ik

See also: Appendix:Variations of "ik"

Translingual

Symbol

ik

1. (international standards) ISO 639-1 language code for Inupiaq.

English

Phrase

ik

1. (Internet slang, text messaging) Alternative letter-case form of IK.

Anagrams

• Ki., kI, ki, -ki-, Ki, KI

Afrikaans

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ək/

Pronoun

ik

1. (Cape Afrikaans or archaic) Alternative form of ek

Albanian

Verb

ik

1. second-person singular imperative of iki

Angguruk Yali

Noun

ik

1. water

References

• Christiaan Fahner, The morphology of Yali and Dani (1979), page 157

Bergish

Alternative forms

• ek (Barmen (Wuppertal))

Pronoun

ik

1. (Mölmsch) I (first person pronoun)

Further reading

• H. K. vam Hingberg (that's H. Kühne), Ut auler un neier Tied. Erzählungen in niederdeutscher Mundart [From old and new times (in Low Franconian, more specifically Mölmsch). Stories in Low German dialect (in Standard High German)], 1872 (vol. I)

Danish

Adverb

ik

1. Alternative form of ik'

Dutch

Alternative forms

• ick
• ikke

Etymology

From Middle Dutch ic, from Old Dutch ik, from Proto-West Germanic *ik, from Proto-Germanic *ek, from Proto-Indo-European *éǵh₂. Compare Low German ik, West Frisian ik, German ich, English I, Danish jeg. See I (English, etymology 3).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): (stressed) /ɪk/, (unstressed) /ək/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Hyphenation: ik
• Rhymes: -ɪk

Pronoun

ik

1. I (first-person singular personal pronoun)

Declension

Dutch personal pronouns

	subject		object		possessive			reflexive	genitive5
singular	full	unstr.	full	unstr.	full	unstr.	pred.
1st person	ik	'k1	mij	me	mijn	m'n1	mijne	me	mijner, mijns
2nd person	jij	je	jou	je	jouw	je	jouwe	je	jouwer, jouws
2nd person archaic or regiolectal	gij	ge	u	–	uw	–	uwe	u	uwer, uws
2nd person formal	u	–	u	–	uw	–	uwe	u, zich7	uwer, uws
3rd person masculine	hij	ie1	hem	'm1	zijn	z'n1	zijne	zich	zijner, zijns
3rd person feminine	zij	ze	haar	h'r1, 'r1, d'r1	haar	h'r1, 'r1, d'r1	hare	zich	harer, haars
3rd person neuter	het	't1	het	't1	zijn	z'n1	zijne	zich	zijner, zijns
plural
1st person	wij	we	ons	–	ons, onze2	–	onze	ons	onzer, onzes
2nd person	jullie	je	jullie	je	jullie	je	–	je	–
2nd person archaic or regiolectal6	gij	ge	u	–	uw	–	uwe	u	uwer, uws
2nd person formal	u	–	u	–	uw	–	uwe	u, zich7	uwer, uws
3rd person	zij	ze	hen3, hun4	ze	hun	–	hunne	zich	hunner, huns
1) Not as common in written language. 2) Inflected as an adjective. 3) In prescriptivist use, used only as direct object (accusative). 4) In prescriptivist use, used only as indirect object (dative). 5) Archaic. Nowadays used for formal, literary or poetic purposes, and in fixed expressions. 6) To differentiate from the singular gij, gelle (object form elle) and variants are commonly used colloquially in Belgium. Archaic forms are gijlieden and gijlui ("you people").				7) Zich is preferred if the reflexive pronoun immediately follows the subject pronoun u, e.g. Meldt u zich aan! 'Log in!', and if the subject pronoun u is used with a verb form that is identical with the third person singular but different from the informal second person singular, e.g. U heeft zich aangemeld. 'You have logged in.' Only u can be used in an imperative if the subject pronoun is not overt, e.g. Meld u aan! 'Log in!', where u is the reflexive pronoun. Otherwise, both u and zich are equally possible, e.g. U meldt u/zich aan. 'You log in.'

Derived terms

• ikvorm
• ikzelf

Descendants

• Afrikaans: ek
• Berbice Creole Dutch: eke
• Jersey Dutch: äk
• Petjo: ik
• Skepi Creole Dutch: ek

German Low German

Alternative forms

• (enclitic) -'k, 'k
• (Waldeckisch, when strongly emphasised; scientific spelling) ikə

• ick
• (as alternative form of ick, enclitic) 'ck
• (as alternative form of ick, when strongly emphasised, rare) icke

• iek

• (Eastphalia, Lippe, County of Mark, Ruhr area) ek, eck
• (Low Prussian) öck, eck

Etymology

From Middle Low German ik, from Old Saxon ik, from Proto-Germanic *ek, from Proto-Indo-European *éǵh₂.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɪk/

Pronoun

ik

1. (most northern and western dialects) I (first person singular pronoun)

   Ik kem, ik sach, ik wünd.

   I came, I saw, I conquered. (Veni, vidi, vici. Attributed to Julius Caesar.)

Declension

In Störmede:

		1st person	2nd person	3rd person
				Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Singular	Nominative	ik	diu	hoi	soi	iät
	(Genitive)	(van meune)	(van deune)	(van seune)	(van iähre)	(van seune)
	Dative	meu	deu	iähne	iähr	iähne
	Accusative				soi	iät
Plural	Nominative	weu	jeu	soi
	(Genitive)	(van use)	(van jiue)	(van iähre)
	Dative	us	jiu	iähnen
	Accusative			soi

Related terms

• mien (“my, mine”, possessive); mi (“me”, dative (also generally used in place of the accusative)); mik; wi pl (“we”)
• Sauerländisch: mey, mik
• Paderbornisch: mey/my, mik; plural: wey/wy

See also

• (Plautdietsch) ekj, etj

Gothic

Romanization

ik

1. Romanization of 𐌹𐌺

Iberian

Alternative forms

• ki

Etymology

Unknown. Potentially can be related to Basque hi (“you”)

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɪk/

Pronoun

ik

1. my (firt person singular possesive)

   teŕ ke kin eŕ tin ik u

   A powerful achievement to complete my aspirations

2. self

   baŕ kar baŕ ka ik e

   Outstanding authority, the result of outstanding self-control

3. own

   lokaŕ ik ge etan

   within reach through (her) own effort

References

• Villamor, Fernando (2020) A basic dictionary and grammar of the Iberian language

Kaqchikel

Noun

ik

1. sun
2. chili

Kiautschou German Pidgin

Pronoun

ik

1. I (first person singular pronoun)

Latvian

Adverb

ik

1. every

Marshallese

Noun

ik

1. Alternative spelling of ek

Middle English

Etymology

From Old English ic, perhaps with influence from Old Norse ek; both from Proto-Germanic *ik, *ek, from Proto-Indo-European *éǵh₂ (“I”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ik/

Pronoun

ik

1. (chiefly Northern dialectal) Alternative form of I
   • circa 1300, Homilies:

     Forthi wil I of my pouert, Schau sum thing that ik haf in hert, [...]

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

   • circa 1300, Cursor Mundi:

     Her ik haf a litil spend, In word eftir þat ik entend, [...]

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

   • circa 1390, Chaucer:

     But ik am oold me list not pleye for age.

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

Descendants

• Scots: ik

Middle Low German

Alternative forms

• ek

Etymology

From Old Saxon ik

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɪk/

Pronoun

ik

1. I (first person singular nominative)

Declension

Middle Low German personal pronouns

			nominative	accusative	dative	genitive
singular	1st person		ik (ek)	mî (mê, mik, mek)		mîn (mîner)
	2nd person		dû	dî (dê, dik, dek)		dîn (dîner)
	3rd person	m	hê (hî, hie)	ēne, en (ȫne, ȫn)	ēme, em (ȫme, en)	sîn (sîner)
		n	it (et)
		f	sê (sî, sie, sü̂)		ēre, ēr (ērer, ȫrer)
plural	1st person		wî (wê, wie)	uns (ûs, ös, ü̂sik)		unser (ûser)
	2nd person		gî (jê, î)	jû (jûwe, û, jük, gik)		jûwer (ûwer)
	3rd person		sê (sî, sie)		em, öm, jüm (en, ēnen, ȫnen)	ēre, ēr (ērer, ȫrer)

For an explanation of the forms in brackets see here.

Descendants

• Low German: ik
  • German Low German: ik, ek

    Low Prussian: eck, öck

Mokilese

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈik/

Noun

ik

1. tail

Inflection

Possessive forms of ik (tight inalienable possession, -i stem)

singular possessor	first person		ikihoa
	second person		ikimwen
	third person		ikin
dual possessors	first person inclusive		ikisa
	first person exclusive		ikima
	second person		ikimwa
	third person		ikira
plural possessors	first person inclusive		ikisai
	first person exclusive		ikimai
	second person		ikimwai
	third person		ikirai
remote plural possessors	first person inclusive		ikihs
	first person exclusive		ikimi
	second person		ikimwi
	third person		ikihr
construct form			ikin

North Frisian

Etymology

From Old Frisian ik, from Proto-West Germanic *ik, from Proto-Germanic *ek, *ik, from Proto-Indo-European *éǵh₂.

Compare Dutch ik, German Low German ik, German ich, English I, Danish jeg.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɪk/

Pronoun

ik (Föhr-Amrum, Mooring, Sylt)

1. I (first-person singular personal pronoun)

Alternative forms

• 'k (reduced form)

See also

Personal and possessive pronouns (Föhr-Amrum dialect)

			personal					possessive
			subject case		object case			masculine referent	feminine / neuter referent	plural referent
			full	reduced	full	reduced				attributive	independent
singular	1st		ik	'k	mi			man	min		minen
	2nd		dü	–	di			dan	din		dinen
	3rd	m	hi	'r	ham	'n		san	sin		sinen
		f or n	hat	at, 't		at, 't
plural	1st		wi	'f	üs			üüs			üüsen
								üsens
	2nd		jam	'm	jam			jau			jauen
								jamens
	3rd		jo	's	jo	's		hör			hören
								hörens

• The reduced forms with an apostrophe are enclitic; they immediately follow verbs or conjunctions. Dü is deleted altogether in such contexts.
• At is not enclitic; it can stand in any unstressed position and refers mostly to things. In reflexive use, only full object forms occur.
• Dual forms wat / onk and jat / jonk are obsolete, as is feminine jü / hör.
• Independent possessives are distinguished from attributive ones only with plural referents.
• The forms üsens, jamens, hörens are used optionally (and decreasingly) when the possessor is a larger community, such as a village, city or nation.

Personal and possessive pronouns (Mooring dialect)

			personal					possessive
			subject case		object case			masculine referent	feminine / neuter / plural referent
			full	reduced	full	reduced
singular	1st		ik	'k	me			man	min
	2nd		dü	–	de			dan	din
	3rd	m	hi	'r	ham	'n		san	sin
		f	jü	's	har	's		harn	har
		n	hat	et, 't	ham	et, 't		san	sin
plural	1st		we		üs			üüsen	üüs
	2nd		jam	'm	jam			jarnge
	3rd		ja	's	ja, jam	's		jare

The reduced forms with an apostrophe are enclitic; they immediately follow verbs or conjunctions. Dü is deleted altogether in such contexts.
Et is not enclitic and can stand in any unstressed position; the full subject form hat is now rarely used. In reflexive use, only full object forms occur.
Dual forms wat / unk and jat / junk are obsolete. Attributive and independent possessives are not distinguished in Mooring.

Personal and possessive pronouns (Sylt dialect)

			personal					possessive
			subject case		object case			singular referent	plural referent
			full	reduced	full	reduced			attributive	independent
singular	1st		ik	'k	mi			min		minen
	2nd		dü	–	di			din		dinen
	3rd	m	hi	'r	höm	'n		sin		sinen
		f	jü	's	höör	's		höör		höören
		n	hat	et, 't	höm	et, 't		sin		sinen
dual	1st		wat		unk		unk		unken
	2nd		at		junk		junk		junken
	3rd		jat		jam	's	jaar		jaaren
plural	1st		wü		üüs		üüs		üüsen
	2nd		i		juu		juu		juuen
	3rd		ja	's	jam	's	jaar		jaaren

• The reduced forms with an apostrophe are enclitic; they immediately follow verbs or conjunctions. Dü is deleted altogether in such contexts.
• Et is not enclitic and can stand in any unstressed position; the full subject form hat is now rarely used. In reflexive use, only full object forms occur.
• The dual forms are dated, but not obsolete as in other dialects.
• Independent possessives are distinguished from attributive ones only with plural referents.

Old Dutch

Alternative forms

• ic

Etymology

From Proto-West Germanic *ik.

Pronoun

ik

1. I
   • c. 900 CE, Die altmittel- und altniederfränkischen Psalmen und Glossen [The Old Middle and Old Low Franconian psalms and glosses]:

     In ne kēre antsceine thīn fan cnapin thīnin wanda ic gewītenot wirthon sniumo gihōri mī

     And hide not thy face from thy servant; for I am in trouble: hear me speedily. (Psalms 69:17; KJV)

Declension

Old Dutch personal pronouns

1st person	Singular	Plural
Nominative	ik, ic, ih	wī, wīr
Accusative	mī, mik, *mic	uns, unsig
Genitive	mīn	unsa, *unser
Dative	mī	uns, unsig
2nd person	Singular	Plural
Nominative	thu, tu	gī, ir
Accusative	thī, thik, *thic	iu,
Genitive	thīn	iuwa, *iuwer
Dative	thī	iu

3rd person	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	hē, hie	sia	it
Accusative	imo	sia	it
Genitive	sīn, is	iro	is
Dative	imo	iro	imo
		Plural
Nominative		sia, sie (masc. plur.)
Accusative		sia, sie (masc. plur.)
Genitive		iro
Dative		im

Descendants

• Middle Dutch: ic, icke
  • Dutch: ik, ick, ikke
    • Afrikaans: ek
    • Berbice Creole Dutch: eke
    • Jersey Dutch: äk
    • Petjo: ik
    • Skepi Creole Dutch: ek

Further reading

• “ik”, in Oudnederlands Woordenboek, 2012

Old Frisian

Etymology

From Proto-West Germanic *ik, from Proto-Germanic *ek, *ik, from Proto-Indo-European *éǵh₂.

Compare Old Saxon ik, Old English iċ, Old Dutch ik, Old High German ih, Old Norse ek, Gothic 𐌹𐌺 (ik).

Pronoun

ik (accusative mī, genitive mīn, dative mī)

1. I

Declension

Old Frisian personal pronoun declensions

			nominative	accusative	dative	genitive
singular	1st person		ik	mī	mī	mīn
	2nd person		thū	thī	thī	thīn
	3rd person	m	hī	hine	him	sīn
		f	hiū, hiō	hiā	hire, hiāre	hire, hiāre
		n	hit	hit	him	sīn
plural	1st person		wī	ūs	ūs	ūser
	2nd person		jī	jū, jō	jū, jō	jūwer
	3rd person		hiā	hiā	him, hirem, hiārem	hira, hiāra

Descendants

• North Frisian: ick, ik
• Saterland Frisian: iek
• West Frisian: ik

Old Saxon

Alternative forms

• ek
• ic

Etymology

From Proto-West Germanic *ik, from Proto-Germanic *ek, from Proto-Indo-European *éǵh₂.

Compare Old Frisian ik, Old English iċ, Old Dutch ik, Old High German ih, Old Norse ek, Gothic 𐌹𐌺 (ik).

Pronoun

ik

1. I
   • 9th c. Heliand, verse 1977

     ...thene williu ek eft ōgean far [ōgun godes],...

     ...I want to show him again in front of God's eyes...

Declension

Old Saxon personal pronouns

			nominative	accusative	dative	genitive
singular	1st person		ik	mī, me, mik	mī	mīn
	2nd person		thū	thī, thik	thī	thīn
	3rd person	m	hē	ina	imu	is
		f	siu	sia	iru	ira
		n	it		it	is
dual	1st person		wit	unk		unkero, unka
	2nd person		git	ink		inker, inka
plural	1st person		wī, we	ūs, unsik	ūs	ūser
	2nd person		gī, ge	eu, iu, iuu		euwar, iuwer, iuwar, iuwero, iuwera
	3rd person	m	sia		im	iro
		f	sia
		n	siu

Descendants

• Middle Low German: ik, ek
  • Low German: ik, ick
    • German Low German: ik, ick

Pass Valley Yali

Noun

ik

1. water

References

• Christiaan Fahner, The morphology of Yali and Dani (1979), page 157

Pwaamèi

Etymology

From Proto-Oceanic *kutu, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *kutu, from Proto-Austronesian *kuCu.

Noun

ik

1. louse

References

• Jim Hollyman, K. J. Hollyman, Études sur les langues du Nord de la Nouvelle-Calédonie (1999), page 52

Salar

Etymology

From Proto-Turkic *īk. Cognate with Azerbaijani iy, Turkish iğ, Turkmen īk.

Pronunciation

• (Shixiang, Xunhua, Qinghai) IPA^(key): [ix]

Noun

ik

1. spindle

References

• Potanin, G.N. (1893) “их”, in Тангутско-Тибетская окраина Китая и Центральная Монголия (in Russian), page 427

Tobian

Etymology

From Proto-Austronesian *Sikan.

Noun

ik

1. Fish

Alternative forms

• ih

Vandalic

Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *ek

Pronoun

ik

1. I

References

1. https://glosbe.com/en/xvn/I

Wastek

Noun

ik

1. wind

References

• wordlist

West Frisian

Etymology

From Old Frisian ik, from Proto-West Germanic *ik, from Proto-Germanic *ek, *ik, from Proto-Indo-European *éǵh₂.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɪk/
• (unstressed) IPA^(key): /k/

Pronoun

ik

1. I (first person singular nominative pronoun)

Inflection

West Frisian personal pronouns and possessives

			personal				possessive
			subject case	object case			determiner	pronoun
				normal	reflexive
singular	1st		ik	my	mysels		myn	mines
	2nd	informal	do, dû1	dy	dysels		dyn	dines
		formal	jo	jo	josels		jo	jowes
	3rd	m	hy	him	himsels		syn	sines
		f	sy, hja1	har	harsels		har	harres
		n	it	it	himsels		syn	sines
plural	1st		wy	ús	ússels		ús	uzes
	2nd		jim(me)	jim(me)	jimsels, jinsels		jim(me)	jimmes
	3rd		sy, hja1	har(ren)	harsels		har(ren)	harres

¹ Now mostly archaic and unused.

Further reading

• “ik (I)”, in Wurdboek fan de Fryske taal (in Dutch), 2011

Woiwurrung

Determiner

ik

1. First-person singular possessive determiner. See Appendix:Possessive#English.
   1. liwikik.
   2. wurrungik.

Zealandic

Pronoun

ik

1. I