Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hringaz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈxriŋ.ɡɑz/

Etymology 1

From an earlier *hrengaz (compare the Proto-Finnic loanword *rëngas), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)krengʰ- (“ring, circle”), and cognate with Proto-Slavic *krǫgъ (“circle”). The root, which features both a plain stop and a voiced aspirate and thus violates traditional Proto-Indo-European phonotactics, was probably formed in the post-IE phase, and appears to be an extended nasalized form of Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker- (“to turn, bend”).

Noun

*hringaz m

2. ring, circle
3. curve

Inflection

masculine a-stemDeclension of *hringaz (masculine a-stem)
	singular	plural
nominative	*hringaz	*hringōz, *hringōs
vocative	*hring	*hringōz, *hringōs
accusative	*hringą	*hringanz
genitive	*hringas, *hringis	*hringǫ̂
dative	*hringai	*hringamaz
instrumental	*hringō	*hringamiz

Derived terms

• *hringijaną
• *hringijǭ
• *hringōną

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *hring
  • Old English: hring, hrincg, hrinċġ, ring, ᚱᛁᚾᚷ (rinġ) — Wheatley Hill Finger Ring
    • Middle English: ryng, rynge, ring
      • English: ring
      • Scots: ring
      • Yola: ring
    • → Medieval Latin: ringa, renga (Anglo-Latin)
  • Old Frisian: hring
    • North Frisian: Ring, Rink
    • Saterland Frisian: Ring
    • West Frisian: ring
  • Old Saxon: hring
    • Middle Low German: rinc, rink, ring
      • German Low German: Ring
      • Low German: rink
      • Plautdietsch: Rinkj
  • Old Dutch: rinc
    • Middle Dutch: rinc
      • Dutch: ring
        • Afrikaans: ring
        • Negerhollands: rink, riṅ
        • →? Aukan: linga
        • → Indonesian: ring
        • → Papiamentu: renchi, ringtsje (from the diminutive)
      • Limburgish: rink
  • Old High German: ring, hring
    • Middle High German: rinc, ring
      • German: Ring
      • Luxembourgish: Rank
      • Yiddish: רינג (ring)
  • → Old French: reng, renc, renk, renge, renke, rang, ranc (see there for further descendants)
  • → Old French: renge, range (“sword-belt”)
    • Middle French: renge
    • → Middle English: renge, raunge
• Old Norse: hringr
  • Icelandic: hringur
  • Faroese: ringur
  • Norn: ring
  • Norwegian Nynorsk: ring
  • Elfdalian: ringg
  • Old Swedish: ringer
    • Swedish: ring
  • Old Danish: ring
    • Danish: ring
      • Norwegian Bokmål: ring
  • Gutnish: ringg
• Gothic: *𐌷𐍂𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍃 (*hriggs)
  • → Italian: aringo, arringo
    • Italian: aringa, arringa
    • → Old French: harangue
      • French: harangue
      • → English: harangue
      • → Occitan: arengua
      • → Spanish: arenga
      • → Portuguese: arenga
      • → Latin: harenga
  • → Medieval Latin: arengum
    • → Italian: arengo
• Crimean Gothic: ringo
• → Proto-Finnic: *rëngas (< *hrengaz) (see there for further descendants)

Etymology 2

Of uncertain origin. Orel tentatively connects the word to the "ring, circle" of Etymology 1, i.e. "the noise that clashing rings make". Other theories derive the word from a Proto-Indo-European *(s)kreg-, *(s)kArg-, *(s)kArk- (“to caw, crow, croak, pipe, shout”), and compare Lithuanian krañkti (“to caw, cough, croak”). (Can this⁽⁺⁾ etymology be sourced?) Alternatively, an intra-Germanic onomatopoeic formation.

Noun

*hringaz m

2. (West Germanic) sound, ring

Inflection

masculine a-stemDeclension of *hringaz (masculine a-stem)
	singular	plural
nominative	*hringaz	*hringōz, *hringōs
vocative	*hring	*hringōz, *hringōs
accusative	*hringą	*hringanz
genitive	*hringas, *hringis	*hringǫ̂
dative	*hringai	*hringamaz
instrumental	*hringō	*hringamiz

Derived terms

• *hringijaną

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *hring
  • Old English: hring
    • Middle English: *ring
      • English: ring