陵

陵 U+9675, 陵 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9675 ← 陴 [U+9674] CJK Unified Ideographs 陶 → [U+9676]

陵 U+F959, 陵 CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F959 ← 菱 [U+F958] CJK Compatibility Ideographs 讀 → [U+F95A]

Translingual

Han character

陵 (Kangxi radical 170, 阜+8, 11 strokes, cangjie input 弓中土金水 (NLGCE), four-corner 7424₇, composition ⿰阝夌)

Derived characters

• 𠻱, 𡻴, 𨫭, 𪅋, 𡺿, 䔖, 𢁋, 䉄, 𡏹

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 1354, character 6
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 41704
• Dae Jaweon: page 1857, character 6
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 4134, character 6
• Unihan data for U+9675

• Unihan data for U+F959

Chinese

trad.		陵
simp. #		陵
alternative forms		夌 䧙 𨻪 𨻎 𨹧 夌 䧙 𨻪 𨻎 𨹧 𠡭

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 陵
Warring States
Bronze inscriptions

Characters in the same phonetic series (夌) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
棱	*rɯːŋ
稜	*rɯːŋ
輘	*rɯːŋ
倰	*rɯːŋ
祾	*rɯːŋ, *rɯŋ
踜	*rɯːŋs
凌	*rɯŋ
菱	*rɯŋ
陵	*rɯŋ
綾	*rɯŋ
鯪	*rɯŋ
淩	*rɯŋ
夌	*rɯŋ
蔆	*rɯŋ
崚	*rɯŋ
掕	*rɯŋ
𩜁	*rɯŋs
庱	*r̥ʰɯŋ, *r̥ʰɯŋʔ
睖	*r̥ʰɯŋ

Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *rɯŋ) : semantic 阜 (“mound”) + phonetic 夌 (OC *rɯŋ, “mound; hill”). Originally written 夌.

Etymology 1

"mound; hill; gravemound of an emperor"

Compare Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-raŋ (“high; long”), whence Burmese မြင့် (mrang., “high; tall”) (STEDT). Also compare 嶺 (OC *reŋʔ, “mountain ridge”).

"to mount; to transgress; to encroach upon"

The same word as 凌 (OC *rɯŋ, “to rise high; to transgress”). May be related to the etymology above (Schuessler, 2007). It is probably cognate with 馮 (OC *brɯŋ, “to cross; to mount; to wade”).

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): líng (ling²)

  (Zhuyin): ㄌㄧㄥˊ

• Cantonese

  (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): ling⁴

  (Taishan, Wiktionary): len³

• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): lìn

  (Meixian, Guangdong): lin²

• Northern Min (KCR): lěng
• Eastern Min (BUC): lìng
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): lêng

  (Teochew, Peng'im): lêng⁵

• Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁶lin

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: líng
    • Zhuyin: ㄌㄧㄥˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: líng
    • Wade–Giles: ling²
    • Yale: líng
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: ling
    • Palladius: лин (lin)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /liŋ³⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: ling⁴
    • Yale: lìhng
    • Cantonese Pinyin: ling⁴
    • Guangdong Romanization: ling⁴
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /lɪŋ²¹/
  • (Taishanese, Taicheng)
    • Wiktionary: len³
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /len²²/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: lìn
    • Hakka Romanization System: lin^ˇ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: lin²
    • Sinological IPA: /lin¹¹/
  • (Meixian)
    • Guangdong: lin²
    • Sinological IPA: /lin¹¹/
• Northern Min
  • (Jian'ou)
    • Kienning Colloquial Romanized: lěng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /leiŋ²¹/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: lìng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /l̃iŋ⁵³/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lêng
    • Tâi-lô: lîng
    • Phofsit Daibuun: leeng
    • IPA (Xiamen): /liɪŋ²⁴/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /liɪŋ²⁴/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /liɪŋ¹³/
    • IPA (Taipei): /liɪŋ²⁴/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /liɪŋ²³/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: lêng⁵
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: lêng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /leŋ⁵⁵/
• Wu
  • (Northern: Shanghai)
    • Wugniu: ⁶lin
    • MiniDict: lin^去
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ³lin
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /lin²³/

---

• Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 陵
Mandarin	Beijing	/liŋ³⁵/
	Harbin	/ləŋ²⁴/
	Tianjin	/liŋ⁴⁵/
	Jinan	/liŋ⁴²/
	Qingdao	/liŋ⁴²/
	Zhengzhou	/liŋ⁴²/
	Xi'an	/liŋ²⁴/
	Xining	/liə̃²⁴/
	Yinchuan	/liŋ⁵³/
	Lanzhou	/lĩn⁵³/
	Ürümqi	/liŋ⁵¹/
	Wuhan	/nin²¹³/
	Chengdu	/nin³¹/
	Guiyang	/nin²¹/
	Kunming	/lĩ³¹/
	Nanjing	/lin²⁴/
	Hefei	/lin⁵⁵/
Jin	Taiyuan	/liəŋ¹¹/
	Pingyao	/liŋ¹³/ /li¹³/ 地名
	Hohhot	/lĩŋ³¹/
Wu	Shanghai	/liŋ²³/
	Suzhou	/lin¹³/
	Hangzhou	/lin²¹³/
	Wenzhou	/leŋ³¹/
Hui	Shexian	/liʌ̃⁴⁴/
	Tunxi	/lin⁴⁴/
Xiang	Changsha	/lin¹³/
	Xiangtan	/nin¹²/
Gan	Nanchang	/lin⁴⁵/
Hakka	Meixian	/lin¹¹/
	Taoyuan	/lin¹¹/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/leŋ²¹/
	Nanning	/leŋ²¹/
	Hong Kong	/liŋ²¹/
Min	Xiamen (Hokkien)	/liŋ³⁵/
	Fuzhou (Eastern Min)	/liŋ⁵³/
	Jian'ou (Northern Min)	/leiŋ²¹/
	Shantou (Teochew)	/leŋ⁵⁵/
	Haikou (Hainanese)	/leŋ³¹/

---

• Middle Chinese: ling

Rime
Character	陵
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	來 (37)
Final (韻)	蒸 (133)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	力膺切
Baxter	ling
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/lɨŋ/
Pan Wuyun	/lɨŋ/
Shao Rongfen	/lieŋ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/liŋ/
Li Rong	/liəŋ/
Wang Li	/lĭəŋ/
Bernhard Karlgren	/li̯əŋ/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	líng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	ling4

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*[r]əŋ/

  (Zhengzhang): /*rɯŋ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	陵
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	líng
Middle Chinese	‹ ling ›
Old Chinese	/*[r]əŋ/
English	mound, hill
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	陵
Reading #	1/1
No.	8246
Phonetic component	夌
Rime group	蒸
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	陵
Old Chinese	/*rɯŋ/

Definitions

陵

1. mound; hill
2. royal or imperial tomb (generally restricted to the tombs of emperors, empresses and empress dowagers, but also used as an honorific for the tomb of Sun Yat-sen, the first president of China)
3. to go up; to mount; to ascend

   alt. forms: 凌, 淩／凌 (líng)

4. to surpass; to override

   alt. forms: 凌, 淩／凌 (líng)

5. to bully and humiliate; to encroach on; to invade

   alt. forms: 凌, 淩／凌 (líng)

6. to decline; to wane
7. to sharpen; to temper
8. a surname

Compounds

• 下馬陵／下马陵
• 丘陵 (qiūlíng)
• 中山陵 (Zhōngshānlíng)
• 乾陵／干陵
• 二陵
• 五陵 (wǔlíng)
• 五陵年少 (wǔlíngniánshào)
• 五陵豪氣／五陵豪气
• 以強陵弱／以强陵弱
• 伯陵
• 侵陵 (qīnlíng)
• 信陵 (Xìnlíng)
• 信陵君
• 十三陵 (Shísānlíng)
• 哭昭陵
• 嘉陵江 (Jiālíng Jiāng)
• 園陵／园陵
• 墳陵／坟陵
• 壽陵匍匐／寿陵匍匐
• 夷陵 (Yílíng)
• 子陵 (Zǐlíng)
• 孝陵
• 季陵溝／季陵沟 (Jìlínggōu)
• 守陵
• 安陵 (Ānlíng)
• 山陵 (shānlíng)
• 山陵崩
• 岡陵／冈陵 (gānglíng)
• 島狀丘陵／岛状丘陵
• 巴陵
• 巴陵山
• 巴陵戲／巴陵戏
• 巴陵郡
• 廣陵客／广陵客
• 廣陵散／广陵散
• 延陵
• 延陵掛劍／延陵挂剑
• 張道陵／张道陵
• 徐陵
• 憑陵／凭陵
• 懷山襄陵／怀山襄陵
• 昭陵
• 春陵 (Chūnlíng)
• 昭陵六駿／昭陵六骏
• 暴內陵外／暴内陵外
• 杜陵 (Dùlíng)
• 李陵
• 李陵碑
• 李陵變文／李陵变文
• 東陵瓜／东陵瓜
• 格陵蘭／格陵兰 (Gélínglán)
• 樂陵／乐陵 (Làolíng)
• 欺陵 (qīlíng)
• 歎皇陵／叹皇陵
• 武陵 (Wǔlíng)
• 武陵源
• 毗陵
• 江陵 (Jiānglíng)
• 江陵縣／江陵县
• 涪陵 (Fúlíng)
• 灞陵呵夜
• 灞陵園／灞陵园
• 灞陵夜獵／灞陵夜猎
• 灞陵尉
• 灞陵縣／灞陵县
• 灞陵醉尉
• 王陵
• 皇陵 (huánglíng)
• 皖南丘陵
• 秦始皇陵
• 秣陵 (Mòlíng)
• 膠東丘陵／胶东丘陵
• 舂陵
• 舜陵 (Shùnlíng)
• 茂陵
• 蘭陵／兰陵 (Lánlíng)
• 蘭陵溪／兰陵溪 (Lánlíngxī)
• 蘭陵酒／兰陵酒
• 蝦蟆陵／虾蟆陵
• 襄陵
• 西陵 (Xīlíng)
• 西陵峽／西陵峡 (Xīlíngxiá)
• 西陵歌舞
• 迦陵頻伽／迦陵频伽 (jiālíngpínjiā)
• 違強陵弱／违强陵弱
• 鄢陵 (Yānlíng)
• 鄢陵縣／鄢陵县
• 金陵 (Jīnlíng)
• 金陵八家
• 銅陵／铜陵 (Tónglíng)
• 長陵／长陵
• 陵上虐下
• 陵丘
• 陵園／陵园 (língyuán)
• 陵土未乾／陵土未干
• 陵墓 (língmù)
• 陵壓／陵压
• 陵夷 (língyí)
• 陵寢／陵寝 (língqǐn)
• 陵廟／陵庙
• 陵忽
• 陵折
• 陵暴 (língbào)
• 陵替 (língtì)
• 陵犯
• 陵苕
• 陵虐 (língnüè)
• 陵谷 (línggǔ)
• 陵轢／陵轹
• 陵遲／陵迟
• 陰陵失道／阴陵失道
• 陵雨
• 陵霄
• 陵魚／陵鱼
• 陽陵虎符／阳陵虎符
• 霸陵呵夜
• 霸陵尉
• 霸陵折柳
• 霸陵縣／霸陵县
• 霸陵醉尉
• 竟陵八友
• 竟陵體／竟陵体
• 高陵 (Gāolíng)
• 鬱陵／郁陵 (Yùlíng)
• 黃陵／黄陵
• 黃陵廟／黄陵庙 (Huánglíngmiào)

 

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

• Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): niā

---

• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, General Taiwanese, Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: niā
    • Tâi-lô: niā
    • Phofsit Daibuun: nia
    • IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /niã³³/
    • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /niã²²/

Definitions

陵

1. (Xiamen, Zhangzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien) elevated area of a terrain or water surface
2. (Xiamen, Zhangzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien) back (of a vertebrate)

Compounds

• 山陵 (Hokkien)
• 湧陵／涌陵
• 牛陵
• 魚陵／鱼陵

 

References

• Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), A04422

Japanese

Kanji

陵

(Jōyō kanji)

1. mausoleum
2. imperial tomb
3. hill; height

   Synonyms: 丘, 岡

4. to stave off

   Synonym: 凌

Readings

• Go-on: りょう (ryō, Jōyō)^{←りよう (ryou, historical)}
• Kan-on: りょう (ryō, Jōyō)^{←りよう (ryou, historical)}
• Kun: おか (oka, 陵)^{←をか (woka, 陵, historical)}、しのぐ (shinogu, 陵ぐ)、みささぎ (misasagi, 陵, Jōyō)
• Nanori: おか (oka)、たか (taka)

Compounds

• 陵(りょう)威(い) (ryōi) (凌(りょう)威(い))
• 陵(りょう)夷(い) (ryōi)
• 陵(りょう)域(いき) (ryōiki)
• 陵(りょう)雨(う) (ryōu)
• 陵(りょう)雲(うん) (ryōun) (凌(りょう)雲(うん))
• 陵(りょう)園(えん) (ryōen)
• 陵(りょう)王(おう) (ryōō)
• 陵(りょう)駕(が) (ryōga) (凌(りょう)駕(が))
• 陵(りょう)虐(ぎゃく) (ryōgyaku) (凌(りょう)虐(ぎゃく))
• 陵(りょう)丘(きゅう) (ryōkyū)
• 陵(りょう)戸(こ) (ryōko)
• 陵(りょう)傲(ごう) (ryōgō) (凌(りょう)傲(ごう))
• 陵(りょう)肆(し) (ryōshi) (凌(りょう)肆(し))
• 陵(りょう)辱(じょく) (ryōjoku) (凌(りょう)辱(じょく))
• 陵(りょう)寝(しん) (ryōshin)
• 陵(りょう)斥(せき) (ryōseki)
• 陵(りょう)替(たい) (ryōtai)
• 陵(りょう)遅(ち) (ryōchi) (凌(りょう)遅(ち))
• 陵(りょう)替(てい) (ryōtei)
• 陵(りょう)土(ど) (ryōdo)
• 陵(りょう)罵(ば) (ryōba) (凌(りょう)罵(ば))
• 陵(りょう)犯(はん) (ryōhan)
• 陵(りょう)陂(ひ) (ryōhi)
• 陵(りょう)廟(びょう) (ryōbyō)
• 陵(りょう)侮(ぶ) (ryōbu) (凌(りょう)侮(ぶ))
• 陵(りょう)墓(ぼ) (ryōbo)
• 陵(りょう)冒(ぼう) (ryōbō) (凌(りょう)冒(ぼう))
• 陵(りょう)暴(ぼう) (ryōbō) (凌(りょう)暴(ぼう))
• 陵(りょう)邑(ゆう) (ryōyū)
• 陵(りょう)陸(りく) (ryōriku)
• 陵(りょう)轢(れき) (ryōreki) (凌(りょう)轢(れき))
• 園(えん)陵(りょう) (enryō)
• 丘(きゅう)陵(りょう) (kyūryō)
• 岡(こう)陵(りょう) (kōryō)
• 古(こ)陵(りょう) (koryō)
• 山(さん)陵(りょう) (sanryō)
• 襄(じょう)陵(りょう) (jōryō)
• 侵(しん)陵(りょう) (shinryō) (侵(しん)凌(りょう))
• 陪(ばい)陵(りょう) (bairyō)
• 馮(ひょう)陵(りょう) (hyōryō) (憑(ひょう)凌(りょう))
• 阜(ふ)陵(りょう) (furyō)
• 墳(ふん)陵(りょう) (funryō)

 

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
陵
みささぎ Grade: S
kun'yomi

For pronunciation and definitions of 陵 – see the following entry.

【みささぎ】 [noun] imperial tomb

(This term, 陵, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
陵
りょう Grade: S
on'yomi

From Middle Chinese 陵 (MC ling).

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) りょー [ryóꜜò] (Atamadaka – [1])
• IPA^(key): [ɾʲo̞ː]

Noun

陵(りょう) • (ryō) ^{←りよう (ryou)?}

1. imperial tomb

Synonyms

• 陵(みささぎ) (misasagi)
• 陵墓(りょうぼ) (ryōbo)

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 陵 (MC ling). Recorded as Middle Korean 르ᇰ (lung) (Yale: lung) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

Hanja

Wikisource

陵 (eumhun 언덕 릉 (eondeok reung), word-initial (South Korea) 언덕 능 (eondeok neung))

1. hanja form^? of 릉/능 (“small hill; mound”)
2. hanja form^? of 릉/능 (“imperial tomb”)

Compounds

Compounds

• 강릉 (江陵, Gangneung)
• 능원 (陵園, neung'won)
• 왕릉 (王陵, wangneung)
• 능멸 (凌蔑/陵蔑, neungmyeol)
• 능욕 (凌辱/陵辱, neung'yok)
• 울릉도 (鬱陵島, Ulleungdo)

References

• 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [1]

Okinawan

Kanji

陵

(Jōyō kanji)

Readings

• Kun: うどぅん (udun)

Compounds

• 玉(たまう)陵(どぅん) (Tamaudun)

Vietnamese

Han character

陵: Hán Nôm readings: lăng, lăn

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.