A multi-threaded kernel built in protected mode for the x86 architecture
The kernel was developed using custom built gcc cross compiler from source
Scorpion has almost all of the fundamental components encompassed in a full blown monolithic kernel
Scorpion is a monolithic kernel used to demonstrate how kernel's behave and can be built from the ground up
The constant and extensive reference used during development of Scorpion is: https://wiki.osdev.org/Main_Page

Following are some of the attributes of Scorpion:

• Interrupt descriptor table
• Programmable Interrupt Controller
• Heap
• Paging
• Reading from the hard disk
• FAT16 filesystem driver core and VFS(Virtual filesystem)
• User space
• TSS (Task Switch Segment)
• Task and process foundation
• GDT (Global Descriptor Table)
• Interrupt 0x80 for user space process and kernel communication
• Kernel/system commands
• PS2 port keyboard driver
• Shell program to utilize the kernel
• ELF program loader
• Custom stdlib functions for user space programs
• Loading other programs in shell
• Handling program crashes
• Multitasking

All attributes of the kernel may not be captured here and can keep improving over time but the above ones will remain as the core properties.

There are some prerequisites to build and test Scorpion

• A Debian Linux host machine (either a VM or Debian Linux running on a physical machine)
• qemu-x86 to simulate the bootloader on kernel
• Alternatively a physical machine capable of running x86 programs
• A working keyboard with PS2 port connected to the physical machine to pipe in commands on the shell to interact with the kernel. If you're using qemu, the default keyboard on your laptop will work just fine

Before building the kernel and bootloader, we need to get the environment ready by building the cross-compiler. A cross-compiler is needed because your host may have a different architecture than the target we are the running the kernel on.

Install cross-compiler dependencies with the following commands:

sudo apt install build-essential bison flex libgmp3-dev libmpc-dev libmpfr-dev texinfo libisl-dev

Download the source code for bin utils and gcc into $HOME/src directory using the following links:

• Bin utils release 2.36: https://gnu.org/software/binutils/
• GCC release 10.2.0: https://gnu.org/software/gcc/

Extract both downloads in the $HOME/src directory

Now let's convert the source into compiler object files for our target
First some env vars need to be set to enable make to install compiled binaries at the right location

export PREFIX="$HOME/opt/cross"
export TARGET=i686-elf
export PATH="$PREFIX/bin:$PATH"

Run the following command to build binutils. Do not forget to replace x.y.z with your own version.

cd $HOME/src
 
mkdir build-binutils
cd build-binutils
../binutils-x.y.z/configure --target=$TARGET --prefix="$PREFIX" --with-sysroot --disable-nls --disable-werror
make
make install

Run the following command to build gcc. Do not forget to replace x.y.z with your own version.

cd $HOME/src
 
# The $PREFIX/bin dir _must_ be in the PATH. We did that above.
which -- $TARGET-as || echo $TARGET-as is not in the PATH
 
mkdir build-gcc
cd build-gcc
../gcc-x.y.z/configure --target=$TARGET --prefix="$PREFIX" --disable-nls --enable-languages=c,c++ --without-headers
make all-gcc
make all-target-libgcc
make install-gcc
make install-target-libgcc

Once all above steps are complete, go ahead and test if your cross-compiler is successfully built and installed or not with the following command:

$HOME/opt/cross/bin/$TARGET-gcc --version

Now that our cross compiler is ready, we are ready to build Scorpion with the bootloader. Run the following at the root of the project structure

./build.sh

If the build succeeds, 3 binaries should be generated in the bin directory at the root of the project

• The MBR bootloader boot.bin
• The kernel binary kernel.bin
• The Scorpion OS binary which contains the bootloader and the entire kernel scorpion.bin

Its time to run Scorpion OS using the output generated binaries in the previous section. Run the following command in the terminal to simulate Scorpion with qemu

qemu-system-i386 -hda ./bin/scorpion.bin 

Alternatively you will find the machine booting up to the following shell if testing on a physical machine if the bootable device is set correctly in the BIOS menu

A shell prompt should be activated with Scorpion Version on top left. You can now start typing at the shell. A sample program called blank.elf has been created and loaded on the Scorpion hard drive for it to be able to access.
Load the program into memory by executing the following on the Scorpion command prompt

> blank.elf

The program can also be loaded with arguments which can be handled by the ensuing user process as follows:

> blank.elf 55 21 tree

An output like this should be generated depending on whether the program is loaded with or without arguments: