var

See also: Appendix:Variations of "var"

Languages (30)

Albanian • Azerbaijani • Catalan • Chrau • Czech • Danish • Dutch • Faroese • Hungarian • Icelandic • Jamtish • Latvian • Laz • Norwegian Bokmål • Norwegian Nynorsk • Old Czech • Old Norse • Old Slovak • Old Swedish • Romanian • Salar • Serbo-Croatian • Slovak • Slovene • Swedish • Tat • Turkish • Yola

Page categories

Translingual

Symbol

var

(international standards) ISO 639-3 language code for Huarijio.
(physics, electrics) Alternative form of VAR

English

Pronunciation

Rhymes: -ɑː(ɹ)

Noun

var (countable and uncountable, plural vars)

(programming) Abbreviation of variable.
(statistics) Abbreviation of variance.
(physics) A unit of electrical power, in an AC circuit, equal to the power dissipated when 1 volt produces a current of 1 ampere.
(bodybuilding, slang, uncountable) Clipping of Anavar.

Derived terms

varmeter

Anagrams

ARV, rav

Albanian

Etymology

From Proto-Albanian *werja, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂wer- (“to bind, hang”) (compare Ancient Greek ἀείρω (aeírō, “to heave, hoist up”), Lithuanian vérti (“to weigh”)).^[1]

Verb

var (aorist vara, participle varur)

to hang
to depend on
to bring down

Derived terms

Related terms

References

^ Demiraj, B. (1997) Albanische Etymologien: Untersuchungen zum albanischen Erbwortschatz [Albanian Etymologies: […]] (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 7)‎^[1] (in German), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, page 423

Azerbaijani

Other scripts
Cyrillic		вар
Abjad		وار

Etymology

From Proto-Turkic *bār.^[1] Cognate with Old Turkic 𐰉𐰺 (bar).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /vɑr/

Predicative

var

Existential copula: there is, there are, there exists, there exist
Bakının yaxınlığında bir karvansara var.
There is a caravanserai near Baku.

― Düyü var? ― Bəli, var.
―Is there any rice? ―Yes, there is.
Expressing possession: to have
Üç qardaşım var.
I have three brothers.
(literally, “There are three of my brothers”)

― Gedim çörək alım? ― Yox, hələ varımızdır.
―Shall I go and buy bread? ―No, we still have [some].

Antonyms

yox (“there is no; to not have”)

Derived terms

nə var, nə var (“just because, all because”)
varlıq (“existence; being”)

References

^ Starostin, Sergei, Dybo, Anna, Mudrak, Oleg (2003) “*bār”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8)‎^[2], Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill

Catalan

Etymology

Borrowed from Latin vārus.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): (Central) [ˈbar]
IPA^(key): (Balearic, Valencia) [ˈvar]

Adjective

var (feminine vara, masculine plural vars, feminine plural vares)

varous

Related terms

vara

Chrau

Numeral

var

two

Czech

Czech Wikipedia has an article on:

var

Wikipedia ^cs

Etymology

Inherited from Old Czech var, from Proto-Slavic *varъ.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [ˈvar]
Hyphenation: var
Rhymes: -ar

Noun

var m inan

boiling
ferment, unrest

Declension

Declension of var (hard masculine inanimate)

	singular	plural
nominative	var	vary
genitive	varu	varů
dative	varu	varům
accusative	var	vary
vocative	vare	vary
locative	varu	varech
instrumental	varem	vary

Derived terms

bod varu

Related terms

Danish

Etymology 1

From Old Norse varr, from Proto-Germanic *waraz, cognate with English aware.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [ˈʋɑˀ]

Adjective

var

Only used in blive var (“become aware”)

Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [ˈʋɑ]

Verb

var

past of være

Etymology 3

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [ˈʋɑːˀ]

Verb

var

imperative of vare

Dutch

Etymology

From Middle Dutch varre, verre, ultimately from Proto-Germanic *farzô (“bull, ox”). Related to vaars (“heifer”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /vɑr/
Audio: (file)

Noun

var m (plural varren, diminutive varretje n)

(dialectal) young bull

Faroese

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /vɛaːɹ/
Rhymes: -ɛaːɹ
Homophones: varð, vær

Verb

var

first/third-person indicative past of vera
Eg var ógvuliga bangin. ― I was terribly afraid.

Hann var ein góður maður. ― He was a good man.

Hon var borin í heim í 1913. ― She was born 1913.

Tað var stuttligt. ― It was funny.

Var tað ikki hon? ― Wasn't it her?

Hungarian

Etymology

Uncertain, perhaps related to the verb varr (“to sew”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [ˈvɒr]
Audio: (file)
Rhymes: -ɒr

Noun

var (plural varok or varak)

scab (an incrustation over a sore, wound, vesicle, or pustule, formed during healing)

Declension

Inflection (stem in -o-, back harmony)
	singular	plural
nominative	var	varok
accusative	vart	varokat
dative	varnak	varoknak
instrumental	varral	varokkal
causal-final	varért	varokért
translative	varrá	varokká
terminative	varig	varokig
essive-formal	varként	varokként
essive-modal	—	—
inessive	varban	varokban
superessive	varon	varokon
adessive	varnál	varoknál
illative	varba	varokba
sublative	varra	varokra
allative	varhoz	varokhoz
elative	varból	varokból
delative	varról	varokról
ablative	vartól	varoktól
non-attributive possessive - singular	varé	varoké
non-attributive possessive - plural	varéi	varokéi

Possessive forms of var
possessor	single possession	multiple possessions
1st person sing.	varom	varaim, varjaim
2nd person sing.	varod	varaid, varjaid
3rd person sing.	vara, varja	varai, varjai
1st person plural	varunk	varaink, varjaink
2nd person plural	varotok	varaitok, varjaitok
3rd person plural	varuk, varjuk	varaik, varjaik

or less commonly:

Inflection (stem in -a-, back harmony)
	singular	plural
nominative	var	varak
accusative	vart	varakat
dative	varnak	varaknak
instrumental	varral	varakkal
causal-final	varért	varakért
translative	varrá	varakká
terminative	varig	varakig
essive-formal	varként	varakként
essive-modal	—	—
inessive	varban	varakban
superessive	varon	varakon
adessive	varnál	varaknál
illative	varba	varakba
sublative	varra	varakra
allative	varhoz	varakhoz
elative	varból	varakból
delative	varról	varakról
ablative	vartól	varaktól
non-attributive possessive - singular	varé	varaké
non-attributive possessive - plural	varéi	varakéi

Possessive forms of var
possessor	single possession	multiple possessions
1st person sing.	varam	varaim
2nd person sing.	varad	varaid
3rd person sing.	vara	varai
1st person plural	varunk	varaink
2nd person plural	varatok	varaitok
3rd person plural	varuk	varaik

Derived terms

varacs (dialectal varacsk) → varacskos, varangy
varas

Compound words

ótvar

Icelandic

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /vaːr/
Rhymes: -aːr

Etymology 1

From Old Norse varr, from Proto-Germanic *waraz.

Adjective

var (comparative varari, superlative varastur)

cautious, aware

Declension

positive (strong declension)

singular	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	var	vör	vart
accusative	varan	vara	vart
dative	vörum	varri	vöru
genitive	vars	varrar	vars
plural	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	varir	varar	vör
accusative	vara	varar	vör
dative	vörum	vörum	vörum
genitive	varra	varra	varra

positive (weak declension)

singular	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	vari	vara	vara
accusative	vara	vöru	vara
dative	vara	vöru	vara
genitive	vara	vöru	vara
plural	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	vöru	vöru	vöru
accusative	vöru	vöru	vöru
dative	vöru	vöru	vöru
genitive	vöru	vöru	vöru

comparative

singular	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	varari	varari	varara
accusative	varari	varari	varara
dative	varari	varari	varara
genitive	varari	varari	varara
plural	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	varari	varari	varari
accusative	varari	varari	varari
dative	varari	varari	varari
genitive	varari	varari	varari

superlative (strong declension)

singular	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	varastur	vörust	varast
accusative	varastan	varasta	varast
dative	vörustum	varastri	vörustu
genitive	varasts	varastrar	varasts
plural	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	varastir	varastar	vörust
accusative	varasta	varastar	vörust
dative	vörustum	vörustum	vörustum
genitive	varastra	varastra	varastra

superlative (weak declension)

singular	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	varasti	varasta	varasta
accusative	varasta	vörustu	varasta
dative	varasta	vörustu	varasta
genitive	varasta	vörustu	varasta
plural	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	vörustu	vörustu	vörustu
accusative	vörustu	vörustu	vörustu
dative	vörustu	vörustu	vörustu
genitive	vörustu	vörustu	vörustu

Derived terms

gera vart við sig (“to make oneself known; to show oneself”)
varlega
varlegur
vera var um sig (“to be on one's guard”)
verða var við (“to be aware of”)

Etymology 2

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Noun

var n (genitive singular vars, nominative plural vör)

lee, shelter
Synonym: skjól

Declension

Declension of var (neuter)

	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	var	varið	vör	vörin
accusative	var	varið	vör	vörin
dative	vari	varinu	vörum	vörunum
genitive	vars	varsins	vara	varanna

Etymology 3

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Verb

var

first/third-person singular past indicative of vera (“to be”)

Jamtish

Verb

var

inflection of vara:
1. past indicative
2. imperative second-person singular

Latvian

Verb

var

third-person singular/plural present indicative of varēt
(with the particle lai) third-person singular imperative of varēt
(with the particle lai) third-person plural imperative of varēt

Laz

Postposition

var

Latin spelling of ვარ (var)

Adverb

var

Latin spelling of ვარ (var)

Norwegian Bokmål

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ʋɑːɾ/

Verb

var

simple past of være
imperative of vare

Derived terms

(of adjective, yet to be added) varsom
(of noun) putevar

Norwegian Nynorsk

Etymology 1

From Old Norse var, from Proto-Germanic *was. Ultimately from the Proto-Indo-European root *h₂wes-.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ʋɑː(r)/

Verb

var

past tense of vera (“to be”)

Etymology 2

From Old Norse varr, from Proto-Germanic *waraz. Akin to English wary.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ʋɑːr/

Adjective

var (neuter vart, definite singular and plural vare, comparative varare, indefinite superlative varast, definite superlative varaste)

wary, careful
nervous, timid
sensitive
Eg er var for høge lydar. ― I am sensitive to loud noises.

Derived terms

føre var

Etymology 3

From Old Norse ver, from verja. Doublet of vær.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ʋɑːr/

Noun

var n (definite singular varet, indefinite plural var, definite plural vara)

a sheath or covering
Har du dratt var på putene endå? ― Have you put the pillows in pillowcases yet?

Derived terms

putevar

Etymology 4

Uncertain, but may be related to verk.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ʋɑːr/

Noun

var n (definite singular varet, indefinite plural var, definite plural vara)

(dried) slime, pus, pain

Etymology 5

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ʋɑːr/

Verb

var

present of va
imperative of vara

References

“var” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.

Anagrams

arv, rav

Old Czech

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): (13^th CE) /ˈʋar/
IPA^(key): (15^th CE) /ˈvar/

Etymology 1

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *vȃrъ (“boiling; boiling liquid”). By surface analysis, deverbal from vřieti or vařiti.

Noun

var m inan

batch (a quantity of anything brewed at one operation)

Declension

Declension of var (hard o-stem)

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	var	vary	vaři, varové
genitive	vara, varu	varú	varóv
dative	varu	varoma	varóm
accusative	var	vary	vary
vocative	vaře	vary	vaři, varové
locative	vařě, varu	varú	vařiech
instrumental	varem	varoma	vary

This table shows the most common forms around the 13th century.
See also Appendix:Old Czech nouns and Appendix:Old Czech pronunciation.

Derived terms

adjectives

varný

Descendants

Czech: var

Etymology 2

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *vȃrъ (“heat”).

Noun

var m inan

Declension

Declension of var (hard o-stem)

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	var	vary	vaři, varové
genitive	vara, varu	varú	varóv
dative	varu	varoma	varóm
accusative	var	vary	vary
vocative	vaře	vary	vaři, varové
locative	vařě, varu	varú	vařiech
instrumental	varem	varoma	vary

This table shows the most common forms around the 13th century.
See also Appendix:Old Czech nouns and Appendix:Old Czech pronunciation.

Old Norse

Etymology

From earlier vas, from Proto-Norse ᚹᚨᛊ (was) from Proto-Germanic *was, first- and third-person past singular indicative of *wesaną.

Verb

var

first/third-person singular indicative past of vera

Descendants

Icelandic: var
Faroese: var
Norwegian:
- Norwegian Bokmål: var
- Norwegian Nynorsk: var
Jamtish: var
Elfdalian: war
Old Swedish: var, war
- Swedish: var
Danish: var
Old Gutnish: war

References

“var”, in Geir T. Zoëga (1910) A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic, Oxford: Clarendon Press

Old Slovak

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *vȃrъ (“boiling; boiling liquid”). By surface analysis, deverbal from vrieť or variť.

Noun

var m inan

batch (a quantity of anything brewed at one operation)

Derived terms

adjectives

varný

Descendants

Slovak: var

Old Swedish

Verb

var

first/third-person singular indicative past of vara

Romanian

Etymology

From Old Church Slavonic варъ (varŭ), from Proto-Slavic *varъ.

Noun

var n (plural varuri)

lime (calcium oxide, quicklime)

Declension

	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
	singular		plural
nominative-accusative	var	varul	varuri	varurile
genitive-dative	var	varului	varuri	varurilor
vocative	varule		varurilor

Salar

Etymology

Cognate with Turkish var. Doublet of bar (“rich”).

Pronunciation

(Jiezi, Gaizi, Qingshui, Baizhuang, Xunhua, Qinghai, Ili, Yining, Xinjiang) IPA^(key): [vɑɹ], [vɑr]
(Hanbahe, Daowei, Chahandusi, Baizhuang, Xunhua, Qinghai) IPA^(key): [vɑːɹ], [vɑːr]
(Mengda, Xunhua, Qinghai) IPA^(key): [bɑːr], [pɑː], [pɑr]

Noun

var

there is

References

Tenishev, Edhem (1976) “var”, in Stroj salárskovo jazyká [Grammar of Salar], Moscow, pages 300, 433, 437, 540, 541
马伟 (Ma Wei), 朝克 (Chao Ke) (2016) “var”, in 濒危语言——撒拉语研究 [Endangered Languages - Salar Language Studies], 青海 (Qinghai): 国家社会科学基金项目 (National Social Science Foundation Project), page 292
林莲云 [Lin Lianyun] (1985) “bɑr”, in 撒拉语简志 [A Brief History of Salar]‎^[3], Beijing: 民族出版社: 琴書店, →OCLC, page 135
Ma, Chengjun, Han, Lianye, Ma, Weisheng (December 2010) “var”, in 米娜瓦尔艾比布拉 (Minavar Abibra), editor, 撒维汉词典 (Sāwéihàncídiǎn) [Salar-Uyghur-Chinese dictionary] (in Chinese), 1st edition, Beijing, →ISBN, page 135
Yakup, Abdurishid (2002) “var”, in An Ili Salar Vocabulary: Introduction and a Provisional Salar-English Lexicon‎^[4], Tokyo: University of Tokyo, →ISBN, page 175

Serbo-Croatian

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *vȃrъ (“heat”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ʋâːr/

Noun

vȃr m or f (Cyrillic spelling ва̑р)

(uncountable) heat

Declension

masculine declension

	singular
nominative	var
genitive	vara
dative	varu
accusative	var
vocative	varu
locative	varu
instrumental	varom

feminine declension

	singular
nominative	var
genitive	vari
dative	vari
accusative	var
vocative	vari
locative	vari
instrumental	vari/varju

References

“var”, in Hrvatski jezični portal [Croatian language portal] (in Serbo-Croatian), 2006–2024

Slovak

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [var]

Etymology 1

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *vȃrъ (“heat”).

Noun

var m inan

heat
Synonyms: horúčava, horúčosť, páľava

Declension

Declension of var (pattern dub)

	singular	plural
nominative	var	vary
genitive	varu	varov
dative	varu	varom
accusative	var	vary
locative	vare	varoch
instrumental	varom	varmi

Etymology 2

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *vȃrъ (“boiling; boiling liquid”). By surface analysis, deverbal from vrieť or variť.

Noun

var m inan (related adjective varový or varný)

brewing

Declension

Declension of var (pattern dub)

	singular	plural
nominative	var	vary
genitive	varu	varov
dative	varu	varom
accusative	var	vary
locative	vare	varoch
instrumental	varom	varmi

Etymology 3

Particle

var

Alternative form of vari

Slovene

Etymology 1

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *vȃrъ (“heat”).

Noun

vȃr m inan

soldering, welding
solder
fine sand, which the smith needs to sprinkle the iron with, when he welds

Declension

This noun needs an inflection-table template.

Etymology 2

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *vȃrъ (“boiling; boiling liquid”). By surface analysis, deverbal from vrẹ́ti or varíti.

Noun

vȃr m inan

broth, stock, brew

Declension

This noun needs an inflection-table template.

Etymology 3

Borrowed from English var.

Noun

var m inan

(physics) var

Declension

This noun needs an inflection-table template.

Etymology 4

Derived from Iranian. Compare Avestan 𐬬𐬁𐬭𐬀 (vāra, “entrenchment”), Middle Persian wl (war, “castle”).

Noun

var m inan

fortress

Declension

This noun needs an inflection-table template.

Swedish

Alternative forms

hvar (obsolete since 1906)
hwar (obsolete)

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /vɑːr/, [vɒ̜ːr]
Audio: (file)
Rhymes: -ɑːr

Etymology 1

From Old Norse hvar, from Proto-Germanic *hwar.

Adverb

var (not comparable)

where; at which place
Synonym: (informal, nonstandard) vart

Var är mina nycklar? ― Where are my keys?

Var var jag? ― Where was I?

Related terms

Conjunction

var

where; the situation in which

Etymology 2

From Old Norse hverr (paradigm merged with a descendant of *hwaz and a descendant of Proto-Germanic *hwarjaz (“who (of many)”). A cognate to Icelandic hver.

Determiner

var (neuter vart)

(dated) every
Var dag är en sällsam gåva ― Every day is a peculiar gift
- c. 1847, Carl August Hagberg, translation of Shakespeare's As You Like It (c. 1599), act 3, scene 2
  Att för hvart öga som i skogen ser / Det må ett vittne till min dyrkan blifva.
  That every eye which in this forest looks / Shall see thy virtue witness'd every where.
Synonym: varje
each; per person/thing involved
Vi fick två bananer var ― We got two bananas each

Derived terms

lite varstans
var för sig (“separately”)
var och en (“one and all”)
vardag (“weekday”)

Etymology 3

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Noun

var n or c

(uncountable) pus; a mixture of dead bacteria and white blood cells, occurring in areas of infections n
pillowcase n
various species of flatfish of the family Scophthalmidae, such as megrim, whiff, butt, turbot c

Declension

Declension of var

		nominative	genitive
singular	indefinite	var	vars
singular	definite	varet	varets
plural	indefinite	var	vars
plural	definite	varen	varens

Declension of **var** 3
		nominative	genitive
singular	indefinite	var	vars
singular	definite	varen	varens
plural	indefinite	varar	varars
plural	definite	vararna	vararnas

Related terms

Etymology 4

From Old Norse var, from earlier vas, from Proto-Norse ᚹᚨᛋ (was), from Proto-Germanic *was.

Verb

var

past indicative of vara: was, were
imperative of vara

Derived terms

varsågod

References

Anagrams

arv

Tat

Etymology

From Middle Persian w’t (wād, “wind”), from Proto-Iranian *HwáHatah, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *HwáHatas, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂wéh₁n̥ts (“wind”).

Noun

var

wind

Turkish

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /vɑɾ/

Etymology 1

From Ottoman Turkish وار (var), from Proto-Turkic *bār. Compare Old Turkic 𐰉𐰺 (bar).

Adjective

var (not comparable)

there is, there are (not a verb)
İstanbul'da bir kervansaray var.
There is a caravanserai in Istanbul.
(literally, “A caravanserai exists in Istanbul.”)

Yediye yirmi beş var.
It's twenty-five to seven.
(literally, “There are twenty-five [minutes] to seven.”)
it exists
Pirinç var mı? — Evet, var.
Is there any rice? — Yes, there is.
Expressing possession, equivalent of have.
İki teyzem ve bir dayım var.
I have two aunts and an uncle.
(literally, “My two aunts and my uncle exist.”)

Usage notes

• As an adjective, var is only used predicatively.

• In the phrases “var olmak” and “var etmek”, the word is pronounced with a long vowel (va:r).

Antonyms

yok (there isn't, not have)

Etymology 2

Verb

var

second-person singular imperative of varmak

Yola

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /vɔː/

Etymology 1

From Middle English far, from Old English feorr.

Adjective

var (comparative valler)

far
- 1867, CONGRATULATORY ADDRESS IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, page 116, lines 4-6:
  Yer name var zetch avancet avare ye, e'en a dicke var hye, arent whilke ye brine o'zea an ye craggès o'noghanes cazed nae balke.
  Your fame for such came before you even into this retired spot, to which neither the waters of the sea below nor the mountains above caused any impediment.

Adverb

var

far
- 1867, “THE WEDDEEN O BALLYMORE”, in SONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, number 4, page 96:
  An neeat wooden trenshoorès var whiter than snow.
  And neat wooden trenchers far whiter than snow.

Etymology 2

Preposition

var

Alternative form of vor
- 1867, GLOSSARY OF THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, page 39:
  Var faade?
  For what?
- 1867, “ABOUT AN OLD SOW GOING TO BE KILLED”, in SONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, number 2, page 106:
  Gooude var nat oan dhing, niether treesh ar thraame;
  Good for not one thing; neither for the trace, nor the car.
- 1867, CONGRATULATORY ADDRESS IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, page 116, lines 14-15:
  till ee zin o'oure daies be var aye be ee-go t'glade.
  until the sun of our lives (be for ever) be gone down the dark valley (of death).

References

Jacob Poole (d. 1827) (before 1828) William Barnes, editor, A Glossary, With some Pieces of Verse, of the old Dialect of the English Colony in the Baronies of Forth and Bargy, County of Wexford, Ireland, London: J. Russell Smith, published 1867, page 74

[1] Demiraj, B. (1997) Albanische Etymologien: Untersuchungen zum albanischen Erbwortschatz [Albanian Etymologies: […]] (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 7)‎^[1] (in German), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, page 423

[2] Starostin, Sergei, Dybo, Anna, Mudrak, Oleg (2003) “*bār”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8)‎^[2], Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill

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