نفی بلد

نفی بَلَد اصطلاحی در فقه و حقوق اسلامی است که به معنای تبعید است. اخراج یک فرد یا گروه از یک مکان یا سرزمین که یکی از انواع مجازات و به معنای دورکردن و بیرون‌کردن مجرم از محل ارتکاب جرم و یا محل اقامتش است. به موجب این مجازات فرد مجرم از اقامت در وطن و شهر خود ممنوع شده و برای مدت زمان معینی به سکونت اجباری در محلی دیگر محکوم می‌گردد. مجازات بعضی از جرایم خاص مانند زنای غیرمحصنه، قَوّادی و محاربه طبق فقه جزایی اسلام، تبعید است. همچنین تبعید در دوران‌های مختلف تاریخی از سوی برخی حاکمان علیه مخالفان خود و با هدف محدودسازی آنها انجام شده‌است.^[۱]^[۲]

نفی بلد، رفتاری تاریخی است؛ به‌عنوان نمونه، خسرو اول، شاه ساسانی ایران، ۲۹۲۰۰۰ شهروند، برده و مردم تسخیر شده را به شهر تازه تیسفون در سال ۵۴۲ میلادی^[۳] یا مثلا بریتانیا شمار زیادی از مخالفان مذهبی و مجرمان را به آمریکا و استرالیا نفی بلد کرد.^[۴]

جستارهای وابسته

پانویس

↑ Generally, definitions of deportation make no distinction between official and unofficial acts, and apply equally to nationals and foreigners. See: Henckaerts, Mass Expulsion in Modern International Law and Practice, 1995, p. 4-5.
↑ Some countries distinguish between deportation and penal transportation. For example, in ایالات متحده آمریکا، "Strictly speaking, transportation, extradition, and deportation, although each has the effect of removing a person from the country, are different things, and have different purposes. Transportation is by way of punishment of one convicted of an offense against the laws of the country. Extradition is the surrender to another country of one accused of an offense against its laws, there to be tried, and, if found guilty, punished. Deportation is the removal of an alien out of the country, simply because his presence is deemed inconsistent with the public welfare and without any punishment being imposed or contemplated either under the laws of the country out of which he is sent or of those of the country to which he is taken." See: Fong Yue Ting v. United States, 149 U.S. 697, at 709 (1893).
↑ Christensen, The Decline of Iranshahr: Irrigation and Environments in the History of the Middle East, 500 B.C. to A.D. 1500, 1993.
↑ Daniels, Coming to America: A History of Immigration and Ethnicity in American Life, 2002

منابع

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deportation
راندن یهودیان اروپا به سوی نابودی - ید وشم
Whitehorn, Alan (2015). The Armenian Genocide: The Essential Reference Guide. Santa Barabara, California: ABC-CLIO, LLC. p. 107-09. ISBN 978-1-61069-687-6.

[1] Generally, definitions of deportation make no distinction between official and unofficial acts, and apply equally to nationals and foreigners. See: Henckaerts, Mass Expulsion in Modern International Law and Practice, 1995, p. 4-5.

[2] Some countries distinguish between deportation and penal transportation. For example, in ایالات متحده آمریکا، "Strictly speaking, transportation, extradition, and deportation, although each has the effect of removing a person from the country, are different things, and have different purposes. Transportation is by way of punishment of one convicted of an offense against the laws of the country. Extradition is the surrender to another country of one accused of an offense against its laws, there to be tried, and, if found guilty, punished. Deportation is the removal of an alien out of the country, simply because his presence is deemed inconsistent with the public welfare and without any punishment being imposed or contemplated either under the laws of the country out of which he is sent or of those of the country to which he is taken." See: Fong Yue Ting v. United States, 149 U.S. 697, at 709 (1893).

[3] Christensen, The Decline of Iranshahr: Irrigation and Environments in the History of the Middle East, 500 B.C. to A.D. 1500, 1993.

[4] Daniels, Coming to America: A History of Immigration and Ethnicity in American Life, 2002

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داده‌های کتابخانه‌ای
کتابخانه‌های ملی	اوکراین 2 آلمان اسرائیل ایالات متحده آمریکا جمهوری چک
سایر	بایگانی ملی (ایالات متحده)