Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/harm

This Proto-West Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-West Germanic

Etymology 1

From Proto-Germanic *harmaz.

Adjective

*harm

2. painful

Inflection

a-stem
Singular	Masculine
Nominative	*harm
Genitive	*harmas
Singular	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	*harm	*harmu	*harm
Accusative	*harmanā	*harmā	*harm
Genitive	*harmas	*harmeʀā	*harmas
Dative	*harmumē	*harmeʀē	*harmumē
Instrumental	*harmu	*harmeʀu	*harmu
Plural	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	*harmē	*harmō	*harmu
Accusative	*harmā	*harmā	*harmu
Genitive	*harmeʀō	*harmeʀō	*harmeʀō
Dative	*harmēm, *harmum	*harmēm, *harmum	*harmēm, *harmum
Instrumental	*harmēm, *harmum	*harmēm, *harmum	*harmēm, *harmum

Descendants

• Old English: hearm
• Old Saxon: harm
  • Middle Low German: *harm (possibly)
  • → Old Danish: harm
    • Danish: harm
  • → Norwegian Bokmål: harm
  • → Norwegian Nynorsk: harm

Etymology 2

From Proto-Germanic *harmaz.

Noun

*harm m

2. pain, harm

Inflection

Masculine a-stem
	Singular
Nominative	*harm
Genitive	*harmas
	Singular	Plural
Nominative	*harm	*harmō, *harmōs
Accusative	*harm	*harmā
Genitive	*harmas	*harmō
Dative	*harmē	*harmum
Instrumental	*harmu	*harmum

Derived terms

• *harmēn
• *harmijan

Descendants

• Old English: hearm
  • Middle English: harm, harem, arme, herme
    • English: harm
    • Scots: herm, hairm
    • Yola: harrm
• Old Frisian: herm (in compounds)
• Old Saxon: harm
  • Middle Low German: harm, herm
• Old Dutch: harm
  • Middle Dutch: harm
    • Dutch: harm
• Old High German: harm, haram
  • Middle High German: harm
    • German: Harm

Etymology 3

See *harmō.

Noun

*harm m

1. Synonym of *harmō (“weasel, stoat”).

Inflection

Masculine a-stem
	Singular
Nominative	*harm
Genitive	*harmas
	Singular	Plural
Nominative	*harm	*harmō, *harmōs
Accusative	*harm	*harmā
Genitive	*harmas	*harmō
Dative	*harmē	*harmum
Instrumental	*harmu	*harmum

Descendants

• Old Saxon: *harm
  • Middle Low German: harm
• Old High German: harm
  • Middle High German: harm
    • German: Harm