DDL is short name of Data Definition Language, which deals with database schemas and descriptions, of how the data should reside in the database.
DCL is short name of Data Control Language which includes commands such as GRANT, and mostly concerned with rights, permissions and other controls of the database system.
DML is short name of Data Manipulation Language which deals with data manipulation, and includes most common SQL statements such INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE etc, and it is used to store, modify, delete and update data in database.
DQL is short name of Data Query Language which used for performing queries on the data within schema objects. The purpose of the DQL Command is to get some schema relation based on the query passed to it. SELECT statement is used to retrieve data from the database.