-ko
Appearance
See also: Appendix:Variations of "ko"
Basque
[edit]Alternative forms
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Unknown.[1]
Pronunciation
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-ko
- Locative singular suffix.
- Noun-forming suffix with various functions.
- Forms future participles.
Usage notes
[edit]- The case formed by this suffix is also called "local genitive" or "locative genitive". It roughly corresponds to the usage of the prepositions of in English and de in Spanish. The genitive case (formed by the suffix -ren) also corresponds generally to these prepositions; but is mostly used to imply ownership, while the locative implies location or relatedness. However, there are exceptions to this general rule, see the usage examples below.
- Bizkaiko mendiak ― the mountains of Biscay
- buruko mina ― headache (literally, “pain in the head”)
- eskolako jaialdia ― school festival
- Picassoren margolan bat ― a painting by Picasso
- Ilargiaren orbita ― the orbit of the Moon
- mutilaren argazkia ― the picture of (owned by) the boy; the picture of (showing) the boy
- Common nouns ending in a consonant take the form -eko with an epenthetic vowel.
- hondartz (“beach”) + -ko → hondartzeko (“of the beach”).
- Proper nouns and verbs ending /n/ or /l/ take the voiced form -go.
Declension
[edit]Derived terms
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ “-ko” in Etymological Dictionary of Basque by R. L. Trask, sussex.ac.uk
Czech
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-ko n (noun-forming suffix)
Derived terms
[edit]See also
[edit]Further reading
[edit]- -ko in Slovník afixů užívaných v češtině, 2017
Finnish
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Finnic *-ko, probably ultimately from Proto-Uralic *ko-.
Particle
[edit]-ko (front vowel harmony variant -kö, linguistic notation -kO) (enclitic particle)
- (enclitic) Turns a clause interrogative. It is appended to the element of the clause that is questioned most. English equivalents include the normal ways of forming an interrogative statement without using an interrogative pronoun, such as the verb "do", inversion of the word order and intonation.
- Onko hän täällä? (on > + -ko)
- Is s/he here?
- Täälläkö hän on? (täällä + -kö)
- Is s/he here?
- Tuleeko hän laivalla? (tulee > + -ko)
- Is she coming by the ship?
- Millä sitten - veneelläkö? (veneellä + -kö)
- By what, then - on the boat?
- Pitäisikö hänen tulla tänne? (pitäisi > + -kö)
- Should s/he come here?
- (enclitic) In indirect questions, -ko/-kö appended to the verb corresponds to the conjunctions if and whether in English.
- En tiedä, tuleeko hän.
- I don't know if she comes.
- (enclitic) With the particle -han/-hän attached to the topic of discussion, it expresses "I wonder if".
- (enclitic) With the negative verb (en, et, ei, emme, ette, eivät) and the particle -han/-hän, expresses "I suppose".
- (enclitic, colloquial) In a question with an interrogative word.
Usage notes
[edit]- (interrogative particle): The particle -ko/-kö is used when there is no other interrogative word, in both direct and indirect questions. The answer is expected to be simply affirmative or negative.
- (interrogative particle): The word with this particle will usually move to the beginning of the clause (see the usage examples).
- (I wonder if): Note that, unlike in English, the sentence meaning "I wonder if" is an interrogative sentence in Finnish, so it ends with a question mark.
Synonyms
[edit]- -ks (colloquial)
See also
[edit]Garo
[edit]Etymology
[edit](This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Suffix
[edit]-ko
- (inflectional suffix) forms the accusative case
See also
[edit]Hadza
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-ko
- a feminine singular suffix (often used with a collective sense)
Related terms
[edit]Ilocano
[edit]Alternative forms
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ku, from Proto-Austronesian *ku.
Pronunciation
[edit]Pronoun
[edit]-ko
- First-person singular ergative enclitic pronoun; I
- Inlukatko ti tawa ta napudot. ― I opened the window because it is hot.
- Aramidekto dayta no bigat. ― I'll do that tomorrow.
- First-person singular possessive marker; my
- Daytoy ti pamiliak. ― This is my family.
- Annakko dagitoy. ― These are my children.
Usage notes
[edit]- When attached to verbs ending with the suffixes -en or -an, the n of the suffix is dropped and the enclitic (in the form -k) is attached.
- When attached to the enclitic -(e)n, the pronoun becomes -kon, even if the enclitic is in the form -k.
- Linutok ti ikan. ― I cooked the fish.
- Linutokon ti ikan. ― I already cooked the fish.
- When attached to the negative adverb di, the pronoun becomes -ak.
- Diak inggagara. ― I did not mean it.
- When attached to the verb in (“to go”), the n geminates, and the pronoun becomes -ak.
- Innak kitaen no addadan. ― I'll go check if they are already there.
See also
[edit]Ilocano personal pronouns
Person | Number | Absolutive | Ergative | Oblique | Possessive | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Disjunctive | Enclitic | Enclitic3 | bági form | kukua form | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
First | singular | siak | -ak | -ko, -k | kaniak | bagik | kukuak, kuak | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
dual | data, sita1 | -ta | kaniata, kadata | bagita | kukuata | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
plural inclusive | datayo, sitayo1 | -tayo, -tay | kaniatayo, kadatayo | bagitayo | kukuatayo | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
plural exclusive | dakami, sikami1 | -kami, -kam | -mi | kaniami, kadakami | bagimi | kukuami | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Second | singular | sika | -ka | -mo, -m | kaniam, kenka | bagim | kukuam | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
plural | dakayo, sikayo1 | -kayo, -kay | -yo | kaniayo, kadakayo | bagiyo | kukuayo | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Third | singular | isu, isuna | Ø2 | -na | kaniana, kenkuana | bagina | kukuana | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
plural | isuda | -da | kaniada, kadakuada | bagida | kukuada | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1Regional variants. 2Null morpheme. There is no absolutive enclitic for the third person singular pronoun. The disjunctives isu or isuna may also be used. 3Ergative enclitics are also used as possessive markers. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Fused enclitics
|
Ingrian
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Particle
[edit]-ko (front-vowel variant -kö)
- Alternative form of -k
- 1936, D. I. Efimov, Lukukirja: Inkeroisia alkușkouluja vart (ensimäine osa), Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 12:
- Töö-ko meille avita.
- Come help us.
References
[edit]- Ruben E. Nirvi (1971) Inkeroismurteiden Sanakirja, Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, page 178
Lower Sorbian
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Slavic *-ъko.
Suffix
[edit]-ko n
- added to neuter nouns to form a diminutive
Derived terms
[edit]Makasar
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *(i-)kahu, Proto-Austronesian *(i-)kaSu.
Pronoun
[edit]-ko (absolutive enclitic, Lontara spelling ᨀᨚ)
- you (familiar second person singualr and plural)
See also
[edit]Makasar free and bound pronouns
Murui Huitoto
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Classifier
[edit]-ko
- Classifier for objects that give cover.
- Classifier for spherical containers.
Derived terms
[edit]References
[edit]- Katarzyna Izabela Wojtylak (2017) A grammar of Murui (Bue): a Witotoan language of Northwest Amazonia.[1], Townsville: James Cook University press (PhD thesis), pages 195-196
Nupe
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-kó
- augmentative suffix; used to form nouns meaning a larger form of something.
- Used to form a nominalised and superlative form of verbs.
Derived terms
[edit]Further reading
[edit]- Alhaji, Gabra Ibrahim A Morphological Analysis of Nouns and Adjectives In The Nupe Language, 2012
Old Polish
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ko.
Pronunciation
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-ko n
- diminutive suffix for neuter nouns; may cause various vowel shifts
Derived terms
[edit]Descendants
[edit]Polish
[edit]Alternative forms
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Inherited from Old Polish -ko.
Pronunciation
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-ko n
Declension
[edit]Declension of -ko
Derived terms
[edit]Serbo-Croatian
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-ko (Cyrillic spelling -ко)
- Suffix appended to words to create a masculine noun, most likely to make diminutive. Usually used to make names, or nicknames denoting a negative feature.
Slovak
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-ko n
- diminutive suffix for neuter nouns
Declension
[edit]Declension of -ko
Derived terms
[edit]Swahili
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-ko
- ku class(XVII) relative marker, where
- Sijui wanakotoka. ― I do not know where they come from.
See also
[edit]Swahili verbal concords (third person)
Class | Subject concord | Object concord | Relative | |
---|---|---|---|---|
affirmative | negative | |||
m(I) | a-, yu- | ha-, hayu- | -m-, -mw-, -mu- | -ye |
wa(II) | wa- | hawa- | -wa- | -o |
m(III) | u- | hau- | -u- | -o |
mi(IV) | i- | hai- | -i- | -yo |
ji(V) | li- | hali- | -li- | -lo |
ma(VI) | ya- | haya- | -ya- | -yo |
ki(VII) | ki- | haki- | -ki- | -cho |
vi(VIII) | vi- | havi- | -vi- | -vyo |
n(IX) | i- | hai- | -i- | -yo |
n(X) | zi- | hazi- | -zi- | -zo |
u(XI) | u- | hau- | -u- | -o |
ku(XV/XVII) | ku- | haku- | -ku- | -ko |
pa(XVI) | pa- | hapa- | -pa- | -po |
mu(XVIII) | m-, mw-, mu- | ham-, hamw-, hamu- | -mu- | -mo |
For a full table including first and second person, see Appendix:Swahili personal pronouns. |
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- Rhymes:Polish/ɔ
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