هندی باستان

هندی باستان
هندی باستان
دوره	قرن ۱۳ تا ۱۵ میلادی
تبار	هندواروپایی هندوایرانی هندوآریایی مرکزی زبان‌های هندی هندی باستان; ; ; ; ;
گونه‌های نخستین	اپبرمشه شورسینی هندی باستان;
سامانه نوشتاری	دیواناگری، عربی
کدهای زبان
ایزو ۳–۶۳۹	–
گلاتولوگ	هیچ کدام

هندی باستان (هندی: पुरानी हिन्दी، اردو: پرانی هندی) نخستین سطح گویش دهلی (کهریبولی) زبان هندوستانی بود که امروزه نیای هندی و اردوی نوین معیار به‌شمار می‌رود.^[۱] این زبان از پراکریت شورسینی پدید آمد و در قرن ۱۳ تا ۱۵ میلادی توسط مردم ساکن در مناطق کمربند زبان هندی، به ویژه در پیرامون دهلی، سخن گفته می‌شد. برخی از آثار امیرخسرو دهلوی و گورو گرانت صاحب از فریدالدین گنج شکر از معدود آثار باقی‌مانده از این زبان هستند.^[۲]^[۳] آثار کبیر نیز که در آن از گویشی کهریبولی‌سان استفاده می‌شود، ممکن است در این دسته جای گیرند. هندی باستان در اصل به دیواناگری و بعدها به خط عربی نیز نوشته می‌شد.^[۴]

زبان هندوستانی امروزی با افزوده شدن وام‌واژگان فراوان فارسی به هندی باستان (که دارای پایه‌ای بر اساس پراکریت بود) پدید آمد که بعدها به هندی و اردو توسعه یافت.^[۵]

منابع

↑ Mody, Sujata Sudhakar (2008). Literature, Language, and Nation Formation: The Story of a Modern Hindi Journal 1900-1920 (به انگلیسی). University of California, Berkeley. p. 7.
↑ Masica, Colin P. (1993). The Indo-Aryan Languages. Cambridge University Press. p. 54. ISBN 978-0-521-29944-2.
↑ Callewaert, Winand M. and Mukunda Lāṭh (1989), The Hindi Songs of Namdev, Peeters Publishers, ISBN 978-906831-107-5
↑ Hindi: Language, Discourse, and Writing (به انگلیسی). Mahatma Gandhi International Hindi University. 2002. p. 171.
↑ Delacy, Richard; Ahmed, Shahara (2005). Hindi, Urdu & Bengali. Lonely Planet. p. 11-12. Hindi and Urdu are generally considered to be one spoken language with two different literary traditions. That means that Hindi and Urdu speakers who shop in the same markets (and watch the same Bollywood films) have no problems understanding each other -- they'd both say yeh kitne kaa hay for 'How much is it?' -- but the written form for Hindi will be यह कितने का है? and the Urdu one will be یه کتنی کا هی؟ Hindi is written from left to right in the Devanagari script, and is the official language of India, along with English. Urdu, on the other hand, is written from right to left in the Nastaliq script (a modified form of the Arabic script) and is the national language of Pakistan. It's also one of the official languages of the Indian states of Bihar and Jammu & Kashmir. Considered as one, these tongues constitute the second most spoken language in the world, sometimes called Hindustani. In their daily lives, Hindi and Urdu speakers communicate in their 'different' languages without major problems. … Both Hindi and Urdu developed from Classical Sanskrit, which appeared in the Indus Valley (modern Pakistan and northwest India) at about the start of the Common Era. The first old Hindi (or Apabhransha) poetry was written in the year 769 AD, and by the European Middle Ages it became known as 'Hindvi'. Muslim Turks invaded the Punjab in 1027 and took control of Delhi in 1193. They paved the way for the Islamic Mughal Empire, which ruled northern India from the 16th century until it was defeated by the British Raj in the mid-19th century. It was at this time that the language of this book began to take form, a mixture of Hindvi grammar with Arabic, Persian and Turkish vocabulary. The Muslim speakers of Hindvi began to write in the Arabic script, creating Urdu, while the Hindu population incorporated the new words but continued to write in Devanagari script.

مطالعات بیشتر

Strnad, Jaroslav (2013). Morphology and Syntax of Old Hindī: Edition and Analysis of One Hundred Kabīr vānī Poems from Rājasthān. Brill. ISBN 9789004254893.

[Mody2008-1] Mody, Sujata Sudhakar (2008). Literature, Language, and Nation Formation: The Story of a Modern Hindi Journal 1900-1920 (به انگلیسی). University of California, Berkeley. p. 7.

[2] Masica, Colin P. (1993). The Indo-Aryan Languages. Cambridge University Press. p. 54. ISBN 978-0-521-29944-2.

[3] Callewaert, Winand M. and Mukunda Lāṭh (1989), The Hindi Songs of Namdev, Peeters Publishers, ISBN 978-906831-107-5

[4] Hindi: Language, Discourse, and Writing (به انگلیسی). Mahatma Gandhi International Hindi University. 2002. p. 171.

[DelacyAhmed2005-5] Delacy, Richard; Ahmed, Shahara (2005). Hindi, Urdu & Bengali. Lonely Planet. p. 11-12. Hindi and Urdu are generally considered to be one spoken language with two different literary traditions. That means that Hindi and Urdu speakers who shop in the same markets (and watch the same Bollywood films) have no problems understanding each other -- they'd both say yeh kitne kaa hay for 'How much is it?' -- but the written form for Hindi will be यह कितने का है? and the Urdu one will be یه کتنی کا هی؟ Hindi is written from left to right in the Devanagari script, and is the official language of India, along with English. Urdu, on the other hand, is written from right to left in the Nastaliq script (a modified form of the Arabic script) and is the national language of Pakistan. It's also one of the official languages of the Indian states of Bihar and Jammu & Kashmir. Considered as one, these tongues constitute the second most spoken language in the world, sometimes called Hindustani. In their daily lives, Hindi and Urdu speakers communicate in their 'different' languages without major problems. … Both Hindi and Urdu developed from Classical Sanskrit, which appeared in the Indus Valley (modern Pakistan and northwest India) at about the start of the Common Era. The first old Hindi (or Apabhransha) poetry was written in the year 769 AD, and by the European Middle Ages it became known as 'Hindvi'. Muslim Turks invaded the Punjab in 1027 and took control of Delhi in 1193. They paved the way for the Islamic Mughal Empire, which ruled northern India from the 16th century until it was defeated by the British Raj in the mid-19th century. It was at this time that the language of this book began to take form, a mixture of Hindvi grammar with Arabic, Persian and Turkish vocabulary. The Muslim speakers of Hindvi began to write in the Arabic script, creating Urdu, while the Hindu population incorporated the new words but continued to write in Devanagari script.

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