Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/þrukkijaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *trewk- (“to press on and break”);^[1] cognates outside of Germanic include Welsh trychu (“to cut”), Lithuanian trū́kti (“to tear into pieces, burst”), trùkti (“to last, continue”).^[2] Other theories derive the root from Proto-Indo-European *terh₁- (“to rub, bore, twist”). (Can this⁽⁺⁾ etymology be sourced?)

Has been suggested as the origin of Vulgar Latin *trūdicāre, but this appears unlikely.^[3]

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈθruk.ki.jɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*þrukkijaną

to press on
to crowd

Inflection

Conjugation of *þrukkijaną (weak class 1)

present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*þrukkijō	*þrukkijaų	—	*þrukkijai	?
2nd singular	*þrukkīsi	*þrukkijais	*þrukkī	*þrukkijasai	*þrukkijaisau
3rd singular	*þrukkīþi	*þrukkijai	*þrukkijaþau	*þrukkijaþai	*þrukkijaiþau
1st dual	*þrukkijōs	*þrukkijaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*þrukkijaþiz	*þrukkijaiþiz	*þrukkijaþiz	—	—
1st plural	*þrukkijamaz	*þrukkijaim	—	*þrukkijanþai	*þrukkijainþau
2nd plural	*þrukkīþ	*þrukkijaiþ	*þrukkīþ	*þrukkijanþai	*þrukkijainþau
3rd plural	*þrukkijanþi	*þrukkijain	*þrukkijanþau	*þrukkijanþai	*þrukkijainþau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*þrukkidǭ	*þrukkidēdį̄
2nd singular	*þrukkidēz	*þrukkidēdīz
3rd singular	*þrukkidē	*þrukkidēdī
1st dual	*þrukkidēdū	*þrukkidēdīw
2nd dual	*þrukkidēdudiz	*þrukkidēdīdiz
1st plural	*þrukkidēdum	*þrukkidēdīm
2nd plural	*þrukkidēdud	*þrukkidēdīd
3rd plural	*þrukkidēdun	*þrukkidēdīn

	present	past
participles	*þrukkijandz	*þrukkidaz

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *þrukkijan
- Old English: þryċċan
  - Middle English: thrucchen, thrycchen, thricchen
    - English: thrutch (dialectal), druck
  - Middle English: *threkken, threken
    - English: thrack
    - Scots: thratch, thrack
- Old Frisian: thretza, thrikka
  - West Frisian: druwckjen, drukke
- Old Saxon: thrukkian
  - Middle Low German: drücken
    - German Low German: drücken
  - → West Frisian: drukke
- Old Dutch: *thrucken
  - Middle Dutch: drucken
    - Dutch: drukken
      - Afrikaans: druk
      - → Caribbean Javanese: nggedrig
      - → Papiamentu: drùk, druk
    - Limburgish: drókke, drökke
- Old High German: drucchen, drukken, drucchan
  - Middle High German: drücken, drucken
    - Bavarian: druckn
    - Cimbrian: drukhan
    - German: drücken (“press”), drucken (“print”)
      - → Ladin: druché
      - → Low German: drucken
      - → Polish: drukować
        → Belarusian: друкава́ць (drukavácʹ)
        → Ukrainian: друкува́ти (drukuváty)
      - → Yiddish: דרוקן (drukn)
    - Luxembourgish: drécken
    - Yiddish: דריקן (drikn)
Old Norse: þrykkja
- Icelandic: þrykkja
- Faroese: trykkja
- Norwegian Nynorsk: trykkja, trykkje
- Old Swedish: þrykkia
  - Swedish: trycka
- Danish: trykke
  - Norwegian Bokmål: trykke
    - → Norwegian Nynorsk: trykke, trykka

References

^ Smoczyński, Wojciech (2007) “tráukyti”, in Słownik etymologiczny języka litewskiego‎^[1] (in Polish), Vilnius: Uniwersytet Wileński, page 683
^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*þrukkjanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 427
^ “truc”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.

[1] Smoczyński, Wojciech (2007) “tráukyti”, in Słownik etymologiczny języka litewskiego‎^[1] (in Polish), Vilnius: Uniwersytet Wileński, page 683

[2] Vladimir Orel (2003) “*þrukkjanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 427

[3] “truc”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.

[1]

[2]

[3]