Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/ǵʰelh₃-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*ǵʰelh₃-^[1]^[2]

to flourish
green, yellow

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *ǵʰelh₃- (50 c, 0 e)

*ǵʰélh₃-ye-ti (ye-present)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *źelˀtei
  - Latvian: zelt
  - Lithuanian: žélti
*ǵʰélh₃-s ~ *ǵʰl̥h₃-és
- Proto-Germanic: *gulaz (“yellow”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic: *helos
  - Old Latin: helus
    - Latin: holus (“vegetable; greens”)
*ǵʰolh₃-éh₂
- Proto-Hellenic: *kʰolā́ (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰarHáH
  - Proto-Iranian: *jarHáH
    - Avestan: 𐬰𐬁𐬭𐬀 (zāra, “gall”)
    - Middle Persian: [Term?] (/⁠zahrag⁠/, “gall, bile”)
      - Persian: زهره (zahre, “gall”), زهله (zahle)
*ǵʰólh₃-i-s ~ *ǵʰl̥h₃-éy-s
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰárHiš (see there for further descendants)
*ǵʰolh₃-n-éh₂
- ⇒? Proto-Germanic: *gallǭ (“gall, bile”) (see there for further descendants)
*ǵʰl̥h₃-no-s
- Proto-Celtic: *glanos (“clean, clear”) (possibly) (see there for further descendants)
*ǵʰelh₃-o-s
- Proto-Celtic: *gelos (“bright, white”) (see there for further descendants)
*ǵʰl̥h₃-ró-s
- Proto-Hellenic: *kʰlōrós
  - Ancient Greek: χλωρός (khlōrós, “bright green, yellow”)
  - Phrygian: γλουρος (glouros)
*ǵʰl̥h₃-tó-s
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gilˀtas
  - Latvian: dzeltens, dzelts (dialectal)
  - Lithuanian: gel̃tas
  - Proto-Slavic: *žьltъ (“yellow”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *gulþą (“gold”) (see there for further descendants)
*ǵʰelh₃-wó-s
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Lithuanian: žel̃vas
- Proto-Germanic: *gelwaz (“yellow”) (see there for further descendants)
*ǵʰelh₃-i-wó-s
- Proto-Italic: *heliwos (see there for further descendants)
*ǵʰleh₃- (metathesized)
- *ǵʰleh₃-(e)-ti (root present)
  - >? Proto-Germanic: *glōaną (see there for further descendants)

*ǵʰelh₃-en-

*ǵʰélh₃en-o-s
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *źel-
  - Proto-Slavic: *zelènъ (“green”) (see there for further descendants)
*ǵʰl̥h₃en-yó-m
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰr̥Hanyam (“gold”) (see there for further descendants)

*ǵʰelh₃-t-

*ǵʰélh₃t-o-s
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Latgalian: zalts
  - Latvian: zelts
*ǵʰólh₃t-o-m
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Proto-Slavic: *zolto (“gold”) (see there for further descendants)
*ǵʰl̥h₃t-tó-s
- Proto-Celtic: *glastos (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:
- Albanian: diell

References

^ Guus Kroonen (2013) Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7)‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

[1] Guus Kroonen (2013) Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

[2] De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7)‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

[1]

[2]