sys}} - P_{\text{dias}})</math>
[[Usòrò:Arterial-blood-pressure-curve.svg|thumb|Ihe ngosi nke ọbara mgbali elu n'elu otu okirikiri obi. A na-ejikọta oghere dị na curve na mmechi nke valvụ aortic.]]

::::::::::: <math>\! P_{\text{pulse}} = P_{\text{sys}} - P_{\text{dias}}.</math>

Mmetụta nke obi bụ nsonaazụ nke ọdịdị nke obi, ya bụ, obi na-akụ. A na-ekwukarị na oke nrụgide nke obi na-emetụta mmekọrịta nke oke ọrịa strok nke obi, nkwenye (ikike ịgbasa) nke usoro akwara - nke a na-ejikarị aorta na nnukwu akwara na-agbatị agbatị - na nguzogide ịgafe n'osisi akwara.<ref name="KlabundePulse2007">{{Cite web|url=http://www.cvphysiology.com/Blood%20Pressure/BP003.htm|title=Cardiovascular Physiology Concepts – Pulse Pressure|accessdate=2008-10-02|year=2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091018055524/http://www.cvphysiology.com/Blood%20Pressure/BP003.htm|archivedate=2009-10-18}}</ref>

A ghọtachaghị usoro nchịkwa nke ọbara mgbali elu, nke na-emetụta n'ụzọ zuru oke, mana usoro ndị a na-achịkwa ọbara mgbali emeela nke ọma:

* Baroreceptor reflex: Baroreceptors na mpaghara ndị na-anabata nrụgide dị elu na-achọpụta mgbanwe na nrụgide ọbara. Baroreceptors ndị a na-eziga mgbaàmà n'ikpeazụ na medulla nke ụbụrụ ụbụrụ, ọkachasị na rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM). Médulla, site na usoro akwara na-achị onwe ya, na-edozi nrụgide ọbara site n'ịgbanwe ma ike na ọsọ nke mgbanaka obi, yana nguzogide vascular. Baroreceptors arterial kachasị mkpa dị n'aka ekpe na aka nri carotid sinuses na n'oghere aortic.<ref name="KlabundeArtBar2007">{{Cite web|url=http://www.cvphysiology.com/Blood%20Pressure/BP012.htm|title=Cardiovascular Physiology Concepts – Arterial Baroreceptors|accessdate=2008-09-09|year=2007|archivedate=2009-12-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091223020230/http://www.cvphysiology.com/Blood%20Pressure/BP012.htm}}</ref>
* Usoro Renin-angiotensin (RAS): A maara usoro a maka mgbanwe ogologo oge nke ọbara mgbali elu. Usoro a na-enye ohere ka akụrụ kwụọ ụgwọ maka ọnwụ nke ọbara ma ọ bụ ọdịda nke ọbara mgbali elu site na ime ka vasoconstrictor endogenous a maara dị ka angiotensin II.
* Aldosterone release: A na-ewepụta hormone steroid a site na adrenal cortex na nzaghachi maka ịrụ ọrụ nke usoro renin-angiotensin, ọkwa potassium dị elu, ma ọ bụ hormone adrenocorticotropic dị elu (ACTH). Renin na-agbanwe angiotensinogen ka ọ bụrụ angiotensin I, nke angiotensin na-agbanwere enzyme ka ọ bụrụangiotensin II. Angiotensin II na-agbasa ozi na adrenal cortex iji wepụta aldosterone.<ref>{{Cite book|chapter=Physiology, Renin Angiotensin System.|date=January 2022|title=StatPearls|publisher=StatPearls Publishing|location=Treasure Island, FL|chapterurl=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470410/|accessdate=18 November 2022}}</ref> Aldosterone na-akpali sodium na potassium na-apụ n'anya site na akụrụ na nnu na mmiri na-eme ka plasma dịkwuo ukwuu, na n'ụzọ na-apụtaghị ìhè, ọbara mgbali elu. Aldosterone nwekwara ike inwe mmetụta na-emetụta nrụgide kpọmkwem na akwara vascular smooth na mmetụta dị n'etiti na ọrụ usoro akwara sympathetic.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Aldosterone and blood pressure regulation: recent milestones on the long and winding road from electrocortin to KCNJ5, GPER, and beyond|journal=Hypertension|volume=63|issue=1|pages=19–21|date=January 2014|pmid=24191283|doi=10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.113.01251}}</ref>
* Baroreceptors na mpaghara ndị na-anabata nrụgide dị ala (karịsịa na venae cavae na akwara akpa ume, na na atria) na-ebute nzaghachi site na ịchịkwa mmepụta nke hormone antidiuretic (ADH / Vasopressin), renin na aldosterone. Mmụba nke ọbara na-eme ka mmụba nke obi site na iwu Frank-Starling nke obi, n'aka nke ya, na-amụba ọbara mgbali elu.

# A na-achọpụta ọdịda ọbara mgbali elu site na mbelata nke ọbara na-agba ma si otú a belata nke glomerular filtration rate (GFR).
# A na-ahụ mbelata na GFR dị ka mbelata na ọkwa Na <sup>+</sup> site na macula densa.
# Macula densa na-akpata mmụba na Na <sup>+</sup> reabsorption, nke na-eme ka mmiri soro site na osmosis ma na-eduga na mmụba kachasị na plasma. Ọzọkwa, macula densa na-ewepụta adenosine nke na-akpata mgbochi nke arterioles afferent.
# N'otu oge ahụ, mkpụrụ ndụ juxtaglomerular na-enwe mmetụta nke mbelata ọbara mgbali elu ma wepụta renin.
# Renin na-agbanwe angiotensinogen (ụdị na-adịghị arụ ọrụ) na angiotensin I (ụdị na'arụ ọrụ).
# Angiotensin I na-aga n'ime ọbara ruo mgbe ọ ruru capillaries nke akpa ume ebe angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) na-arụ ọrụ na ya iji gbanwee ya ka ọ bụrụ angiotensin II.
# Angiotensin II bụ vasoconstrictor nke ga-eme ka ọbara na-aga n'obi ma mesịa bụrụ preload, n'ikpeazụ na-eme ka mmepụta obi dịkwuo elu.
# Angiotensin II na-akpatakwa mmụba na ntọhapụ nke aldosterone site na gland adrenal.
# Aldosterone na-agbakwu Na <sup>+</sup> na H2O reabsorption na tubule convoluted distal nke nephron.

[[Usòrò:Blood_Pressure_-_Take_Another_Person.png|thumb|Iji sphygmomanometer na-ewere ọbara mgbali elu]]
A na-atụkarị nrụgide ọbara site na sphygmomanometer, nke na-eji ịdị elu nke kọlụm mercury, ma ọ bụ aneroid gauge, iji gosipụta nrụgide ọbara ọbara site na auscultation.<ref name="Booth1977">{{Cite journal|title=A short history of blood pressure measurement|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine|volume=70|issue=11|pages=793–799|date=November 1977|pmid=341169|doi=10.1177/003591577707001112}}</ref> Usoro a na-ahụkarị iji aka ya tụọ ọbara mgbali elu dabere na usoro oscillometric.<ref name="For2015">{{Cite journal|title=Oscillometric Blood Pressure Estimation: Past, Present, and Future|journal=IEEE Reviews in Biomedical Engineering|volume=8|pages=44–63|date=2015-01-01|pmid=25993705|doi=10.1109/RBME.2015.2434215}}</ref> A na-enweta ọnụọgụ oscillometric zuru oke kemgbe 1981.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US4427013A/en?q=donald&q=nunn&oq=donald+nunn|title=Apparatus and method for measuring blood pressure|accessdate=2019-01-12|archivedate=2022-10-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026151549/https://patents.google.com/patent/US4427013A/en?q=donald&q=nunn&oq=donald+nunn}}</ref> E jirila ụkpụrụ a mee ihe n'oge na-adịbeghị anya iji tụọ ọbara mgbali elu na smartphone.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Smartphone-based blood pressure monitoring via the oscillometric finger-pressing method|journal=Science Translational Medicine|volume=10|issue=431|pages=eaap8674|date=March 2018|pmid=29515001|doi=10.1126/scitranslmed.aap8674}}</ref> Ịtụle nrụgide n'ụzọ na-awakpo, site na ịbanye na mgbidi ọbara iji tụọ ya, bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị ma na-ejikarị ya eme ihe n'ụlọ ọgwụ.
A na-enyocha ụzọ ọhụrụ iji tụọ ọbara mgbali elu n'enweghị ịbanye na mgbidi ọbara, na-enweghị nrụgide ọ bụla n'ahụ onye ọrịa ugbu a.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Handbook of Cuffless Blood Pressure Monitoring|date=2019|publisher=Springer International Publishing|isbn=978-3-030-24701-0|url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030247003|accessdate=2020-01-29}}</ref> Ihe a na-akpọ ọnụọgụ na-enweghị eriri, usoro ndị a na-emeghe ọnụ ụzọ maka ndị na-enyocha ọbara mgbali elu na ndị a na'anabata. Otu ihe atụ bụ ihe nyocha ọbara mgbali elu na aka nke na-eji naanị ihe mmetụta anya.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Measuring Pressure: Introducing oBPM, the Optical Revolution for Blood Pressure Monitoring|journal=IEEE Pulse|volume=9|issue=5|pages=31–33|date=September 2018|pmid=30273141|doi=10.1109/MPUL.2018.2856960}}</ref>

Otu nsogbu a na-ahụkarị na nyocha ọbara mgbali elu n'ọfịs na United States bụ mmasị ọnụọgụ ọnụọgụ. Dị ka otu nnyocha si kwuo, ihe dị ka 40% nke ọnụọgụ ndị e dekọrọ na-ejedebe na ọnụọgụ efu, ebe "na-enweghị ajọ mbunobi, a na-atụ anya na 10%-20% nke ọnụọụọgụ ga-ejedebe n'efu" Ya mere, ịza ajụjụ maka mmasị ọnụọgụ bụ isi okwu maka imeziwanye nha ọbara mgbali elu.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Digit Preference in Office Blood Pressure Measurements, United States 2015-2019|journal=American Journal of Hypertension|volume=34|issue=5|pages=521–530|date=May 2021|pmid=33246327|doi=10.1093/ajh/hpaa196}}</ref>

== Na anụmanu ==
Ọnọdụ ọbara mgbali elu n'ime anụ ndị na-abụghị mmadụ nwere ike ịdịgasị iche dabere na ụdị. Obi na-akụ na-adị iche iche, n'ụzọ dị ukwuu dabere na ogo nke anụmanụ ahụ (ụmụ anụmanụ buru ibu nwere obi na-akụ nwayọ).<ref>{{Cite book|title=The design of mammals : a scaling approach|isbn=978-1-107-11047-2|location=Cambridge|oclc=907295832|date=2015-10-22}}</ref> Anụ giraffe nwere ọbara mgbali elu nke ihe dị ka 190 mm Hg, na-eme ka ọbara na-agafe mita 2 (6  in) -ogologo olu ruo .<ref name="brondum">{{Cite journal|title=Jugular venous pooling during lowering of the head affects blood pressure of the anesthetized giraffe|journal=American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology|volume=297|issue=4|pages=R1058–R1065|date=October 2009|pmid=19657096|doi=10.1152/ajpregu.90804.2008}}</ref> N'ụdị ndị ọzọ na-enwe ọbara mgbali elu, dị ka agwọ osisi, ọbara mgbali ala dị elu karịa agwọ na-abụghị osisi.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Blood pressure in snakes from different habitats|journal=Nature|volume=264|issue=5587|pages=664–666|date=December 1976|pmid=1004612|doi=10.1038/264664a0}}</ref> Obi dị nso n'isi (ebe dị mkpirikpi site n'obi ruo n'isi) na ọdụ ogologo nke nwere akpụkpọ ahụ siri ike na-akwado ịba ọbara n'isi.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Heart place and tail length evaluation in Naja oxiana, Macrovipera lebetina, and Montivipera latifii|journal=Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine|volume=7S1|pages=S137–S142|date=September 2014|pmid=25312108|doi=10.1016/s1995-7645(14)60220-0}}</ref><ref name="seymour">{{Cite journal|title=Scaling of cardiovascular physiology in snakes|journal=American Zoologist|volume=27|issue=1|year=1987|issn=0003-1569|doi=10.1093/icb/27.1.97|pages=97–109}}</ref>

Dị ka ọ dị n'ime ụmụ mmadụ, ọbara mgbali elu n'ime anụmanụ dị iche site na afọ, okike, oge ụbọchị, na ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi: ihe ndị a na-atụle na ụlọ nyocha ma ọ bụ n'okpuru anesthesia nwere ike ọ gaghị anọchite anya ụkpụrụ n'okpuru ọnọdụ ndụ onwe ya.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Animal Models in Cardiovascular Research|publisher=Springer|year=2009|isbn=978-0-387-95962-7|edition=3rd|location=Dordrecht|pages=5|oclc=432709394}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|title=Guidelines for the identification, evaluation, and management of systemic hypertension in dogs and cats|journal=Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine|volume=21|issue=3|pages=542–558|date=2007|pmid=17552466|doi=10.1111/j.1939-1676.2007.tb03005.x}}</ref> A na-eji òké, òké, nkịta na ewi eme ihe nke ukwuu iji mụọ usoro ọbara mgbali elu.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Animal models of hypertension: an overview|journal=The Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine|volume=146|issue=3|pages=160–173|date=September 2005|pmid=16131455|doi=10.1016/j.lab.2005.05.005}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Blood pressure and heart rate of various mammals<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Animal Models in Cardiovascular Research|publisher=Springer|year=2009|isbn=978-0-387-95962-7|edition=3rd|location=Dordrecht|pages=5|oclc=432709394}}</ref>
! rowspan="2" |Species
! colspan="2" |Blood pressure<br /><br />mm Hg
! rowspan="2" |Heart rate<br /><br />beats per minute
|-
!Systolic
!Diastolic
|-
|Calves
|140
|70
|75–146
|-
|Cats
|155
|68
|100–259
|-
|Dogs
|161
|51
|62–170
|-
|Goats
|140
|90
|80–120
|-
|Guinea-pigs
|140
|90
|240–300
|-
|Mice
|120
|75
|580–680
|-
|Pigs
|169
|55
|74–116
|-
|Rabbits
|118
|67
|205–306
|-
|Rats
|153
|51
|305–500
|-
|Rhesus monkeys
|160
|125
|180–210
|-
|Sheep
|140
|80
|63–210
|}
A na-achọpụta ọbara mgbali elu na nwamba na nkịta ma ọ bụrụ na ọbara mgbali karịrị 150 mm Hg (systolic), ọ bụ ezie na nkịta anya nwere ọbara mgbali karịa ọtụtụ ụdị nkịta ndị ọzọ; a na-ewere ọbara mgbali nke karịrị 180 mmHg dị ka ihe na-adịghị mma na nkịta ndị a.<ref>{{Cite web|title=AKC Canine Health Foundation {{!}} Hypertension in Dogs|url=https://www.akcchf.org/canine-health/your-dogs-health/caring-for-your-dog/hypertension-in-dogs.html|accessdate=2022-10-03|work=www.akcchf.org|archivedate=2022-10-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003215934/https://www.akcchf.org/canine-health/your-dogs-health/caring-for-your-dog/hypertension-in-dogs.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=ACVIM consensus statement: Guidelines for the identification, evaluation, and management of systemic hypertension in dogs and cats|journal=Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine|volume=32|issue=6|pages=1803–1822|date=November 2018|pmid=30353952|doi=10.1111/jvim.15331}}</ref>

== Hụkwazie ==

* Akụkọ banyere ọbara mgbali elu





{{Commons category|Blood pressure}}
 <div class="refbegin" style="">
* <cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFPickeringHallAppelFalkner2005">Pickering TG, Hall JE, Appel LJ, Falkner BE, Graves J, Hill MN, na ndị ọzọ. </cite><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFPickeringHallAppelFalkner2005">(Jenụwarị 2005). </cite><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFPickeringHallAppelFalkner2005">Kọmitii nke agụmakwụkwọ ọha na eze nke American Heart Association Council na High Blood Pressure Research. </cite><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFPickeringHallAppelFalkner2005">"Nkwado maka nyocha ọbara mgbali elu n'ime ụmụ mmadụ na ụmụ anụmanụ nnwale: Akụkụ 1: nyocha ọbara mgbago n'ime mmadụ: nkwupụta maka ndị ọkachamara sitere na Subcommittee of Professional and Public Education nke American Heart Association Council on High Blood Pressure Research". </cite><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFPickeringHallAppelFalkner2005">Ọrịa ọbara mgbali elu. doi:10.1161/01.</cite><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFPickeringHallAppelFalkner2005">HYP.0000150859.47929.8e. </cite><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFPickeringHallAppelFalkner2005">[[PMID (identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15611362 15611362].</cite>
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