1. Make sure that composer, VirtualBox, Vagrant and plugins are installed.
2. Clone project and navigate into dir.
3. composer build

• build - build project
• rebuild - cleanup code dependencies and rebuild site, skipping VM management.
• rebuild-full - cleanup code dependencies, remove VM and rebuild site
• build-db - re-import DB and run updates
• build-theme - build theme assets. Supports watching: composer build-theme -- watch
• cleanup - remove code dependencies, skipping VM management
• cleanup-full - remove code dependencies and remove VM

composer require drupal/module_name

1. Add patch information to composer.json
2. composer rebuild

One caveat is that a removal of composer.lock may be required before step #2 as composer caches dependencies and patches may not be applied.