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Kisan kai

Gyara hanyoyin mahaɗar
Daga Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta.
Kisan kai
Description (en) Fassara
Iri killing (en) Fassara, autoaggression (en) Fassara
calamity (en) Fassara
Specialty (en) Fassara psychiatry (en) Fassara
Ilimin halin dan Adam
Identifier (en) Fassara
ICD-10 X60 da X84
ICD-9 E950
DiseasesDB 12641
MedlinePlus 001554
eMedicine 001554
MeSH D013405
hoton gawar da ta kashe kanta

Kisan kai, Shine da gangan ya yi sanadin mutuwar wani ko kansa.[1] Cututtukan tunani-ciki har da baƙin ciki, cuta mai bipolar, Autism, schizophrenia, rikicewar ɗabi'a, rikicewar tashin hankali, da shaye-shaye-ciki har da barasa da kuma amfani da benzodiazepines-sune abubuwan haɗari.[2][3][4][5] Wasu masu kashe kansu ayyuka ne masu ban sha'awa saboda damuwa, kamar daga matsalolin kuɗi, matsalolin dangantaka, kamar rabuwa, ko kuma zalunci.[2][6][7] Wadanda suka yi yunkurin kashe kansu a baya suna cikin haɗari mafi girma don yunƙurin nan gaba.[2] Ƙoƙarin rigakafin kashe kansa mai inganci ya haɗa da iyakance damar yin amfani da hanyoyin kashe kansa—kamar bindigogi, ƙwayoyi, da guba; magance matsalolin tunani da rashin amfani da abu; rahotannin kafofin watsa labaru a hankali game da kashe kansa; da inganta yanayin tattalin arziki.[2][8] Duk da cewa layukan tarzoma sun zama ruwan dare, ba a yi nazari sosai ba.[9][10]

Hanyar kashe kansa da aka fi amfani da ita ta kuma bambanta tsakanin ƙasashe, kuma tana da alaƙa da samun ingantattun hanyoyi.[11] Hanyoyin da ake amfani da su na kashe kansa sun haɗa da rataye, gubar magungunan kashe qwari, da bindigogi.[2][12] Kisan kai ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar mutane 828,000 a duniya a shekarar 2015, adadin da ya karu daga 712,000 da suka mutu a shekarar 1990.[13][14] Wannan ya sa kashe kansa ya zama na 10 da ke haddasa mace-mace a duniya.[3][15]

Kusan 1.5% na mutane suna mutuwa ta hanyar kashe kansu.[16] A cikin shekarar da ta gabata, kusan kashi 12 cikin 100,000 ne.[15] Yawan kashe kashe kansa gabaɗaya ya fi girma a tsakanin maza fiye da na mata, wanda ya ninka sau 1.5 a ƙasashe masu tasowa zuwa sau 3.5 a cikin ƙasashen da suka ci gaba.[17] Kisan kai ya fi zama ruwan dare a tsakanin wadanda suka haura shekaru 70; duk da haka, a wasu ƙasashe, masu shekaru tsakanin 15 zuwa 30 suna cikin haɗari mafi girma.[17] Turai ce ta fi kowace yanki yawan kashe kai a cikin 2015.[18] Akwai kimanin mutane miliyan 10 zuwa 20 na yunkurin kashe kansu a duk shekara.[19] Ƙoƙarin kashe kansa na marasa mutuwa na iya haifar da rauni da naƙasa na dogon lokaci.[20] A kasashen yammacin duniya, yunkurin ya zama ruwan dare tsakanin matasa da kuma tsakanin mata.[20]

Kisan kai

Ra'ayi game da kashe kansa ya sami tasiri ga jigogi masu fa'ida kamar addini, girmamawa, da ma'anar rayuwa.[21][22] Addinai na Ibrahim a al'ada suna ɗaukar kashe kansa a matsayin laifi ga Allah, saboda imani da tsarkakar rayuwa.[23] A lokacin samurai a kasar Japan, an mutunta wani nau'in kashe kansa da ake kira seppuku (harakiri) a matsayin hanyar yin kasawa ko kuma wani nau'i na zanga-zanga.[24] Sati, al'adar da Rajan Biritaniya ta haramta, ta yi tsammanin bazawarar Indiya za ta kashe kanta a gobarar jana'izar mijinta, da son rai ko kuma ta fuskanci matsin lamba daga danginta da al'ummarta.[25] Kisan kai da yunƙurin kashe kansa, yayin da a baya ba bisa ka'ida ba, ba ya wanzu a yawancin ƙasashen yamma.[26] Ya kasance laifin aikata laifi a wasu ƙasashe.[27] A cikin karni na 20 da 21, an yi amfani da kunar bakin wake a lokuta da ba kasafai ba a matsayin wani nau'i na zanga-zangar, kuma ana amfani da kamikaze da kunar bakin wake a matsayin dabarar soja ko ta'addanci.[28]

Ma'anarsa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Kashe kaii, wanda aka samo daga Latin suicidium , shine "aikin kashe kansa". [29] [30] Ƙoƙarin kashe kaii ko halin kashe kansa ba tare da kisa ba ya kai ga cutar da kai tare da aƙalla sha’awar kawo ƙarshen rayuwar da ba ta haifar da mutuwa ba. [31] [32] Taimakon kashe kansa yana faruwa ne lokacin da mutum ɗaya ya taimaka wa wani ya kawo mutuwarsu a kaikaice ta hanyar ba da ko dai shawara ko hanyar zuwa ƙarshe. [33] Wannan ya bambanta da euthanasia, inda wani mutum ya dauki nauyin da ya fi dacewa wajen kawo mutuwar mutum. [33] Tunanin kashe kansa shine tunanin kawo karshen rayuwar mutum amma ba yin wani kokari na yin hakan ba. [31] Yana iya ko bazai ƙunshi ainihin tsari ko niyya ba. [32] A cikin kisan kai-kashe (ko kisan kai-kashe), mutum yana da niyyar ɗaukar rayukan wasu a lokaci guda. Wani lamari na musamman na wannan shi ne tsawaita kashe kansa, inda kisan ya samo asali ne ta hanyar ganin mutanen da aka kashe a matsayin kari na kansu. [34] Kashe kansa wanda dalilin shi ne cewa mutum yana jin cewa ba sa cikin al'umma an san shi da kisan kai mai girman kai . [35]

Kisan kai

A cikin 2011, Cibiyar Rigakafin Kashe Kashe a Kanada ta gano cewa kalma ta yau da kullun a cikin binciken masana da aikin jarida don aikin kashe kansa an kashe shi . [36] [37] A gefe guda, tsarin ilimin halayyar Amurka "sun kashe kashe kansa" a matsayin lokaci don gujewa saboda shi "firam [firam! [38] Wasu kungiyoyin bayar da shawarwari sun ba da shawarar yin amfani da sharuɗɗan ya kashe kansa/ta, ya mutu ta hanyar kashe kansa, ko kuma ya kashe kansa maimakon ya kashe kansa . [39] [40] [41] The Associated Press Stylebook ya ba da shawarar gujewa "yin kashe kansa" sai dai a cikin maganganun kai tsaye daga hukumomi. [42] Jagororin salon masu gadi da masu lura sun hana amfani da "aiki", [43] kamar yadda CNN ke yi. [44] Masu adawa da aikata laifin suna jayayya cewa yana nufin cewa kashe kansa laifi ne, zunubi, ko kuma rashin ɗabi'a. [45]

Abubuwan dazasu iya jawo hakan

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Abubuwan da ke shafar haɗarin kashe kansa sun haɗa da rikice-rikice na tunani, rashin amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi, jihohin tunani, al'adu, yanayin iyali da zamantakewa, kwayoyin halitta, abubuwan da suka faru na rauni ko asara, da kuma nihilism . [46] [47] [48] Cututtukan tunani da rashin amfani da abubuwa akai-akai suna kasancewa tare. [49] Sauran abubuwan haɗari sun haɗa da yin ƙoƙarin kashe kansa a baya, [50] shirye-shiryen samar da hanyar ɗaukar ran mutum, tarihin iyali na kashe kansa, ko kasancewar raunin kwakwalwa mai rauni . [51] Misali, an gano adadin kashe kansa ya yi yawa a gidajen da ke da bindigogi fiye da wadanda ba su da su. [52]

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ Stedman's Medical Dictionary (28th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2006. ISBN 978-0-7817-3390-8.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 "Suicide Fact sheet N°398". WHO. April 2016. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 3 March 2016.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Hawton K, van Heeringen K (April 2009). "Suicide". Lancet. 373 (9672): 1372–81. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60372-X. PMID 19376453. S2CID 208790312.
  4. ↑ Dodds TJ (March 2017). "Prescribed Benzodiazepines and Suicide Risk: A Review of the Literature". The Primary Care Companion for CNS Disorders. 19 (2). doi:10.4088/PCC.16r02037. PMID 28257172.
  5. ↑ Richa S, Fahed M, Khoury E, Mishara B (2014). "Suicide in autism spectrum disorders". Archives of Suicide Research. 18 (4): 327–39. doi:10.1080/13811118.2013.824834. PMID 24713024. S2CID 25741716.
  6. ↑ Bottino SM, Bottino CM, Regina CG, Correia AV, Ribeiro WS (March 2015). "Cyberbullying and adolescent mental health: systematic review". Cadernos de Saude Publica. 31 (3): 463–75. doi:10.1590/0102-311x00036114. PMID 25859714.
  7. ↑ "Suicide rates rising across the U.S. | CDC Online Newsroom | CDC". www.cdc.gov (in Turanci). 11 April 2019. Retrieved 19 September 2019. Relationship problems or loss, substance misuse; physical health problems; and job, money, legal or housing stress often contributed to risk for suicide.
  8. ↑ Preventing Suicide A Resource for Media Professionals (PDF). 2008. ISBN 978-92-4-159707-4.
  9. ↑ Sakinofsky I (June 2007). "The current evidence base for the clinical care of suicidal patients: strengths and weaknesses". Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. 52 (6 Suppl 1): 7S–20S. PMID 17824349. Other suicide prevention strategies that have been considered are crisis centres and hotlines, method control, and media education... There is minimal research on these strategies. Even though crisis centres and hotlines are used by suicidal youth, information about their impact on suicidal behaviour is lacking.
  10. ↑ Zalsman G, Hawton K, Wasserman D, van Heeringen K, Arensman E, Sarchiapone M, et al. (July 2016). "Suicide prevention strategies revisited: 10-year systematic review". The Lancet. Psychiatry. 3 (7): 646–59. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(16)30030-X. PMID 27289303. Other approaches that need further investigation include gatekeeper training, education of physicians, and internet and helpline support.
  11. ↑ Yip PS, Caine E, Yousuf S, Chang SS, Wu KC, Chen YY (June 2012). "Means restriction for suicide prevention". Lancet. 379 (9834): 2393–9. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60521-2. PMC 6191653. PMID 22726520.
  12. ↑ Ajdacic-Gross V, Weiss MG, Ring M, Hepp U, Bopp M, Gutzwiller F, Rössler W (September 2008). "Methods of suicide: international suicide patterns derived from the WHO mortality database". Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 86 (9): 726–32. doi:10.2471/BLT.07.043489. PMC 2649482. PMID 18797649.
  13. ↑ Wang H, Naghavi M, Allen C, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Carter A, et al. (GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators) (October 2016). "Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet. 388 (10053): 1459–1544. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31012-1. PMC 5388903. PMID 27733281.
  14. ↑ Naghavi M, Wang H, Lozano R, Davis A, Liang X, Zhou M, et al. (GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators) (January 2015). "Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013". Lancet. 385 (9963): 117–71. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2. PMC 4340604. PMID 25530442.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Värnik P (March 2012). "Suicide in the world". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 9 (3): 760–71. doi:10.3390/ijerph9030760. PMC 3367275. PMID 22690161.
  16. ↑ Fazel S, Runeson B (January 2020). "Suicide". New England Journal of Medicine. 382 (3): 266–74. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1902944. PMID 31940700. S2CID 210332277.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Preventing suicide: a global imperative. WHO. 2014. pp. 7, 20, 40. ISBN 978-92-4-156477-9.
  18. ↑ "Suicide rates per (100 000 population)". World Health Organization.
  19. ↑ Bertolote JM, Fleischmann A (October 2002). "Suicide and psychiatric diagnosis: a worldwide perspective". World Psychiatry. 1 (3): 181–5. PMC 1489848. PMID 16946849.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Chang B, Gitlin D, Patel R (September 2011). "The depressed patient and suicidal patient in the emergency department: evidence-based management and treatment strategies". Emergency Medicine Practice. 13 (9): 1–23, quiz 23–4. PMID 22164363.
  21. ↑ Tomer, Adrian (2013). Existential and Spiritual Issues in Death Attitudes. Psychology Press. p. 282. ISBN 978-1-136-67690-1.
  22. ↑ Ritzer G, Stepnisky J, eds. (2011). The Wiley-Blackwell companion to major social theorists. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 65. ISBN 978-1-4443-9660-7.
  23. ↑ God, Religion, Science, Nature, Culture, and Morality. Archway Publishing. 2014. p. 254. ISBN 978-1-4808-1124-9.
  24. ↑ Colt, George Howe (1992). The enigma of suicide (1st Touchstone ed.). New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 139. ISBN 978-0-671-76071-7.
  25. ↑ "Indian woman commits sati suicide". Bbc.co.uk. 2002-08-07. Archived from the original on 2011-02-02. Retrieved 2010-08-26.
  26. ↑ White, Tony (2010). Working with suicidal individuals : a guide to providing understanding, assessment and support. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers. p. 12. ISBN 978-1-84905-115-6.
  27. ↑ Lester D (2006). "Suicide and islam". Archives of Suicide Research. 10 (1): 77–97. doi:10.1080/13811110500318489. PMID 16287698. S2CID 35754641.
  28. ↑ Aggarwal N (2009). "Rethinking suicide bombing". Crisis. 30 (2): 94–7. doi:10.1027/0227-5910.30.2.94. PMID 19525169. S2CID 35560934.
  29. ↑ Lester D (2006). "Suicide and islam". Archives of Suicide Research. 10 (1): 77–97. doi:10.1080/13811110500318489. PMID 16287698. S2CID 35754641
  30. ↑ Aggarwal N (2009). "Rethinking suicide bombing". Crisis. 30 (2): 94–7. doi:10.1027/0227-5910.30.2.94. PMID 19525169. S2CID 35560934
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 Russell N (May 1968). "The Taboo of Suicide". Psychiatry. 31 (2): 173–183. doi:10.1080/00332747.1968.11023545
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 Vaughan M. "The 'discovery' of suicide in Africa". BBC. Retrieved 16 June 2020
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 Issues in Law & Medicine, Volume 3. National Legal Center for the Medically Dependent & Disabled, Incorporated, and the Horatio R. Storer Foundation, Incorporated. 1987. p. 39
  34. ↑ Krug E (2002). World Report on Violence and Health. Vol. 1. Genève: World Health Organization. p. 185
  35. ↑ Krug E (2002). World Report on Violence and Health. Vol. 1. Genève: World Health Organization. p. 185
  36. ↑ Turecki G, Brent DA (March 2016). "Suicide and suicidal behaviour". Lancet. 387 (10024): 1227–39. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00234-2. PMC 5319859. PMID 26385066
  37. ↑ Gullota TP, Bloom M (2002). Encyclopedia of Primary Prevention and Health Promotion. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum. p. 1112. ISBN 978-0-306-47296-1.
  38. ↑ Empty citation (help)
  39. ↑ Stein G, Wilkinson G (2007). Seminars in general adult psychiatry (2nd ed.). London: Gaskell. p. 144. ISBN 978-1-904671-44-2.
  40. ↑ Olson R (2011). "Suicide and Language". Centre for Suicide Prevention. InfoExchange (3): 4. Archived from the original on 6 May 2012. Retrieved 15 May 2013
  41. ↑ Beaton S, Forster P, Maple M (February 2013). "Suicide and Language: Why we Shouldn't Use the 'C' Word". In Psych. 35 (1): 30–31. Archived from the original on 15 August 2014
  42. ↑ @apstylebook. "Avoid "committed suicide" except in direct quotes from authorities. Alternatives: "killed himself," "took her own life," "died by suicide."" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  43. ↑ "Guardian and Observer style guide: S". The Guardian (in Turanci). 4 May 2021.
  44. ↑ Ravitz J (11 June 2018). "The words to say -- and not to say -- about suicide". CNN.
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