Harshen Maasai

Maasai
	ɔl Maa
Asali a	Kenya, Tanzania
Yanki	Central and Southern Kenya and Northern Tanzania
Ƙabila	Maasai people
'Yan asalin magana	Samfuri:Sigfig million (2009 census – 2016)
Dangin harshen	Niluṣeḥrawit? Eastern Sudanic Nilotic Eastern Nilotic Ateker-Lotuko-Maa Lotuko–Maa Maa Maasai; ; ; ; ; ; ;
Lamban rijistar harshe
ISO 639-2	mas
ISO 639-3	mas
Glottolog	masa1300

'Maa' (wanda a baya aka rubuta Masai) ko Maa (Turanci: /ˈmɑːsaɪ/; ^[3] mai zaman kansa: Owl Maa) yare ne na Gabashin Nilotic da ake magana a Kudancin Kenya da Arewacin Tanzania da Mutanen Maasai, wanda ya kai kimanin miliyan 1.5. Yana da alaƙa da sauran Nau'ikan Maa: Samburu (ko Sampur), yaren Mutanen Samburu na tsakiyar Kenya, Chamus, ana magana da su a kudu da kudu maso gabashin Tafkin Baringo (wani lokacin ana ɗaukar su a matsayin yaren Samburu); da Parakuyu na Tanzania. Mutanen Maasai, Samburu, il-Chamus da Parakuyu suna da alaƙa da tarihi kuma duk suna magana da yarensu a matsayin ɔl Maa . A zahiri, "Maa" yana nufin yaren da al'adu kuma "Maasai" yana nufin mutanen "waɗanda ke magana da Maa".

Fasahar sauti

yywwwuwp">Owuo">n<m">i il">d="mwk">a' Maas na b="#mwt" data-mw='{"par":[{"template":{"Ƙarig":{"wt":"lang","h":"./Template:Lang"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"mas"},"2":{"wt":"ɔl Maa"}},"i":0}}]}' data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwj" title="Masai-language text" typeof="mw:Transclusion">Owl Maa kamar yadda ake magana a kudancin [./Ke<i id= ny" id="mwKQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Kenya">Kenya] da Tanzania yana da sauti 30 daban-daban, wanda za'a iya wakilta 'sh' kuma a tsara shi kamar haka: a, b, 'ch' (wani bambancin sh), d, e, ɛ, g, h, i, ɨ, j, k, l, m, n, ny, o, ɔ, p, r, rr, s, sh (tare da bambancin ch), ŋ, u, ʉ, w, y (ko y, yi), 'da kuma' dakatar da (ko ʔ).

sautin yana da matukar muhimmanci don isar da ma'anar daidai.

Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi

A cikin teburin phonemes da ke ƙasa, ana wakiltar phonemes tare da alamomin IPA. Lokacin da tarurrukan IPA suka bambanta da alamomin da aka saba amfani da su a rubuce-rubuce masu amfani, ana ba da ƙarshen a cikin kusurwar kusurwa.

Ga wasu masu magana, sautin da aka bayyana ba su da mahimmanci (misali IlKeekonyokie Maa), amma ga wasu, suna da sauƙi ko suna da fasalin glottalic (misali Parakuyo Maa). A cikin Arusha Maa, /p/ yawanci [[Sanya]] gane shi azaman fricative mara murya, amma a wasu kalmomi, yana iya zama murya mai murya. Akalla a cikin kalmomin Maa na asali, [tʃ] da [ʃ] suna faruwa a cikin rarraba mai dacewa, tare da tsohon yana faruwa kai tsaye bayan consonants kuma na ƙarshe a wasu wurare.

		Labari	Alveolar	Alveopalatal / palatal baki	Velar	Gishiri
Hanci		m	n	Sunan ɲ aka yiYa kamata a yi amfani da shiSanya	ŋ ~Yanayi ~Sanya
Plosive	pulmonic	p	t		k	Sunan ʔ aka yi amfani da suSiffar ~Sanya
Plosive	implosive	ɓ	ɗ	Sanya	China ta gaba daSanya
Fricative			s	ʃ		h
Rhotic	tap		ɾ yi amfani da shi a matsayinSanya
Rhotic	trill		RuwaYa kasance a cikiSanya
Hanyar gefen			l
Glide	lenis	w		j zama hakaYa kamata a yi amfani da shiSanya
Glide	fortis	wː SinanciYa kamata a yi amfani da shiSanya		jː SanyaYa kamata a yi amfani da shiSanya

Sautin sautin

Kamar sauran yarukan Maa, Maasai yana da jituwa ta tushen harshe. wasula guda tara masu banbanci, tare da wasula /a/ kasancewa "mai tsaka-tsaki" don jituwa.

	A gaba	Tsakiya	Komawa
Babba	i		u
Babba	ɪ tsara shi neYa kamata a yi amfani da shiSanya		Sunan ʊ aka yiAn tsara shiSanya
Tsakanin	da kuma		o
Tsakanin	ɛ tsara shiYa kamata a yi amfani da shiSanya		Ya kamata a yi amfani da shiYa kamata a yi amfani da shiSanya
Ƙananan		a

Rubuce-rubuce

Tsarin kalma yawanci kalma-subject-abu ne, amma yana iya bambanta saboda sautin shine mafi mahimmancin alamar batun da abu. Abin da ke ƙayyade tsari a cikin sashi shine topicality tun lokacin da tsari, a cikin sassan mafi sauki, ana iya hango shi bisa ga tsarin tsarin bayanai: [Verb - Most.Topical - Less.Topical]. Don haka, idan abu yana da mahimmanci sosai a cikin magana (misali wakilin mutum na farko), kuma batun ba shi da mahimmanci, abu yana faruwa bayan aikatau kuma kafin batun.

Harshen Maasai yana da cikakkun maganganu guda biyu kawai amma yana iya amfani da "sunayen dangantaka", tare da mafi yawan maganganu, don tsara takamaiman ra'ayoyin wuri. Kalmomin suna farawa da prefix na nunawa ko prefix na lambar jinsi, sannan kuma suna ko wani suna na kai. Sauran masu gyara suna bin sunan kai, gami da jimloli masu mallaka.

A cikin Maasai, yawancin morphemes sune alamu na sauti. Tsarin sautin yana shafar shari'ar, murya da kuma bangaren kalmomi, kamar yadda yake a cikin misalin da ke ƙasa:

Har ila yau, ya zama sananne

ɛ́-ɛ́t-a

3P-remove.one.by.one-IPFV.MID

Sarauniya

Kasancewa da Muntaka

DEF.FEM.SG-pot (NOM)

(Fasali na Yankin)

(Masu amfani da su)

Sarauniya

ɛ́-ɛ́t-a ɛn-mʊ́ti (HL)

3P-remove.one.by.one-IPFV.MID DEF.FEM.SG-pot (NOM)

^[4]^[5]"An cire tukunya. "

Harshen Maasai yana ɗauke da nau'o'i uku na sunayen jinsi; mata, namiji, da wuri. Masu magana da harshe na asali suna haɗa prefix na jinsi zuwa sunan. Ma'anar sunan a cikin mahallin yana nufin jinsi. Sunayen suna sanya jinsi kamar haka:

"Wane ne ya zo?" za a tambayi idan an san jinsi na baƙo. Za a gabatar da sunan ta hanyar prefix na jinsi. Idan a san jinsi na baƙo ba, "Wane ne ya zo?" zai zama tambaya ta zahiri [Fassarar Turanci].

Adjectives a Maa suna aiki ne kawai don bayyana sunan, kuma suna canza lokutan dangane da sunan da suke bayyanawa.

Wakilan a Maa yawanci suna ba da jinsi (maza, mace, ko wuri); idan ba a san jinsi ba, ma'anar sunan a cikin mahallin yawanci yana nufin jinsi. Misali, mahallin mace na iya haɗawa da aiki a cikin gida, kuma za a nuna jinsi na namiji idan aikin ya shafi aiki a waje da gida. Maasai yana amfani da wuri a matsayin wakilin mutum saboda wuri na iya taimakawa wajen gano namiji ko mace (watau aikin da ke faruwa a cikin gidan kusan koyaushe mace za ta yi).

Sauti yana taimakawa wajen nuna yarjejeniyar kalma-batutuwa-tsarin.

Yanayin yanzu a cikin Maasai ya haɗa da ayyukan al'ada, kamar "Ina farkawa" ko "Ina dafa karin kumallo". Lokacin ya gabata yana nufin kawai wani aiki da ya gabata, ba takamaiman lokaci ko wuri ba.

Amfani da shi

Maasai sun yi tsayayya da wasu nau'o'in mulkin mallaka da fadada Yamma, kuma tsarin sadarwa da musayar su ya fi mayar da hankali kan kasuwanci tsakanin kansu. Koyaya, wasu asarar yaren Maasai, yayin da ba sa da sauri, yana faruwa ne sakamakon Turanci da wasu kabilun Gabashin Afirka da kuma hauhawar Swahili da Ingilishi a matsayin manyan harsuna. Tanzania, tsohon shugaban kasar Nyerere ya karfafa karbar yaren Swahili a matsayin harshen hukuma don haɗa kan kabilun daban-daban a Tanzania, da Ingilishi don yin gasa a duniya. yaren Maasai, wanda galibi ake kira Maa, ya tsira duk da yawan jama'a na tsarin ilimin Ingilishi da Swahili, tsare-tsaren tattalin arziki, da sauransu, yanayin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da mutanen Maasai ke fuskanta a Gabashin Afirka yana kiyaye su, da yarensu, a matsayin 'yan tsiraru marasa wakilci.

Hanyar rayuwa ta Maasai ta shiga cikin yarensu. Musamman, tsarin tattalin arziki na kasuwanci wanda Maasai suka dogara da shi don kula da hanyar rayuwarsu ta nomadic, sun dogara da rayuwar harshen Maasai, har ma a cikin matsayinsa na 'yan tsiraru. Tare haɗarin harshe, mutanen Maasai za su ci gaba da fuskantar barazana kuma ana barazanar amincinsu na al'adu. Matsayin 'yan tsiraru da yaren ke fuskanta a halin yanzu ya riga ya yi barazanar al'adun gargajiya na Maasai. Ƙa ƙungiyoyi na Maasai suna ci gaba da zama makiyaya a yankin, suna zaɓar zama a maimakon haka a cikin al'ummomin da ke kusa don kiyaye yarensu da sauran al'adunsu.

Dubi kuma

Yaren Kwavi
Harshen Sonjo, yaren yankin Bantu a yankin Maasai
Yaaku, mutanen da kusan sun watsar da yarensu gaba ɗaya don goyon bayan Maasai
Asa, mutanen da suka watsar da yarensu gaba ɗaya don goyon bayan Maasai

Manazarta

↑ Samfuri:Ethnologue21
↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Masai". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
↑ Laurie Bauer, 2007, The Linguistics Student’s Handbook, Edinburgh
↑ "English - Maa". darkwing.uoregon.edu. Retrieved 2020-03-26.
↑ Payne, Thomas E. (1997). Describing morphosyntax: A guide for field linguists. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 20–21

Bayanan littattafai

Haɗin waje

[e21-1] Samfuri:Ethnologue21

[Glottolog-2] Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Masai". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.

[3] Laurie Bauer, 2007, The Linguistics Student’s Handbook, Edinburgh

[4] "English - Maa". darkwing.uoregon.edu. Retrieved 2020-03-26.

[5] Payne, Thomas E. (1997). Describing morphosyntax: A guide for field linguists. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 20–21

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]