The goal of this book is to create your own end-to-end LLM-based system using best practices:

• 📝 Data collection & generation
• 🔄 LLM training pipeline
• 📊 Simple RAG system
• 🚀 Production-ready AWS deployment
• 🔍 Comprehensive monitoring
• 🧪 Testing and evaluation framework

You can download and use the final trained model on Hugging Face.

To install and run the project locally, you need the following dependencies.

The code also uses and depends on the following cloud services. For now, you don't have to do anything. We will guide you in the installation and deployment sections on how to use them:

In the LLM Engineer's Handbook, Chapter 2 will walk you through each tool. Chapters 10 and 11 provide step-by-step guides on how to set up everything you need.

Here is the directory overview:

.
├── code_snippets/       # Standalone example code
├── configs/             # Pipeline configuration files
├── llm_engineering/     # Core project package
│   ├── application/    
│   ├── domain/         
│   ├── infrastructure/ 
│   ├── model/         
├── pipelines/           # ML pipeline definitions
├── steps/               # Pipeline components
├── tests/               # Test examples
├── tools/               # Utility scripts
│   ├── run.py
│   ├── ml_service.py
│   ├── rag.py
│   ├── data_warehouse.py

llm_engineering/ is the main Python package implementing LLM and RAG functionality. It follows Domain-Driven Design (DDD) principles:

• domain/: Core business entities and structures
• application/: Business logic, crawlers, and RAG implementation
• model/: LLM training and inference
• infrastructure/: External service integrations (AWS, Qdrant, MongoDB, FastAPI)

The code logic and imports flow as follows: infrastructure → model → application → domain

pipelines/: Contains the ZenML ML pipelines, which serve as the entry point for all the ML pipelines. Coordinates the data processing and model training stages of the ML lifecycle.

steps/: Contains individual ZenML steps, which are reusable components for building and customizing ZenML pipelines. Steps perform specific tasks (e.g., data loading, preprocessing) and can be combined within the ML pipelines.

tests/: Covers a few sample tests used as examples within the CI pipeline.

tools/: Utility scripts used to call the ZenML pipelines and inference code:

• run.py: Entry point script to run ZenML pipelines.
• ml_service.py: Starts the REST API inference server.
• rag.py: Demonstrates usage of the RAG retrieval module.
• data_warehouse.py: Used to export or import data from the MongoDB data warehouse through JSON files.

configs/: ZenML YAML configuration files to control the execution of pipelines and steps.

code_snippets/: Independent code examples that can be executed independently.

Start by cloning the repository and navigating to the project directory:

git clone https://github.com/PacktPublishing/LLM-Engineers-Handbook.git
cd LLM-Engineers-Handbook 

Next, we have to prepare your Python environment and its adjacent dependencies.

The project requires Python 3.11. You can either use your global Python installation or set up a project-specific version using pyenv.

Verify your Python version:

python --version  # Should show Python 3.11.x

1. Verify pyenv installation:

pyenv --version   # Should show pyenv 2.3.36 or later

2. Install Python 3.11.8:

pyenv install 3.11.8

3. Verify the installation:

python --version  # Should show Python 3.11.8

4. Confirm Python version in the project directory:

python --version
# Output: Python 3.11.8

The project uses Poetry for dependency management.

1. Verify Poetry installation:

poetry --version  # Should show Poetry version 1.8.3 or later

2. Set up the project environment and install dependencies:

poetry env use 3.11
poetry install --without aws
poetry run pre-commit install

This will:

• Configure Poetry to use Python 3.11
• Install project dependencies (excluding AWS-specific packages)
• Set up pre-commit hooks for code verification

As our task manager, we run all the scripts using Poe the Poet.

1. Start a Poetry shell:

poetry shell

2. Run project commands using Poe the Poet:

poetry poe ...

poetry poe local-infrastructure-up

poetry run <actual-command-from-pyproject-toml>

Now, let's configure our local project with all the necessary credentials and tokens to run the code locally.

After you have installed all the dependencies, you must create and fill a .env file with your credentials to appropriately interact with other services and run the project. Setting your sensitive credentials in a .env file is a good security practice, as this file won't be committed to GitHub or shared with anyone else.

1. First, copy our example by running the following:

cp .env.example .env # The file must be at your repository's root!

2. Now, let's understand how to fill in all the essential variables within the .env file to get you started. The following are the mandatory settings we must complete when working locally:

To authenticate to OpenAI's API, you must fill out the OPENAI_API_KEY env var with an authentication token.

OPENAI_API_KEY=your_api_key_here

→ Check out this tutorial to learn how to provide one from OpenAI.

To authenticate to Hugging Face, you must fill out the HUGGINGFACE_ACCESS_TOKEN env var with an authentication token.

HUGGINGFACE_ACCESS_TOKEN=your_token_here

→ Check out this tutorial to learn how to provide one from Hugging Face.

To authenticate to Comet ML (required only during training) and Opik, you must fill out the COMET_API_KEY env var with your authentication token.

COMET_API_KEY=your_api_key_here

→ Check out this tutorial to learn how to get the Comet ML variables from above. You can also access Opik's dashboard using 🔗this link.

When deploying the project to the cloud, we must set additional settings for Mongo, Qdrant, and AWS. If you are just working locally, the default values of these env vars will work out of the box. Detailed deployment instructions are available in Chapter 11 of the LLM Engineer's Handbook.

We must change the DATABASE_HOST env var with the URL pointing to your cloud MongoDB cluster.

DATABASE_HOST=your_mongodb_url

→ Check out this tutorial to learn how to create and host a MongoDB cluster for free.

Change USE_QDRANT_CLOUD to true, QDRANT_CLOUD_URL with the URL point to your cloud Qdrant cluster, and QDRANT_APIKEY with its API key.

USE_QDRANT_CLOUD=true
QDRANT_CLOUD_URL=your_qdrant_cloud_url
QDRANT_APIKEY=your_qdrant_api_key

→ Check out this tutorial to learn how to create a Qdrant cluster for free

For your AWS set-up to work correctly, you need the AWS CLI installed on your local machine and properly configured with an admin user (or a user with enough permissions to create new SageMaker, ECR, and S3 resources; using an admin user will make everything more straightforward).

Chapter 2 provides step-by-step instructions on how to install the AWS CLI, create an admin user on AWS, and get an access key to set up the AWS_ACCESS_KEY and AWS_SECRET_KEY environment variables. If you already have an AWS admin user in place, you have to configure the following env vars in your .env file:

AWS_REGION=eu-central-1 # Change it with your AWS region.
AWS_ACCESS_KEY=your_aws_access_key
AWS_SECRET_KEY=your_aws_secret_key

AWS credentials are typically stored in ~/.aws/credentials. You can view this file directly using cat or similar commands:

cat ~/.aws/credentials

When running the project locally, we host a MongoDB and Qdrant database using Docker. Also, a testing ZenML server is made available through their Python package.

For ease of use, you can start the whole local development infrastructure with the following command:

poetry poe local-infrastructure-up

Also, you can stop the ZenML server and all the Docker containers using the following command:

poetry poe local-infrastructure-down

Start the inference real-time RESTful API:

poetry poe run-inference-ml-service

Dashboard URL: localhost:8237

Default credentials:

• username: default
• password:

→ Find out more about using and setting up ZenML.

REST API URL: localhost:6333

Dashboard URL: localhost:6333/dashboard

→ Find out more about using and setting up Qdrant with Docker.

Database URI: mongodb://llm_engineering:[email protected]:27017

Database name: twin

Default credentials:

• username: llm_engineering
• password: llm_engineering

→ Find out more about using and setting up MongoDB with Docker.

You can search your MongoDB collections using your IDEs MongoDB plugin (which you have to install separately), where you have to use the database URI to connect to the MongoDB database hosted within the Docker container: mongodb://llm_engineering:[email protected]:27017

Here we will quickly present how to deploy the project to AWS and other serverless services. We won't go into the details (as everything is presented in the book) but only point out the main steps you have to go through.

First, reinstall your Python dependencies with the AWS group:

poetry install --with aws

By this point, we expect you to have AWS CLI installed and your AWS CLI and project's env vars (within the .env file) properly configured with an AWS admin user.

To ensure best practices, we must create a new AWS user restricted to creating and deleting only resources related to AWS SageMaker. Create it by running:

poetry poe create-sagemaker-role

It will create a sagemaker_user_credentials.json file at the root of your repository with your new AWS_ACCESS_KEY and AWS_SECRET_KEY values. But before replacing your new AWS credentials, also run the following command to create the execution role (to create it using your admin credentials).

To create the IAM execution role used by AWS SageMaker to access other AWS resources on our behalf, run the following:

poetry poe create-sagemaker-execution-role

It will create a sagemaker_execution_role.json file at the root of your repository with your new AWS_ARN_ROLE value. Add it to your .env file.

Once you've updated the AWS_ACCESS_KEY, AWS_SECRET_KEY, and AWS_ARN_ROLE values in your .env file, you can use AWS SageMaker. Note that this step is crucial to complete the AWS setup.

We start the training pipeline through ZenML by running the following:

poetry poe run-training-pipeline

This will start the training code using the configs from configs/training.yaml directly in SageMaker. You can visualize the results in Comet ML's dashboard.

We start the evaluation pipeline through ZenML by running the following:

poetry poe run-evaluation-pipeline

This will start the evaluation code using the configs from configs/evaluating.yaml directly in SageMaker. You can visualize the results in *-results datasets saved to your Hugging Face profile.

To create an AWS SageMaker Inference Endpoint, run:

poetry poe deploy-inference-endpoint

To test it out, run:

poetry poe test-sagemaker-endpoint

To delete it, run:

poetry poe delete-inference-endpoint

The ML pipelines, artifacts, and containers are deployed to AWS by leveraging ZenML's deployment features. Thus, you must create an account with ZenML Cloud and follow their guide on deploying a ZenML stack to AWS. Otherwise, we provide step-by-step instructions in Chapter 11, section Deploying the LLM Twin's pipelines to the cloud on what you must do.

We leverage Qdrant's and MongoDB's serverless options when deploying the project. Thus, you can either follow Qdrant's and MongoDB's tutorials on how to create a freemium cluster for each or go through Chapter 11, section Deploying the LLM Twin's pipelines to the cloud and follow our step-by-step instructions.

We use GitHub Actions to implement our CI/CD pipelines. To implement your own, you have to fork our repository and set the following env vars as Actions secrets in your forked repository:

• AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID
• AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY
• AWS_ECR_NAME
• AWS_REGION

Also, we provide instructions on how to set everything up in Chapter 11, section Adding LLMOps to the LLM Twin.

You can visualize the results on their self-hosted dashboards if you create a Comet account and correctly set the COMET_API_KEY env var. As Opik is powered by Comet, you don't have to set up anything else along Comet:

• Comet ML (for experiment tracking)
• Opik (for prompt monitoring)

All the ML pipelines will be orchestrated behind the scenes by ZenML. A few exceptions exist when running utility scrips, such as exporting or importing from the data warehouse.

The ZenML pipelines are the entry point for most processes throughout this project. They are under the pipelines/ folder. Thus, when you want to understand or debug a workflow, starting with the ZenML pipeline is the best approach.

To see the pipelines running and their results:

• go to your ZenML dashboard
• go to the Pipelines section
• click on a specific pipeline (e.g., feature_engineering)
• click on a specific run (e.g., feature_engineering_run_2024_06_20_18_40_24)
• click on a specific step or artifact of the DAG to find more details about it

Now, let's explore all the pipelines you can run. From data collection to training, we will present them in their natural order to go through the LLM project end-to-end.

Run the data collection ETL:

poetry poe run-digital-data-etl

To add additional links to collect from, go to configs/digital_data_etl_[author_name].yaml and add them to the links field. Also, you can create a completely new file and specify it at run time, like this: python -m llm_engineering.interfaces.orchestrator.run --run-etl --etl-config-filename configs/digital_data_etl_[your_name].yaml

Run the feature engineering pipeline:

poetry poe run-feature-engineering-pipeline

Generate the instruct dataset:

poetry poe run-generate-instruct-datasets-pipeline

Generate the preference dataset:

poetry poe run-generate-preference-datasets-pipeline

Run all of the above compressed into a single pipeline:

poetry poe run-end-to-end-data-pipeline

Export the data from the data warehouse to JSON files:

poetry poe run-export-data-warehouse-to-json

Import data to the data warehouse from JSON files (by default, it imports the data from the data/data_warehouse_raw_data directory):

poetry poe run-import-data-warehouse-from-json

Export ZenML artifacts to JSON:

poetry poe run-export-artifact-to-json-pipeline

This will export the following ZenML artifacts to the output folder as JSON files (it will take their latest version):

• cleaned_documents.json
• instruct_datasets.json
• preference_datasets.json
• raw_documents.json

You can configure what artifacts to export by tweaking the configs/export_artifact_to_json.yaml configuration file.

Run the training pipeline:

poetry poe run-training-pipeline

Run the evaluation pipeline:

poetry poe run-evaluation-pipeline

Call the RAG retrieval module with a test query:

poetry poe call-rag-retrieval-module

Start the inference real-time RESTful API:

poetry poe run-inference-ml-service

Call the inference real-time RESTful API with a test query:

poetry poe call-inference-ml-service

Remember that you can monitor the prompt traces on Opik.

Check or fix your linting issues:

poetry poe lint-check
poetry poe lint-fix

Check or fix your formatting issues:

poetry poe format-check
poetry poe format-fix

Check the code for leaked credentials:

poetry poe gitleaks-check

Run all the tests using the following command:

poetry poe test

Based on the setup and usage steps described above, assuming the local and cloud infrastructure works and the .env is filled as expected, follow the next steps to run the LLM system end-to-end:

1. Collect data: poetry poe run-digital-data-etl

2. Compute features: poetry poe run-feature-engineering-pipeline

3. Compute instruct dataset: poetry poe run-generate-instruct-datasets-pipeline

4. Compute preference alignment dataset: poetry poe run-generate-preference-datasets-pipeline

5. SFT fine-tuning Llamma 3.1: poetry poe run-training-pipeline

6. For DPO, go to configs/training.yaml, change finetuning_type to dpo, and run poetry poe run-training-pipeline again

7. Evaluate fine-tuned models: poetry poe run-evaluation-pipeline

8. Call only the RAG retrieval module: poetry poe call-rag-retrieval-module

9. Deploy the LLM Twin microservice to SageMaker: poetry poe deploy-inference-endpoint

10. Test the LLM Twin microservice: poetry poe test-sagemaker-endpoint

11. Start end-to-end RAG server: poetry poe run-inference-ml-service

12. Test RAG server: poetry poe call-inference-ml-service

This course is an open-source project released under the MIT license. Thus, as long you distribute our LICENSE and acknowledge our work, you can safely clone or fork this project and use it as a source of inspiration for whatever you want (e.g., university projects, college degree projects, personal projects, etc.).